International Space Station National Research Council
April 2013
Michael T. Suffredini Manager, ISS Program Office 1 ISS Facts and Figures
Mass = 902,000 lbs Truss Length = 358 ft Altitude = 224 nautical miles Living space = 32,333 ft3 Velocity = 17,500 mph Solar array surface area = 38,400 ft2 (0.88 acre) generating 84 kW Assembly flights = 41 Spacewalks = 161 (1015 hours) Crew members = 205 different people from 15 countries Continuous human presence since November 2000 ISS Configuration
3 ISS TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
H-IIB/ Falcon 9/ Antares/ Proton Soyuz / Ariane/ Progress ATV HTV Dragon Cygnus Commercial Crew Potential Candidates4
NASA: OC4/John Coggeshall For current baseline refer to ISS Flight Plan SSP 54100 Multi-Increment MAPI: OP/Scott Paul Planning Document (MIPD) Flight Planning Integration Panel (FPIP) Chart Updated: April 3rd, 2013 SSCN/CR: 13681A + Tact. Mods (In-Work) 2013 2014 2015 Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb In Inc 35 Inc 36 Inc 37 Inc 38 Inc 39 Inc 40 Inc 41 Inc 42 (32S) R P. Vinogradov (CDR-36) 167 days (34S) R O. Kotov (CDR-38) 168 days (36S) N S. Swanson (CDR-40) 174 days (38S) N B. Wilmore (CDR-42) 167 days (40S) (32S) R Misurkin 167 days (34S) R S. Ryazanskiy 168 days (36S) R A. Skvortsov 174 days (38S) R Y. Serova 167 days (40S) (32S) N Cassidy 167 days (34S) N M. Hopkins 168 days (36S) R O. Artemyev 174 days (38S) R A. Samokutyayev 167 days (40S) C C. Hadfield (33S) R F. Yurchikhin (CDR-37) 166 days J K. Wakata (CDR-39) 188 days (37S) R M. Suraev (CDR-41) 173 days (39S) N T. Virts (CDR-43) R R. Romanenko (33S) N K. Nyberg 166 days N R. Mastracchio 188 days (37S) N R. Wiseman 173 days (39S) E S. Cristoforetti 166 N T. Marshburn (33S) A L. Parmitano 166 days R M. Tyurin 188 days (37S) E A. Gerst 173 days (39S) R A. Shkaplerov 166
05/25 06/15 07/23 08/15 09/17 10/22 11/13 12/23 Soyuz Lit Landing DO01: DO02: 05/27 07/25 09/19 11/15 ICU SM 8.07 X2R12.1 X2R13 Stage S/W 4/2, 4/11 9/9u/r 3/17 9/15 R-32 R-33 U-21, 22u/r R-34, 35 R-36 R-37 R-38, 39 R-40,41,42 R-43 R-44 R-45,46,47 R-48 Stage EVAs 4/19 ~6/26 Jul Aug Nov 9 Dec Jan Feb Apr Jun Aug Jan 3/15 3/29 9/11 9/27 1/12 2/7 3/25 3/28 7/20 7/26 12/30 2/4 MRM2 167 / 167 168 / 166 174 / 172
(SM 32S 34S 36S 54P 38S 56P 58P Zenith) #3-7 (Beta) 5/14 5/30 11/10 11/15 5/14 5/30 11/17 12/3
Port Utilization Port MRM1 146 / 144 166 / 164 188 / 188 173 / 171 166 / 164 (FGB 33S 35S 39S 41S Nadir) 7/21 7/26 12/18 3/12 4/30 6/23 9/16 10/2 DC-1/ 167 / 165 MLM/ 50P 52P 55P 40S RS Node 3R (MLM) 6R (RS-Node) #3-7 12/20 #3-81 ATV4 6/26 4/15 4/26 6/11 6/16 -18 6/26 – 7/25 8/15, 17-18 11/7 11/23 4/9 4/20 10/9 10/24 6/15 #3-76 10/31 180 / 172 SM-Aft 148 / 138 49P 51P 37S 53P ATV5 57P ATV4 Node-2 Zenith 12/11 1/10 4/8 5/8 3-7 (beta) 3-80 3-73 30 d 30 d # # # #3-7 (Beta) Orb-2 Orb-3 3-75 3/3 3/25 6/10 7/5 8/9 9/8 9/15 10/15 # 7/6 8/5 8/10 9/9 10/6 11/5 12/7 1/6 1/18 2/17 25 d 11/13 12/13 3-75 4/8 5/8 Node-2 22 d 30 d 30 d 30 d # 30 d 30 d 30 d 30 d 30 d 30 d Nadir SpX-2 Orb-D1 HTV4 Orb-1 SpX-3 SpX-4 HTV5 SpX-5 Orb-4 SpX-6 Orb-5 N2 Fwd
Solar Beta >60 06/01 - 06/10 07/31 - 08/08 11/01 - 11/08 12/29 - 01/08 05/29- 06/08 07/28- 08/06 10/29 - 11/06 External Cargo SpX-3: HDEV, OPALS HTV5: CALET, CATS SpX-6: SAGE Hexapod, SAGE NVP, MUSES #3-7 (TDRSS) HTV4: MBSU, UTA, STP-H4 SpX-4: RapidScat SpX-5: CREAM Orb-TF 4/17
SpX-2 ATV4 Orb-D1 HTV4 Orb-1 SpX-3 Orb-2 Orb-3 SpX-4 ATV5 HTV5 SpX-5 Orb-4 SpX-6 Orb-5 Launch 3/1 6/5 6/5 NET 8/4 9/12 11/11 12/8 4/5 4/6 4/12 7/1 8/8 10/3 12/5 1/15 N°708 N°419 N°709 N°420 N°710 N°711 N°421 MLM N°422 N°712 N°423 N°713 RS-Node N°424 N°714 N°425 N°715 N°426 Schedule TMA-08M M-19M TMA-09M M-20M TMA-10M TMA-11M M-21M M-22M TMA-12M M-23M TMA-13M M-24M TMA-14M M-25M TMA-15M M-26M
34S 51P 35S 52P 36S 37S 53P 3R 54P 38S 55P 39S 6R 56P 40S 57P 41S 58P 3/28 4/24 5/28 7/24 9/25 11/7 11/21 12/11 2/5 3/26 4/28 5/28 6/24 7/24 9/30 10/22 12/1 2/2 #3-8 #3-8 #3-8 #3-8 #3-8 #3-8 #3-8 #3-8 #3-8 #3-8 Inc 35 - 36 Utilization Crew Time
USOS Executed OOS Planned USOS Cumulative Executed OOS Planned Cumulative 70 1000
900 60
800
50 700
600 40 500 30 400
300
Weekly Crew Weekly TimeHours 20 200
10 ScheduledCumulative Crew Time (Hours) 100
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
3-Crew 6- Crew 3-Crew 6-Crew Increment 35 Increment 36 March April May June July August Sept Date Color Key: (Dock on 6/15/13) (8/9/13 – 9/8/13) SpX-2 HTV4 Completed (Unberth on 3/24/13) ATV4 (Berth on 5/8/13) (Berth on (7/20/13 – 8/19/13) 35-36 Final OOS (Dock on 5/1/13) 6/10/13) (Unberth on 3/26/13) Orb-D1 Below the line FPIP Plan US EVA US EVA Executed through Increment Wk (WLP Week) 3 = 3 of 24.4 work weeks (12.30% through Increment) WLP 2 contains 35 minutes of ESA USOS IDRD Allocation: 875 hours Utilization that has not been agreed OOS USOS Planned Total: 876.5 hours upon. USOS Actuals: 120.17 hours 13.73% through IDRD Allocation OC/OZ reconciliation completed as of 13.71% through OOS Planned Total Week 3. Total USOS Average Per Work Week: 40.06 hours/work week 6 Voluntary Science Totals to Date 0 hours (Not included in the above totals or graph) PPBE-15: Capability vs. Demand and Flight Rate – Pressurized
Crew Supplies, Water, Gas Maintenance / EVA Utilization Baseline 15 Baseline Capability CSOC Capability CRS Capability
10
MT
5
- (FY) 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 US Crew Vehicle 2 2 2 USOS Progress 0.7 MT 0.3 MT 0.3 MT 0.3 MT 0.3MT 0.3* MT 0.3* MT Baseline USOS Soyuz 2 2 2 2 2 2* 2* RS Progress 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 RS Soyuz 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
ATV 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 CSOC HTV 1 1 1 1 1** 1** 1**
SpaceX 2 3 4 3 CRS Orbital 2 2 2 2 *Overguide request – will CRS Future Flights 1 4 6 6 6 submit 2 year Soyuz overlap Margin (Shortfall) 676 1,840 (2,849) 599 573 (892) (916) (1,017) Internal Upmass Capability (FY) 7.6 Mt 11.7 Mt 8.5 Mt 11.5 Mt 12.2 Mt 11.4 Mt 11.4 Mt 11.4 Mt Baseline Capability 650 300 300 150 - - - - CSOC Capability 5,661 4,941 - 2,572 2,881 2,572 2,584 2,584 Notes: CRS Capability 1,311 6,424 8,246 8,785 9,327 8,784 8,784 8,784 -Demo flights are not included Internal Upmass Demand (FY) 6.9 Mt 9.8 Mt 11.4 Mt 10.9 Mt 11.6 Mt 12.2 Mt 12.3 Mt 12.4 Mt in the flight rate table. Crew Supplies, Water, Gas 2,442 3,585 3,672 3,693 3,704 4,348 4,348 4,348 - Flight rate supports 4th crewmember beginning in Nov. Maintenance / EVA Demand 1,474 1,750 2,217 2,346 2,698 2,668 2,704 2,805 17 Utilization Baseline 3,030 4,491 5,507 4,869 5,233 5,233 5,233 5,233 Contingency Maintenance ------7 USOS System Enhancements
Carbon Dioxide Removal Assembly (CDRA) “-4” Desiccant/Adsorbent Beds- Monitoring Two new CDRA beds will be launched on SpX-2 New features include a redesigned heater core with significantly thicker Kapton insulation to reduce risk of short, and completely re-engineered attachment points to the wiring harness to reduce strain at the wiring interface New beds have been manufactured under clean-room conditions to reduce chance for built-in FOD Sheets for the heater core have been re-engineered to reduce sharp edges and weld points which were potential FOD sources from welding slag Beds incorporate new temperature sensors which have been changed from a thin-film sandwich type to a completely new helical wire-wound construction, significantly improving sensor survivability under repeated thermal cycles (similar to commercial applications in aircraft brakes) Shape of the desiccant and absorbent materials were changed to allow for more efficient packing on the ground and to potentially reduce dusting due to material abrasion when exposed to long term thermal/vacuum cycles on-orbit Housing of the bed was updated to accommodate the addition of captive fasteners and other features to allow the crew to partially disassemble the adsorbent bed on-orbit to remove the dust that accumulates from operation of the CDRA without having to return the beds to the ground for refurbishment
8 USOS System Enhancements
Continue replacement of legacy ISS avionics with Obsolescence Driven Avionics Replacement (ODAR) components Integrated Communications Unit (ICU) has been installed and activiated - doubling the downlink data rate (300 Mbps) and an eight-fold increase in the uplink data rate (25 Mbps) Increases crew communication loops with ground from 2 to 4. Automatic switching between redundant Ku-band systems 6 channels of video down (was 4) improved Payload Ethernet Hub Gateway (iPEHG) ready for activation in late May – tenfold increase in medium rate onboard data communications (100 Mbps) 2 flight ICUs and 4 iPEHGs are on-orbit; 3rd flight ICU planned for launch on ATV4
9 USOS System Enhancements
The ELC Wireless system provides a COTS solution for external high data rate 802.11n wireless capability to payloads on the Express Logistic Carrier (ELC) The system consists of two separate segments US Lab COTS Wireless Access Points (WAP) placed inside the lab with external antennas to provide the core wireless capability Payloads/Users Characterization of a wireless solution for the payloads/users to integrate and provide piece parts to the developers External Wireless users can connect using two methods: Use an IEEE 802.11n Network Interface Card in their device The NIC can be integrated directly into the Payload. (e.g. a PCI card) NASA can provide a USB NIC to a user that can be integrated into the Payload. Provide an IEEE 802.3 wired Ethernet interface and connect to Wireless Media Converter NASA is investigating providing a hardware (circuit card with wired Ethernet port and antenna out port) solution that will allow a Payload to use a standard wired Ethernet port and this hardware perform the wired to wireless conversion This hardware will be “smart” and require some configuration by the Payload in order to access the network Radiation testing on candidate hardware is being performed January 16 – 18
10
USOS System Enhancements
In an effort to increase the utilization of Commercial off the Shelf (COTS) hardware with limited or no modifications to support on-orbit operations, the ISS Program worked with commercial industry to develop a power inverter which converts the DC power generated from the ISS solar arrays to AC power just as you would find in your home. The provision of AC power allows ISS systems and payload developers to simplify and reduce the schedule and cost for the development, integration and delivery hardware into the ISS. The ISS power inverter (pictured below) comes in two models: 120Vdc- to120Vac and 28Vdc-to-120Vac respectively to support the primary power input voltages provided throughout the ISS (USOS and Russian Segments) and payload power interfaces. The 120Vdc-to120Vac power inverter provides power AC power provides: four (4) standard three prong AC power outlets and is capable of providing a total of 750W @ 60hz. The 28Vdc-to120Vac power inverter provides power AC power provides: four (4) standard three prong AC power outlets and is capable of providing a total of 400W @ 60hz.
11 Use of ISS to Prepare for Exploration
Four main focus areas ‒ Exploration technology demonstrations
» On-orbit demonstration or validation of technologies that enable or enhance exploration mission readiness ‒ Maturing critical systems
» Driving evolution in capabilities supporting the ISS today to meet future challenges - high reliability, high efficiency, low mass, low power ‒ Human health management for long duration space travel
» Research to understand the main risks to human health and performance » Validation of strategies for keeping the crew healthy and productive ‒ Ops simulations and operations technique demonstrations
» Furthering our understanding of future operations challenges » Gaining information which will enable efficient and effective mission design and operations approaches 12 Current, Planned, or Proposed ISS Technology Demonstrations, Nov 2012
Italic = NRC High Priority Technology that would benefit from ISS access Underline = NRC High Priority Technology (focus for next 5 years) Robotics Thermal Control Next Gen Canadarm testing (CSA) High efficiency radiators Robotic Assisted EVA’s (Robonaut, NASA) Cryogenic propellant storage & transfer METERON (ESA) and Surface Telerobotics Advanced materials testing Delay Tolerant Network Robotic Systems Closed Loop ECLSS Robotic Refueling Mission (CSA, NASA) Robotic assembly to optical tolerances (OPTIIX, NASA) Atmospheric monitoring: ANITA2 (ESA), MIDASS (ESA), AQM (NASA) Air Revitalization: Oxygen production, Next Gen OGA Comm and Nav [Vapor Feed or other] (NASA) OPALS – Optical Communication Contaminated gas removal X-Ray Navigation, (NICER/SEXTANT, NASA) Carbon Dioxide recovery: Amine swingbed and CDRA Software Defined Radio (CoNNeCT/SCAN, NASA) bed advancements Delay tolerant space networks Advanced Closed-loop Life Support ACLS (ESA), Autonomous Rendezvous & Docking advancements MELiSSA (ESA), (ESA/JAXA) Water/Waste: Electrochemical disinfection, Cascade Advanced optical metrology (sensing/mat’ls) Distillation System, Calcium Remediation, [Electrodialysis Metathesis or other] Power Regenerative fuel cells Other Advanced solar array designs [FAST, IBIS, or other] Spacecraft Fire Safety Demonstration Advanced photovoltaic materials Radiation protection/mitigation/monitoring Battery and energy storage advancements [Li-Ion or On-board parts repair and manufacturing other] Inflatable Module (BEAM) 13
Use of ISS to Prepare for Exploration
Maturing Critical Systems • Radiation Environment Monitor - (NASA) demonstration of first generation of operational active personal space radiation dosimeters • Amine Swingbed - (NASA) provide for environmental control of the habitable volume for human-rated spacecraft by removing metabolically-produced carbon dioxide, and minimizing losses of ullage air and humidity • Air Quality Monitor (AQM) – (NASA) volatile organic compound analyzer to be used to monitor the ISS environment • Disruption Tolerant Networking for Space Operations (DTN) - (NASA) long-term, readily accessible communications test-bed, DTN is the comm standard for future spacecraft • DOSIS-3D – (ESA) Determination of the radiation field parameters absorbed dose and dose equivalent inside the ISS with various active and passive radiation detector devices provided by ESA, JAXA and Russia. Aiming for a concise three dimensional dose distribution (3D) map of all the segments of the ISS. • Exploration EVA Suit – (NASA) Could fly exploration suit as early as 2019. Will demonstrate and mature suit on ISS prior to use beyond LEO • NASA Docking System - (NASA) Based on International specs agreed to by partners for exploration ISS will utilize and mature the system on ISS starting in 2015 with arrival of passive port.
14 Human Health and Performance Risks, Coordinated Mission ISS Lunar NEA Mars Across All Partners 6 mo 6 mo (1yr) (3yr)
Musculoskeletal: Long-Term health risk of Early Onset Osteoporosis Mission risk of reduced muscle strength and aerobic capacity
Sensorimotor: mission Risk of sensory changes/dysfunctions
Ocular Syndrome: Mission and long-term health risk of Microgravity-Induced Visual Impairment and/or elevated Intracranial Pressure (VIIP)
Nutrition: Mission risk of behavioral and nutritional health due to inability to provide appropriate quantity, quality and variety of food Autonomous Medical Care: Mission and long-term health risk due to inability to provide adequate medical care throughout the mission (Includes onboard training, diagnosis, treatment, and presence/absence of onboard physician)
Behavioral Health and Performance: Mission and long-term behavioral health risk.
Radiation: Long-term risk of carcinogenesis and degenerative tissue disease due to radiation exposure – Largely addressed with ground-based research -
Toxicity: Mission risk of exposure to a toxic environment without adequate monitoring, warning systems or understanding of potential toxicity (dust, chemicals, infectious agents)
Autonomous emergency response: Medical risks due to life support system failure and other emergencies (fire, depressurization, toxic atmosphere, etc.), crew rescue scenarios
Hypogravity: Long-term risk associated with adaptation during IVA and EVA on the Moon, asteroids, Mars (vestibular and performance dysfunctions) and postflight rehabilitation
Not mission Not mission Mission limiting limiting, but limiting increased risk 15 GO NO GO GO Use of ISS to Prepare for Exploration
Human Health Management for Long Duration Space Travel Weightlessness: greatest emphasis on understanding long-term physiologicalSCAN effects of most unusual spaceflight factor, including newly identified risk affecting visual function • Hypogravity: 7 investigations from CSA, ESA, JAXA and NASA • Musculoskeletal: 6 investigations from ESA and NASA • Sensorimotor: 2 investigations from ESA and NASA MISSE-8 • Ocular Syndrome: 1 investigation from NASA • Nutrition: 1 investigation from NASA Internal and external environments: factors related to mechanics of spaceflight inside closed vehicle in dangerous natural environment • Toxicity: 2 investigations from NASA and ESA • Radiation: 1 investigation from CSA which supplements a major ground- based research program Operational medical issues: development of medical solutions to problems caused by physiological and environmental factors, with special attention to psychosocial effects of high autonomy at extreme distance from Earth • Behavioral Health and Performance: 4 investigations from ESA and NASA • Autonomous Medical Care and Autonomous Emergency Response: 2 investigations from ESA REBR Use of ISS to Prepare for Exploration
Ops Simulations and Operations Technique Demonstrations
Started
• Autonomous Procedure Execution – (NASA) Modification of several existing procedures to make more autonomously executable (add notes, troubleshooting steps, video, constraints, crew commanding) • Crew User Interface System Enhancements (CRUISE) – (ESA) Voice activated procedure viewer
Future
• Instant Messaging (IM) Texting (countermeasure for voice communication delay) (NASA) (Summer 2013) • Crew Self Scheduling/Replanning on ISS (NASA and Roskosmos) (Summer 2013) • Communication delay testing - (NASA) Testing of voice communication delay implications to crew/ground behavior and task execution (start date TBD) • Crew procedures interaction (NASA and ESA) - Using system telemetry embedded in procedures (start date TBD) • Advanced Exploration Systems (AES)/Autonomous Mission Ops (AMO) – (NASA) Automating crew systems management (start date TBD)
17 One-Year ISS Mission crewmembers
Scott Kelly Mikhail Kornienko STS-103 in 1999, STS-118 in 2007, ISS 23/24 in 2010. ISS 25/26 in 2011
18 Previous one-year fliers
Months 14 13 12 11 10 # 1 1 2 1 1 1994- 1998- 1987- 1987- Year 1992 1995 1999 1988 1988
19 Joint Biomedical Research Program for Russian-US One-Year ISS Mission
Categories of Biomedical Investigations
Risks currently not resolved Evaluation of countermeasures Physiological research on cost of adaptation to spaceflight Behavior and performance
20 Selection of Biomedical Investigations
Prioritization will consider (not in rank order) Highest criticality for Mars Coordination with Russian investigations Heritage from previous flights Compatibility among candidate investigations for co-manifesting on same crewmember(s) Efficiencies from data-sharing with other investigations and medical requirements Resources — including mass, power, volume and crewmember time (pre-, in-, post-flight) — for combinations of candidate investigations Logistics required, especially for post-flight data collection 21 ISS Vision and
ISS Vision Mission A world renowned laboratory in space enabling discoveries in science and technology that benefit life on Earth and exploration of the universe
ISS Mission To advance science and technology research, expand human knowledge, inspire and educate the next generation, foster the commercial development of space and demonstrate capabilities to enable future exploration missions beyond low Earth orbit
22 Revised ISS Goals Goal 1: Maximize Science and Technology Research and development on the ISS to realize its full potential
Goal 2: Achieve Operational and Cost Efficiency with a high performance ISS team working in an optimal and inclusive Program structure
Goal 3: Raise Awareness of the ISS, its relevance and benefits in our daily lives and our future
Goal 4: Provide Global Leadership, strategic alliances and partnerships to fully utilize ISS capabilities to further research and exploration
Goal 5: Demonstrate capabilities that Benefit Space Exploration and Expand Our Reach Beyond Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
Goal 6: Use the ISS to Catalyze Commercial Development and Operations in Space
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