Searches for High-Energy Neutrinos from Gamma-Ray Burstsjulia Schmid with the Antares Neutrino Telescope

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Searches for High-Energy Neutrinos from Gamma-Ray Burstsjulia Schmid with the Antares Neutrino Telescope Julia Schmid Searches for High-Energy Neutrinos from Gamma-Ray BurstsJulia Schmid with the Antares Neutrino Telescope Searches for High-Energy Neutrinos from Gamma-Ray Bursts with the Antares Neutrino Telescope Searches for High-Energy Neutrinos from Gamma-Ray Bursts with the Antares Neutrino Telescope Suche nach hochenergetischer Neutrinoemission von Gammablitzen mit dem Neutrinoteleskop Antares Der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades Dr. rer. nat. vorgelegt von Julia Schmid aus Darmstadt Image on front page: Hubble Space Telescope image of Wolf- Rayet star WR 124 and its surrounding nebula. Wolf-Rayet stars are candidates for being progenitors of long-duration gamma-ray bursts. Credit: Yves Grosdidier (Université de Montréal & Observatoire de Strasbourg), Anthony Moffat (Université de Montréal), Gilles Joncas (Université Laval), Agnes Acker (Observatoire de Strasbourg), and NASA Als Dissertation genehmigt von der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 19.12.2014 Vorsitzender des Promotionsorgans: Prof. Dr. Jörn Wilms Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Gisela Anton (ECAP, Erlangen) Prof. Dr. Antoine Kouchner (APC, Paris, Frankreich) Prof. Dr. Albrecht Karle (WIPAC, Madison, USA) Human beings, who are almost unique in having the ability to learn from the experience of others, are also remarkable for their apparent disinclination to do so. — Douglas Adams — ZUSAMMENFASSUNG In dieser Arbeit wurde erforscht, wie mit dem Neutrinoteleskop Antares ein Neutrino- signal von Gamma-Ray Bursts, zu deutsch Gammablitzen, gefunden werden kann. Dies sind Quellen hochenergetischer Gammastrahlung, die unvorhersagbar und gleichmäßig am Himmel verteilt auftreten und innerhalb von Sekunden vergleichbar viel Energie freisetzen, wie zum Beispiel der Sonne im Laufe ihrer gesamten Lebenszeit zur Verfügung steht. Man bringt sie mit Explosionen sehr massiver Sterne oder dem Verschmelzen zweier kompakter Objekte in Verbindung, in deren Endstadium aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach ein schwarzes Loch gebildet wird. Die beobachtete elektromagnetische Strahlung kann mit hochrelativis- tischer Materie erklärt werden, die entlang der Blickrichtung von der Quelle ausgestoßen wird, wobei Elektronen aufgrund des Fermi-Prozesses beschleunigt werden. Es wird indes vermutet, dass der relativistische Ausstoß nicht ausschließlich aus Leptonen besteht, sondern auch einen Anteil hadronischer Materie enthält. Sämtliche geladenen Teilchen würden damit gleichermaßen mit den Elektronen beschleunigt werden. Protonen könnten auf diese Weise Energien von bis zu 1020 Elektronenvolt erreichen. Bei deren Wechselwirkung mit den ausgestrahlten Photonen würden unausweichlich hochenerge- tische Neutrinos entstehen, die zusammen mit dem elektromagnetischen Signal ausge- strahlt würden. Schon 1997 sagten Waxman und Bahcall ein solches Neutrinosignal vorher, es ist aber trotz zahlreicher Detektionsversuche bis heute unentdeckt geblieben. Die eindeutige Zuord- nung eines solchen Signals zu einer astrophysikalischen Quelle würde zum ersten Mal zweifelsfrei die Beschleunigung von Hadronen beweisen, die durch Beobachtungen im rein elektromagnetischen Spektrum nicht zugänglich ist. Um aber den bis dato unbekannten Ursprung der kosmischen Strahlung besonders in den höchsten Energien zu erklären ist es unabdingbar, jene Prozesse im Universum zu identifizieren, in denen Baryonen auf eben diese Energien beschleunigt werden können. In dieser Arbeit untersuchte ich zunächst, ob die Rekonstruktion von Teilchenspuren im Antares-Detektor verbessert werden kann, indem Parameterkonstellationen ausgemacht werden, die systematische Verschiebungen in der Richtungsrekonstruktion der Daten her- vorrufen. Wenn solche Effekte nachgewiesen und quantifiziert werden können, kann man diese Information auch in der zu entwickelnden Suche nach einem Neutrinosignal nutzen, um die Rekonstruktion der Ursprungsrichtung zu korrigieren. Ich konnte mithilfe einer systematischen Durchleuchtung des Detektorvolumens mit simulierten relativistischen My- onen zeigen, dass in circa 1% aller Fälle tatsächlich ein Großteil der rekonstruierten Rich- tungen um mehr als die Punktauflösung des Detektors von der ursprünglich simulierten Richtung abweicht. Mit diesem Wissen kann man die Rekonstruktion einzelner Ereignisse in den Daten verbessern und somit möglicherweise einen Gammablitz als Quelle eines potentiellen Neutrinosignals bekräftigen. Es wurden außerdem verschiedene Möglichkeiten untersucht, wie ein mit Gammablitzen assoziiertes Neutrinosignal in den Antares-Daten gefunden werden kann, wenn dieses einerseits gleichzeitig mit dem elektromagnetischen Signal erwartet wird, aber möglicher- weise andererseits auch mit einem gewissen zeitlichen Versatz ankommt. Es wurden hier- bei Daten von unterschiedlichen Satellitenmissionen wie zum Beispiel Swift und Fermi sowie erdgebundenen Teleskopen herangezogen, um nach Korrelationen mit den Daten VII ZUSAMMENFASSUNG des Neutrinoexperiments zu suchen. Ausgehend von einer sehr simplen, sogenannten gebinnten Analysemethode, die ich beispielhaft anhand des Gammablitzes GRB091026 aufzeige, wurde ein aufwändigeres Ver- fahren entwickelt, dass das Entdeckungspotential signifikant um bis zu 200% verbessern kann. In dieser werden Signal- und Untergrundverteilungen durch kontinuierliche Funk- tionen beschrieben und ein Algorithmus kann auf deren Basis eine Signalhypothese von Untergrund unterscheiden. Zum ersten Mal wurde dabei eine solche Suche hinsichlich eines neuartigen numerischen Modells optimiert, das den Neutrinofluss von Gammablitzen mit beispielhafter Genauigkeit vorhersagt. Nachdem ältere und optimistischere Modelle bereits dadurch ausgeschlossen wurden, dass das IceCube-Experiment keinerlei Neutrino finden konnte, zeigen die neuen Vorhersagen jedoch, dass deutlich weniger Ereignisse in den laufenden Neutrinoteleskopen Antares und IceCube zu erwarten sind, als zunächst angenommen. Mit der ausgearbeiteten Methode wurde dann nach einem Neutrinosig- nal von Gammablitzen in den Antares-Daten, die zwischen Dezember 2007 und 2011 genommen worden waren, gesucht. Ein ähnliches Verfahren wurde angewendet, um eine möglichst zeitnahe Analyse eines potentiellen Neutrinosignals von GRB130427A, einem außergewöhnlich hellen Gammablitz im Frühjahr des Jahres 2013, zu ermöglichen. Ebenso wie in vorangegangenen Untersuchungen wurden auch in diesen beiden Analysen keine Neutrinoereignisse in direktem Zusammenhang mit den ausgewählten Gammablitzen ge- funden, so dass letztendlich nur Obergrenzen auf den tatsächlichen Neutrinofluß angegeben werden können, die um den Faktor 38 über den Vorhersagen liegen. Dies sind die Ersten ihrer Art, die ausgehend von zeitgemäßen numerischen Modellen abgeleitet wurden. Sie sind in gewissem Umfang komplementär zu vorherigen Grenzen anderer Experimente, sowohl hinsichtlich des jeweils gültigen Energiebereichs, der Himmelsabdeckung als auch der Zeitspanne der Datennahme. Nachdem das Detektionspotenzial des Antares-Detektors detailliert untersucht wurde, zeige ich, wie man daraus das Potential des zukünftigen Experiments KM3NeT ableiten kann, ein ähnlich geartetes Neutrinosignal von Gammablitzen zu identifizieren. Ich werde darlegen, dass das geplante Teleskop mit bislang noch nicht gekannter Präzision das vor- herrschende Modell entweder bestätigen oder massiv einschränken können wird. Außerdem wird gezeigt, wie man die Suche nach gleichzeitig mit der Gammastrahlung auftreffenden Neutrinosignalen ausdehnen kann, um einen möglichen Zeitversatz zwi- schen diesen beiden zuzulassen. Mehrere Modelle sagen zum Beispiel eine zeitlich ver- schobene Emission von Neutrinos innerhalb der Quelle vorher, die bis zu einen Tag aus- machen kann. In Anderen wiederum wirkt sich die Symmetriebrechung der Lorentzinvari- anz bei hohen Energieskalen auf die Ankunftszeiten der beiden Signale aus. Gammablitze sind dank ihrer kosmologischen Entfernung und ihrer transienten Natur ein ideales und einzigartiges Testumfeld, um derartige Effekte nachzuweisen. Die vorgestellte Methode ist in der Lage, um bis zu vierzig Tage zeitversetzte Neutrinosignale nachzuweisen, je- doch gleichzeitig kaum Modellannahmen über die Natur eines solchen Versatzes zu treffen. Mithilfe fingierter Testsignale kann ich zeigen, dass das entwickelte Verfahren ein solches zeitlich verschobenes Signal von Gammablitzen zuverlässig aufspüren kann, wenn nur etwa jeder Hundertste ein einzelnes Neutrinoereignis in den Antares-Daten hervorruft. Letztendlich wurden potentiell astrophysikalische Neutrinokandidaten aus sechs Jahren Datennahme von 2007 bis 2012 mit dem Antares-Detektor auf ein derartiges Signal durch- VIII sucht; es fiel jedoch kein einziges Ereignis in eines der definierten Suchfenster um die Gammablitze. Da allein aus zufallsverteilten Daten schon über vier Übereinstimmungen vorhergesagt worden waren, stellt dies eine erhebliche Unterfluktuation gegenüber den Erwartungen selbst ohne Signalannahme dar. Zusätzlich durchmusterte ich auch einen öf- fentlich zugänglichen Datensatz des IceCube-Experiments aus einem Jahr Laufzeit, in dem ein leichter Überschuss an Koinzidenzen gegenüber der Untergrunderwartung ausgemacht werden konnte. Dieser ist jedoch immer noch mit fünfprozentiger Wahrscheinlichkeit mit dem Untergrund verträglich und somit nicht signifikant. Auch diese Arbeit konnte also bedauerlicherweise nur vorherige Analysen bestätigen, die keinerlei Neutrinosignal von Gammablitzen nachweisen
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