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Communist Party of India and Congress Socialist Party

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Communist Party of India and Congress Socialist Party UNIT 27 GRO F THE LEFT: ARTY OF THE CONGRESS Structure 27.0 Objectives 27.1 Introduction 1 27.3 Formation of the ia and its Early History 27.3.1 M.N.Rov 27.3.3 M.N.Roy at Tas 27.3.4 Early Communis 27.3.5 Formation of the 27.5 Communist Influence on 27.6 Meerut Conspiracy Case 27.7 Formation of the Congre 27:7.1 The Early Socialists 27.7.2 Brief Sketches of the Ear 27.7.3 Towards All India Congr 27.8 The Program 27.9 The Impact of the Congre alists' Programme upon National Politics 27.10 Let Us Sum Up 27.11 Key Words 27.0 OBJECTIVES rlFI After reading this unit you will the historical background of ce of left in India explain the ideology and pro f the leftist parties and groups in India during the freedom struggle, and show to what extent the left ced the socio-political life of India in the pre-independence era. 27.1 INTRODUCTION /,I ' Before going into the history oft ement in India, let us discuss the historical and ideological significance of t '. During the period of the French revolution, in the National Asse France, there were three groups - a conservative group which supp arch and nobility and did not want to reduce their powers, a liberal ted limited ieforms in the government, and a radical group which wan s in the system of government, such as the adoption of a constitution the powers of monarch. Within the assembly the conservatives sat on ide of the speaker, the radicals sat to his left, and the liberals sat in the cen then, in the political vocabulary, the word 'Left' has been used to mean ovements which stand for radical reforms in the government a omic order keeping in mind the interests of the unprivileged and o d sections of the society. The word 'Right' on the other hand is used to mean suc s which are opposed m change in the existing system of government and s ic order because of their own stakes. Those who stand for limited changes in o-economic and political system are known as Centrists. Left is generally cons o be synonymous with socialism, because socialism is an ideology which aims at the upliftment of the toiling workers and Grorrth of Lcn: Cormnunla1 Pwly of Idamd Coogrrss protecting them from exploitation by their employers, i.e.,the capitalists. Soewist Party In Unit 12 you have already learnt how socialism originated and grew in Europe as a result of the Industrial Revolution. You have also been told about Karl Marx's theory of socialism, his economic interpretation of history, his doctrine of Class Struggle and his idea of a classless society. You have also learnt (in Unit 14) how Lenin applied Marx's theory in Russia and established a dictatorship of the Proletariat in that country. It has also been pointed out (in Unit 26) how within the Congress leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose subscribed to the socialist ideology. In this unit we shall discuss the formation and the programmes of the Communist Party of India and the Congress Socialist Party. 27.2 HOW THE LEFTIST MOVEMENT GREW IN INDIA The Leftist movement originated and grew in India as a result of the development of modem industries and the impact of socialist movements in other countries like Great Britain and Russia. As a result of the industrial development in certain places like Bombay, Calcutta and Madras, large and concentrated working populations came into existence. Gradually the workers started organising themselves to demand better working conditions and higher wages. This led to the emergence of trade unions. The growth of the Trade Union Movement in India will be discussed in greater detail in Unit 28. But here we would like to tell you that the growth of Trade Unionism prepared the ground for the formation of the Leftist parties. In Unit 14 you have already read about the successful Socialist Revolution in Russia. In 1919, under the auspices of the Communist government of Soviet Union an international organisation of the Communist parties of different countries was established. This organisation was known as the Third Communist International, as two similar organisations had been formed earlier. It aimed at bringing about Communist revolutions and establishing governments of the working class all over the world. Till the end of the First World War, workers' strikes in the Indian industries were a rare phenomena and the workers were not politically conscious. From the end of the First World War onwards there were frequent strikes in the industries and a large number of trade unions were formed. The large-scale unrest of the workers at the end of the First World War was mainly due to the rise in prices caused by the War, and unwillingness of the employers to raise the wages. While demanding economic benefits the workers also became conscious of their political role. In cities like Bombay the workers organised strikes against the repressive Rowlatt Act. The nationalist leaders also became keenly interested in the working class movement. Tlle first session of the All India Trade Union Congress was held at Bombay in October 1920 under the presidentship of the nationalist leader, Lala Lajpat Rai. Against this background let us discuss the history of the leftist parties in India. 27.3 FORMATION OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF INDIA AND ITS EARLY HISTORY Having seen the success of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, and the formation of the Communist International, some Indian revolutionaries and intellectuals, working within and outside India, contemplated the formation of a Communist Party in India. It was M.N. Roy (Manabendra Nath Roy) who first formed the Communist Party of India outside India in Tashkent under the auspices of the Communist International in 1920. 27.3.1 M.N. Roy The original name of Manabendra Nath Roy was Narendranath Bhattacharya. He was born on 6 February 1889 in a poor Brahmin family of the Urbalia village of 24 Parganas district of Bengal. Early in li evolutionary terrorist. He received his education in the National Un , founded by Aurobindo Ghosh. During the First World War he was engaged in d revolt in India with the help of German arms. While pursui a revolutionery he travelled through many countries -Malay, Indone a, Philippines, Japan, Korea, China and U.S.A. He landed in the ci isco in the summer of 1916. In U.S.A. he changed his name to Mana y. During his stay in U.S.A., he studied Marxist literature. Gradua nationalism towards international communism. After U.S. First World War on the side of Allied Powers, i.e.,Great Britain and Fran safe to remain there any longer. He went to Mexico. There he came Russian Communist emissary, Michael Borodin. Roy became erted to communism and helped Borodin to organise th From Mexico he went to Moscow at the call of Lenin, th 27.3.2 M.N. Roy-Lenin De#e At Moscow he attended t ngress of the Communist International, held in July-August 1920. This C ing to formulate the policy of Communist International with regard to ial countries, i.e.,the countries of Asia, ruled by the European Powers. Lenin in such countries the communists should extend active support to the rev ments carried on by the bourgeois (middle classes, i.e. ,propertied c ) nationalists against the foreign imperialistic governments. He hat nationalists like Mahatma Gandhi who were carrying a movemen st the British imperialist government were - progressives. But Roy h is nationalists were reactionaries (opposed to progress), and th Id carry on their struggle against imperialism indepen parties of workers and peasants. As a result of -.. the insistence of Roy, t of the Communist International modified the view of Lenin in th ile extending support to "revolutionary national bourgeoisie" in the against imperialism, the Communists would carry on their struggle inde lliance between workers and peasants. 27.3.3 M.N. Roy at ~ashk4 14. M.S ROY In October 1920, M.N. Roy ent, a place in Soviet Russia, not very far from Afghanistan. There he ilitary school for training the Indian frontier tribes for the purpose of armed inst the British Government, and also formed the Communist Party of India. munist Party of India was affiliated to the Communist International in e meantime, being disgusted with the British Government's hostility towa n of Turkey (who was the Caliph or the religious head of the Muslims) nds of Muslim Mujahirs (pilgrims) joined Roy at Tashkent. There they took les the newly established military School. As this school was closed in May 192 rs went to join the Communist University of the Toilers of the East at Mosco e they received training in the ideas of Marx and Lenin. After getting training at Mosco Mujahirs returned to India. On their return they were caught by the police a for trial to Peshawar. This trial is known as the Peshawar Conspiracy Case ( As a result of the trial, two prominent Mujahirs - Mian Muhammad Akbar Gawhar Rahman Khan were sentenced to two years' rigourous imprisonmen e rest to one year's hard labour. 27.3.4 Early Communist dltb PS In the meantime, the revoluti like Virendra Nath Chattopadhyay, Bhupendranath Dutt, a who were working outside India became converts to Marxism, a some Communist groups also emerged. Some Non-cooperators turned m after the suspension of the Non-Cooperatior, Movement by Mahatm In Bombay a Communis nised by Shripad Amrit Dange.
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