DOCSLIB.ORG

Arty of the Congress

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Arty of the Congress Click Here for Printed Study Notes for IAS Exams https://iasexamportal.com/study-kit UNIT 27 GRO F THE LEFT: ARTY OF THE CONGRESS Structure 27.0 Objectives 27.1 Introduction 1 27.3 Formation of the ia and its Early History 27.3.1 M.N.Rov 27.3.3 M.N.Roy at Tas 27.3.4 Early Communis 27.3.5 Formation of the 27.5 Communist Influence on 27.6 Meerut Conspiracy Case 27.7 Formation of the Congre 27:7.1 The Early Socialists 27.7.2 Brief Sketches of the Ear 27.7.3 Towards All India Congr 27.8 The Program 27.9 The Impact of the Congre alists' Programme upon National Politics 27.10 Let Us Sum Up 27.11 Key Words 27.0 OBJECTIVES rlFI After reading this unit you will the historical background of ce of left in India explain the ideology and pro f the leftist parties and groups in India during the freedom struggle, and show to what extent the left ced the socio-political life of India in the pre-independence era. 27.1 INTRODUCTION /,I ' Before going into the history oft ement in India, let us discuss the historical and ideological significance of t '. During the period of the French revolution, in the National Asse France, there were three groups - a conservative group which supp arch and nobility and did not want to reduce their powers, a liberal ted limited ieforms in the government, and a radical group which wan s in the system of government, such as the adoption of a constitution the powers of monarch. Within the assembly the conservatives sat on ide of the speaker, the radicals sat to his left, and the liberals sat in the cen then, in the political vocabulary, the word 'Left' has been used to mean ovements which stand for radical reforms in the government a omic order keeping in mind the interests of the unprivileged and o d sections of the society. The word 'Right' on the other hand is used to mean suc s which are opposed m change in the existing system of government and s ic order because of their own stakes. Those who stand for limited changes in o-economic and political system are known as Centrists. Left is generally cons o be synonymous with socialism, because Click Here for Printed Study Notes for IAS Exams https://iasexamportal.com/study-kit socialism is an ideology which aims at the upliftment of the toiling workers and Grorrth of Lcn: Cormnunla1 Pwly of Idamd Coogrrss protecting them from exploitation by their employers, i.e.,the capitalists. Soewist Party In Unit 12 you have already learnt how socialism originated and grew in Europe as a result of the Industrial Revolution. You have also been told about Karl Marx's theory of socialism, his economic interpretation of history, his doctrine of Class Struggle and his idea of a classless society. You have also learnt (in Unit 14) how Lenin applied Marx's theory in Russia and established a dictatorship of the Proletariat in that country. It has also been pointed out (in Unit 26) how within the Congress leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose subscribed to the socialist ideology. In this unit we shall discuss the formation and the programmes of the Communist Party of India and the Congress Socialist Party. 27.2 HOW THE LEFTIST MOVEMENT GREW IN INDIA The Leftist movement originated and grew in India as a result of the development of modem industries and the impact of socialist movements in other countries like Great Britain and Russia. As a result of the industrial development in certain places like Bombay, Calcutta and Madras, large and concentrated working populations came into existence. Gradually the workers started organising themselves to demand better working conditions and higher wages. This led to the emergence of trade unions. The growth of the Trade Union Movement in India will be discussed in greater detail in Unit 28. But here we would like to tell you that the growth of Trade Unionism prepared the ground for the formation of the Leftist parties. In Unit 14 you have already read about the successful Socialist Revolution in Russia. In 1919, under the auspices of the Communist government of Soviet Union an international organisation of the Communist parties of different countries was established. This organisation was known as the Third Communist International, as two similar organisations had been formed earlier. It aimed at bringing about Communist revolutions and establishing governments of the working class all over the world. Till the end of the First World War, workers' strikes in the Indian industries were a rare phenomena and the workers were not politically conscious. From the end of the First World War onwards there were frequent strikes in the industries and a large number of trade unions were formed. The large-scale unrest of the workers at the end of the First World War was mainly due to the rise in prices caused by the War, and unwillingness of the employers to raise the wages. While demanding economic benefits the workers also became conscious of their political role. In cities like Bombay the workers organised strikes against the repressive Rowlatt Act. The nationalist leaders also became keenly interested in the working class movement. Tlle first session of the All India Trade Union Congress was held at Bombay in October 1920 under the presidentship of the nationalist leader, Lala Lajpat Rai. Against this background let us discuss the history of the leftist parties in India. 27.3 FORMATION OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF INDIA AND ITS EARLY HISTORY Having seen the success of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, and the formation of the Communist International, some Indian revolutionaries and intellectuals, working within and outside India, contemplated the formation of a Communist Party in India. It was M.N. Roy (Manabendra Nath Roy) who first formed the Communist Party of India outside India in Tashkent under the auspices of the Communist International in 1920. 27.3.1 M.N. Roy The original name of Manabendra Nath Roy was Narendranath Bhattacharya. He was born on 6 February 1889 in a poor Brahmin family of the Urbalia village of 24 Parganas Click Here for Printed Study Notes for IAS Exams https://iasexamportal.com/study-kit district of Bengal. Early in li evolutionary terrorist. He received his education in the National Un , founded by Aurobindo Ghosh. During the First World War he was engaged in d revolt in India with the help of German arms. While pursui a revolutionery he travelled through many countries -Malay, Indone a, Philippines, Japan, Korea, China and U.S.A. He landed in the ci isco in the summer of 1916. In U.S.A. he changed his name to Mana y. During his stay in U.S.A., he studied Marxist literature. Gradua nationalism towards international communism. After U.S. First World War on the side of Allied Powers, i.e.,Great Britain and Fran safe to remain there any longer. He went to Mexico. There he came Russian Communist emissary, Michael Borodin. Roy became erted to communism and helped Borodin to organise th From Mexico he went to Moscow at the call of Lenin, th 27.3.2 M.N. Roy-Lenin De#e At Moscow he attended t ngress of the Communist International, held in July-August 1920. This C ing to formulate the policy of Communist International with regard to ial countries, i.e.,the countries of Asia, ruled by the European Powers. Lenin in such countries the communists should extend active support to the rev ments carried on by the bourgeois (middle classes, i.e. ,propertied c ) nationalists against the foreign imperialistic governments. He hat nationalists like Mahatma Gandhi who were carrying a movemen st the British imperialist government were - progressives. But Roy h is nationalists were reactionaries (opposed to progress), and th Id carry on their struggle against imperialism indepen parties of workers and peasants. As a result of -.. the insistence of Roy, t of the Communist International modified the view of Lenin in th ile extending support to "revolutionary national bourgeoisie" in the against imperialism, the Communists would carry on their struggle inde lliance between workers and peasants. 27.3.3 M.N. Roy at ~ashk4 14. M.S ROY In October 1920, M.N. Roy ent, a place in Soviet Russia, not very far from Afghanistan. There he ilitary school for training the Indian frontier tribes for the purpose of armed inst the British Government, and also formed the Communist Party of India. munist Party of India was affiliated to the Communist International in e meantime, being disgusted with the British Government's hostility towa n of Turkey (who was the Caliph or the religious head of the Muslims) nds of Muslim Mujahirs (pilgrims) joined Roy at Tashkent. There they took les the newly established military School. As this school was closed in May 192 rs went to join the Communist University of the Toilers of the East at Mosco e they received training in the ideas of Marx and Lenin. After getting training at Mosco Mujahirs returned to India. On their return they were caught by the police a for trial to Peshawar. This trial is known as the Peshawar Conspiracy Case ( As a result of the trial, two prominent Mujahirs - Mian Muhammad Akbar Gawhar Rahman Khan were sentenced to two years' rigourous imprisonmen e rest to one year's hard labour. 27.3.4 Early Communist dltb PS In the meantime, the revoluti like Virendra Nath Chattopadhyay, Bhupendranath Dutt, a who were working outside India became converts to Marxism, a some Communist groups also emerged.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chap 2 PF.Indd
    Credit: Shankar I ts chptr… The challenge of nation-building, covered in the last chapter, was This famous sketch accompanied by the challenge of instituting democratic politics. Thus, by Shankar appeared electoral competition among political parties began immediately after on the cover of his collection Don’t Spare Independence. In this chapter, we look at the first decade of electoral Me, Shankar. The politics in order to understand original sketch was • the establishment of a system of free and fair elections; drawn in the context of India’s China policy. But • the domination of the Congress party in the years immediately this cartoon captures after Independence; and the dual role of the Congress during the era • the emergence of opposition parties and their policies. of one-party dominance. 2021–22 chapter 2 era of one-party dominance Challenge of building democracy You now have an idea of the difficult circumstances in which independent India was born. You have read about the serious challenge of nation-building that confronted the country right in the beginning. Faced with such serious challenges, leaders in many other countries of the world decided that their country could not afford to have democracy. They said that national unity was their first priority and that democracy will introduce differences and conflicts. In India,…. Therefore many of the countries that gained freedom from colonialism …hero-worship, plays a part “ experienced non-democratic rule. It took various forms: nominal in its politics unequalled democracy but effective control by one leader, one party rule or direct in magnitude by the part army rule.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Feminisms: Interview Transcripts: India Language: English
    INDIA Global Feminisms: Comparative Case Studies of Women’s Activism and Scholarship Interview Transcripts: India Language: English Interview Transcripts: India Contents Acknowledgments 3 Shahjehan Aapa 4 Flavia Agnes 23 Neera Desai 48 Ima Thokchom Ramani Devi 67 Mahasweta Devi 83 Jarjum Ete 108 Lata Pratibha Madhukar 133 Mangai 158 Vina Mazumdar 184 D. Sharifa 204 2 Acknowledgments Global Feminisms: Comparative Case Studies of Women’s Activism and Scholarship was housed at the Institute for Research on Women and Gender at the University of Michigan (UM) in Ann Arbor, Michigan. The project was co-directed by Abigail Stewart, Jayati Lal and Kristin McGuire. The China site was housed at the China Women’s University in Beijing, China and directed by Wang Jinling and Zhang Jian, in collaboration with UM faculty member Wang Zheng. The India site was housed at the Sound and Picture Archives for Research on Women (SPARROW) in Mumbai, India and directed by C.S. Lakshmi, in collaboration with UM faculty members Jayati Lal and Abigail Stewart. The Poland site was housed at Fundacja Kobiet eFKa (Women’s Foundation eFKa) in Krakow, Poland and directed by Slawka Walczewska, in collaboration with UM faculty member Magdalena Zaborowska. The U.S. site was housed at the Institute for Research on Women and Gender at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan and directed by UM faculty member Elizabeth Cole. Graduate student interns on the project included Nicola Curtin, Kim Dorazio, Jana Haritatos, Helen Ho, Julianna Lee, Sumiao Li, Zakiya Luna, Leslie Marsh, Sridevi Nair, Justyna Pas, Rosa Peralta, Desdamona Rios and Ying Zhang.
    [Show full text]
  • Marxism, Bengal National Revolutionaries and Comintern
    SOCIAL TRENDS137 Journal of the Department of Sociology of North Bengal University Vol. 5, 31 March 2018; ISSN: 2348-6538 UGC Approved Marxism, Bengal National Revolutionaries and Comintern Bikash Ranjan Deb Abstract: The origin and development of national revolutionary movement in India, particularly in Bengal, in the beginning of the twentieth century constituted one of important signposts of Indian freedom struggle against the colonial British rule. The Bengal national revolutionaries dreamt of freeing India through armed insurrection & individual terrorism. But in spite of supreme sacrifices made by these revolutionaries, almost after thirty years of their movement, in the thirties of the twentieth century, they came to the realisation about the futility of the method which neglected involvement of the general masses so long. In the first half of the thirties most of these revolutionaries were detained. While in detention in different jails & camps for a pretty long period many of the revolutionaries came in contact with Marxist literature there. Imbibed by the Marxist view of social change they gave up ‘terrorism’ as a method altogether after coming out of jails/camps in 1938 or later. However, a sharp debate developed among them on the perception of the Communist International (CI), its colonial policy in general and the policy with respect to the Indian freedom struggle in particular. Further, CPI’s policy of following Comintern decisions as its national section also came under scrutiny. A large number of revolutionary converts questioned the applicability of the Comintern formulations in the perspective of late colonial Bengal. They were not ready either to accept CPI as a real communist party or to pay unquestionable obedience to the dictates of the Comintern.
    [Show full text]
  • Courses Taught at Both the Undergraduate and the Postgraduate Levels
    Jadavpur University Faculty of Arts Department of History SYLLABUS Preface The Department of History, Jadavpur University, was born in August 1956 because of the Special Importance Attached to History by the National Council of Education. The necessity for reconstructing the history of humankind with special reference to India‘s glorious past was highlighted by the National Council in keeping with the traditions of this organization. The subsequent history of the Department shows that this centre of historical studies has played an important role in many areas of historical knowledge and fundamental research. As one of the best centres of historical studies in the country, the Department updates and revises its syllabi at regular intervals. It was revised last in 2008 and is again being revised in 2011.The syllabi that feature in this booklet have been updated recently in keeping with the guidelines mentioned in the booklet circulated by the UGC on ‗Model Curriculum‘. The course contents of a number of papers at both the Undergraduate and Postgraduate levels have been restructured to incorporate recent developments - political and economic - of many regions or countries as well as the trends in recent historiography. To cite just a single instance, as part of this endeavour, the Department now offers new special papers like ‗Social History of Modern India‘ and ‗History of Science and Technology‘ at the Postgraduate level. The Department is the first in Eastern India and among the few in the country, to introduce a full-scale specialization on the ‗Social History of Science and Technology‘. The Department recently qualified for SAP.
    [Show full text]
  • CDT. Kewal Vinod Rathod REGIMENT NO.:- MH/20/SD
    NAME:- CDT. Kewal vinod rathod REGIMENT NO.:- MH/20/SD/A616064 3 MAH BN MUMBAI A GROUP KES SHROFF COLLEGE QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT The quit India movement Was a movement launched at Bombay session of the All India committee by mahatma gandhi on 8th August 1942. The movement is also known as August movement / Bharat chodo andolan . This movement was started during world war 2 to end the British rule in India . The movement was begun on August 9, 1942, and from that point forward the day is commended as August Kranti Day/Diwas. Mumbai’s gowalia tank maidan also called as August kantri maidan where mhatma gandhi conveyed his speech denoting the start of the Quit India Movement. Mahatma alongside different pioneers accumulated here on August 8 and 9, 1942. The maidan also houses a landmark as a tribute to the recorded occasion. In the speech mhatma gandhi said that it’s time for do or die for the country. After the speech all the Indian National Congress memebers were arrested by British army without any trial to slow down the movement. The main pioneer of the movement like mhatma gandhi , Abdul kalam azad ,Jawaharlal Nehru and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel were also arrested Thee people attacked the railway station, police stations and law courts as they were the symbols of the British Government. People even started their independent government in some places such as Ballia, Tamluk, Dharwar, Satara, Talcher, Balasore. These places were freed from British rules. The movement was most widespread in Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, Bombay, Andhra Pradesh.
    [Show full text]
  • Unit 16 Gandhi and the Left
    UNIT 16 GANDHI AND THE LEFT Structure 16.1 Introduction Aims and Objectives 16.2 Gandhi and the Left-An Uneasy Relationship 16.3 M. N. Roy and Gandhi 16.3.1 Roy’s Critique of Gandhi 16.3.2 New Humanism of M. N. Roy and Gandhi 16.4 Gandhi and the Indian Communists 16.4.1 Dange on Gandhi and Lenin 16.4.2 Dange’s Assessment of Contribution of Gandhi 16.5 Gandhi and the Democratic Socialists 16.5.1 Gandhi and Ram Manohar Lohia 16.5.2 Dr. Lohia on the role of Gandhi 16.5.3 Dr. Lohia’s Critique of Gandhi 16.5.4 Dr. Lohia on Satyagraha 16.6 Summary 16.7 Terminal Questions Suggested Readings 16.1 INTRODUCTION In this unit, we shall study the complex relationship between Gandhi and the Indian Left. The Indian Left consisted of the Radical Humanists led by M. N. Roy, Indian Communists led by Shripad Amrit Dange and the Democratic Socialists led by Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia. All these leaders took part in the Indian freedom movement and spent a number of years in jail. They strongly appreciated the contribution made by Gandhi but had their own differences of opinions. M. N. Roy was a harsh critic of Gandhi and despite differences, Dr. Lohia was an ardent admirer of Gandhi. This unit discusses at length Gandhi’s relationship with the leaders of Left-wing ideology and how, inspite of differences, they shared the common goal of Indian independence. Aims and Objectives After reading this Unit, you would be able to understand: Gandhi’s relationship with the Leftist leaders The views of M.N.Roy, S.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Fazlul Huq, Peasant Politics and the Formation of the Krishak Praja Party (KPP)
    2 Fazlul Huq, Peasant Politics and the Formation of the Krishak Praja Party (KPP) In all parts of India, the greater portion of the total population is, and always has been, dependent on the land for its existence and subsistence. During the colonial rule, this was absolutely true in the case of Bengal as a whole and particularly so of its eastern districts. In this connection, it should be mentioned here that the Muslim masses even greater number than the Hindus, were more concentrated in agriculture which is clearly been reflected in the Bengal Census of 1881: “………..while the husbandmen among the Hindus are only 49.28 per cent, the ratio among the Muslims is 62.81 per cent”.1 The picture was almost the same throughout the nineteenth century and continued till the first half of the twentieth century. In the different districts of Bengal, while the majority of the peasants were Muslims, the Hindus were mainly the landowning classes. The Census of 1901 shows that the Muslims formed a larger portion of agricultural population and they were mostly tenants rather than landlords. In every 10,000 Muslims, no less than 7,316 were cultivators, but in the case of the Hindus, the figure was 5,555 amongst the same number (i.e. 10,000) of Hindu population. But the proportion of landholders was only 170 in 10,000 in the case of Muslims as against 217 in the same number of Hindus.2 In the district of Bogra which was situated in the Rajshahi Division, the Muslims formed more than 80% of the total population.
    [Show full text]
  • Aruna Asaf Ali Aruna Asaf Ali Was a Freedom Fighter Who Rose to Prominence During the Quit India Movement
    Aruna Asaf Ali Aruna Asaf Ali was a freedom fighter who rose to prominence during the Quit India Movement. She is known as the ‘Grand Old Lady of Indian Independence’ for her role in the freedom struggle. This article will give details about Aruna Asaf Ali within the context of the IAS Exam The early life of Asaf Ali Aruna Asaf Ali was born Aruna Ganguly on 16 July 1909, in Kalka Punjab (now a part of the Haryana state). Her parents were Upendranath Ganguly and Ambalika Devi. Ambalika Devi was the daughter Trailokyanath Sanyal was a prominent leader of the Brahmo Samaj Aruna completed her education at the Sacred Heart Convent in Lahore and All Saints College in Nanital. Upon her graduation, she worked as a teacher at the Gokhale Memorial School in Calcutta where she would meet Asaf Ali, a leader in the Indian National Congress (Founded on December 28, 1885). Despite familial opposition, they both got married and she would become an active participant during the independence struggle. Role of Aruna Asaf Ali in the Indian Freedom Struggle Aruna Asaf Ali participated in a number of public processions during the Salt Satyagraha and arrested under many trumped-up charges. Despite the Gandhi-Irwin Pact that promised release of all political parties, she was still not released in 1931. A public agitation by other women freedom fighters and direct intervention by Mahatma Gandhi himself would secure her release later. While serving her jail sentence at Tihar Jail she protested against the severe treatment meted out to political prisoners by launching a hunger strike.
    [Show full text]
  • Books by Socialist Leaders
    BBBooksBooks By andandand About Prominent Indian Socialist Leaders (Compiled by Qurban Ali) Contents ACHARYA NARENDRA DEVA............................................................................................................... 3 JAYPRAKASH NARAYAN ..................................................................................................................... 7 PURSHOTTAM TRICUMDAS ............................................................................................................. 11 Dr. Sampurnanand .......................................................................................................................... 12 RAMMANOHAR LOHIA .................................................................................................................... 15 NARAYAN GANESH (N G) GORAY ..................................................................................................... 18 KAMALADEVI CHATTOPADHYAY ...................................................................................................... 19 SHRIDHAR MAHADEV JOSHI (SM) .................................................................................................... 22 ACHYUT PATWARDHAN ................................................................................................................... 23 YUSUF JAFFAR MEHARALLY ............................................................................................................. 24 ASOKA (ASHOK) MEHTA .................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Separating the Wheat from the Chaff Meerut and the Creation of “Official” Communism in India
    Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East Separating the Wheat from the Chaff Meerut and the Creation of “Official” Communism in India Ali Raza ew events have been as significant for the leftist movement in colonial India as the Meerut Conspir- acy Case. At the time, the case captured the imagination of virtually all political sections in British India as well as left- leaning organizations around the globe. It also defined the way in which the FLeft viewed itself and conducted its politics. Since then, the case has continued to attract the attention of historians working on the Indian Left. Indeed, it is difficult to come across any work on the Left that does not accord a prominent place to Meerut. Despite this, the case has been viewed mostly in terms that tend to diminish its larger significance. For one, within the rather substantial body of literature devoted to the Indian Left, there have been very few works that examine the case with any degree of depth. Most of those have been authored by the Left itself or by political activists who were defendants in the case. Whether authored by the Left or by academ- ics, the literature generally contends that the Raj failed in its objective to administer a fatal blow to “com- munism” in India. Instead, it’s commonly thought that the trial actually provided a fillip to communist politics in India.1 Not only did the courtroom provide an unprecedented opportunity to the accused to openly articulate their political beliefs, but it also generated public sympathy for communism.
    [Show full text]
  • L[Ndlian National Congress 1936· 31
    l[ndlian National Congress 1936· 31 I BEING THE RESOLUTIONS PASSED BY THE CONGRESS, THE ALL INDIA CONGRESS COMMITTEE AND THE WORKING COMMITTEE DURING THE PERIOD BETWEE..~ APRIL, 1936 TO JANUARY, 1938 Pl!bli~hed by J. B. Kripalani, General Secretary, All India Congress Committee, Su·.uaj Bhau·an, Allahabad CONTENTS PAGES All India Congress Committee· Meetings .. 1-2.0 \\'orking Committee Meetings •. u-84 Annual Sessions 85-98 Index .. 99-105 / (ALL INDIA CONGRESS COMMITIEE MEETING Bomba)', August 22 tma 23, 1936 \ _I SuMMARY OF Pllocnorncs FIRST DAY'S PROCEEDINGS The following two condolence resolutions were moved from the Chair and passed, all standing. 1. DR. M. A. ANSAIU This Committee records its sense of irreparable loss to ' the national cause by the sudden and premature death of Dr. M. A. Ansari, a dear and nlued comrade, and tenders to the bereaved family its sincere sympathy and condolence. 2. SHRI ABBAS TYABJI The Committee records its heartfelt sorrow over the pssing away of Shri Abbu Tyabji, the Grand Old Man of Gujrat, l:hose services and brave sacrifices endeared him to the nation, and tenders its sincere condolence to Mrs. Tyabji and other members of the family. N. W.F.P. The following resolutions were also moved from the Chair and passed: 1. KH.o\N ABDt:L GHAFF All KHAN "The Committee expresses its indignation at the orden of the Government concerned prohibitin"g Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khln from entering into or remaining in the N. ~7 • F. P. and the Punjab and notes "''ith regret the continuation cf their policy of surrression of civil liberty of individuals eng2ged in national acti\'ities.
    [Show full text]
  • Tales from My Professional Life Nurul Islam
    Tales from My Professional Life Nurul Islam With an introduction and comments by . KAS Murshid . Keith Griffin . Azizur Rahman Khan . Rehman Sobhan Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies www.bids.org.bd Published by Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies E-17 Agargaon, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar GPO Box No.3854, Dhaka-1207 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: 880-2-8141722 Website: www.bids.org.bd Copyright © May 2016, BIDS Price: Tk. 100.00; US$ 10 Printed in Bangladesh at Dot Printing & Packaging 164 Shaheed Sayed Nazrul Islam Sarani (Old 3/2) Purana Paltan, Dhaka 1000 Contents Acronyms iv Introduction v Tales from My Professional Life 1 Nurul Islam Reflections Encounters with Nurul Islam 23 Keith Griffin Nurul Islam: Reminiscences and an Appreciation 31 Azizur Rahman Khan Nurul Islam: The Economist as a Freedom Fighter 39 Rehman Sobhan Acronyms AL Awami League BDI Bangladesh Development Initiative BER Bureau of Economic Research BIDE Bangladesh Institute of Development Economics BIDS Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies CPD Centre for Policy Dialogue EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization GDP Gross Domestic Product GNP Gross National Product IEA International Economic Association IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute ILO International Labour Organization IMF International Monetary Fund NEI Netherlands Economic Institute NGO Non-governmental Organisation PIDE Pakistan Institute of Development Economics RTC Round Table Conference SDG Sustainable Development Goals UN United Nations UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund US United States WCARRD World Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development WFP World Food Programme WHO World Health Organization WTO World Trade Organization 1 INTRODUCTION * K.
    [Show full text]