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Papers Theme 1 Food, Agricultural and Rural Development Policies in a Globalizing World

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Papers Theme 1 Food, Agricultural and Rural Development Policies in a Globalizing World Papers Theme 1 Food, Agricultural and Rural Development Policies in a Globalizing World Convenor: Marcelino Avila In: Farming Systems and Poverty: Making a Difference -- Proceedings of the 18th International Symposium of the International Farming Systems Association: A Global Learning Opportunity (31 October – 3 November 2005, Rome, Italy). Editors: John Dixon, Constance Neely, Clive Lightfoot, Marcelino Avila, Doyle Baker, Christine Holding and Christine King , International Farming Systems Association, Rome, Italy, 2006. Table of Contents Highlights of Keynote Presentation The Emerging Global Food Economy: Challenges for smallholder agriculture (Prabhu Pingali) 3 Highlights of Roundtable Discussions on Papers 5 The Policy Context, Framework and Impacts Difference as a Resource for Sustainable Agricultural Development: Responding to the Globalization of Modern Agriculture by Supporting Local Agrobiodiversity (Douglas Bardsley) 13 The Challenges of Farming Systems in Bangladesh in the Post Globalization Period (Subash Dasgupta) 21 Policy Approaches and Interactions with Poverty, Food Security, Environment and Natural Resources An Analysis of Agriculture-Environment Interactions and Policy Options for Sustainable Agriculture in Eastern Al Ghouta (Syria) (Samira Al Zoughbi) 29 Participation in Agri-Environmental Policy Development and Decision Making in Germany – Status Quo and Future Potentials (Katrin Prager and Jens Uwe Nagel) 36 Multifunctionality as a Framework for Farm Policy (Glenda Humiston) 48 Soil and Water Conservation Practices and Improved Livestock Farming Systems for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security Achievement in the Semi-Arid Region of Burkina-Faso (Jean Sibiri Zoundi and Robert Zougmoré) 56 Participatory Policy Approaches and Partnerships for Agriculture and Rural Development Multi-Stakeholder Analysis of Policy and Institutional Priorities for Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development (Marcelino Avila, Jaime Salinas, Ibrahim Cisse, Don Nathaniel Marquez and André Ufer) 62 Public-Private Partnerships: A Promising Approach for International Agricultural Development of One’s Worst Nightmare? (Harold McArthur) 76 The Role of Cooperatives in Improving Quality of Live and Providing Sustainable Development (Ana Alice Vilas Boas and Jean Carlos Baldessera) 85 Institutional System, Approaches and Priorities Building Social Infrastructure for Decentralized Natural Resource Management (Keith M. Moore, Salmana Cissé and Abdoulaye Touré) 94 Organizational Legitimacy as a Principle for Private Provision of Rural Development Activities: Evidence from Czech Agriculture (Jarmilla Curtiss and Vladislav Valentinov) 104 Policy, Institutional and Technological Interactions Precision Agriculture: Best Alternative Approaches for Sustainable Agricultural Development (Chowdury Mohammad Foruque and Mohi Uddin) 115 Impacts of Crop-Livestock Research and Development on Smallholder Farming Communities in Bangladesh (Mafizul Islam) 118 More Benefit from Less Land: Rice-Pulse (as Vegetable plus Fodder) is a More Profitable Cropping Pattern for Resource- Poor Farmers in Bangladesh (Omar Ali and Ashutosh Sarker) 137 2 Highlights of Keynote Presentation The Emerging Global Food Economy: Challenges for smallholder agriculture Prabhu Pingali Emerging challenges a) Urbanization and diet transition b) Transformation of food markets c) Changing patterns of trade d) Changing food and production systems e) Anticipated changes in the energy sector Urbanization and dietary transition • Cereal based diets to energy dense diets • Higher share of processed pre-prepared food • Growing concerns on food safety • Dual problem of under and over nutrition Transformation of food markets • Increasing scale economies in marketing and distribution • Organizational and institutional changes in the food marketing chain • Commercialization of small holder agriculture The least developed countries are relying more on food imports …Changing patterns of trade • Low competitiveness of domestic cereal and livestock production • Trade in processed products expanding rapidly • Capacity limitations in meeting sanitary and phytosanitary standards Trade can contribute to pro-poor growth only where complementary policies are implemented that enable the poor to take advantage of trade related opportunities The Changing Food System - Evolution of food systems Growing energy scarcity • Prospects for enhancing input efficiencies • Bio-fuel as a potential solution • Is there a trade-off between fuel and food security? Implications for Small Holder Agriculture Changing agricultural production systems • Increasing commercial orientation • Rising opportunity cost of family labor • Increasing scales of production, particularly in the livestock sector • Intensification of input use 3 • Implications for the resource base Key issues for small farmers • Size matters • Location is crucial • Land quality is important • Public good investments are essential • Stage of development makes a difference • Overcoming T-costs Role of the public sector • Public good provision • education, rural infrastructure and communication • Institutional reform • secure property rights • ensure access to rural credit • disseminate technology • certify quality and safe food • address competition and trade policy Policy focus • Policy redirection towards creating the enabling environment • Facilitate the transitional process • Ensure those small farmers that enter modern food systems, stay in for the long run (winners) • Facilitate the entry of those farmers that have potential (possibles) • Exit strategies for the ones not able to enter the food system (losers) Final Comments • Promoting agricultural modernization within a policy of rural growth is critical (Twin Track) • Transition may see fallout: many small farm exits • Staying for the long-haul requires small farmers to have capacity to adapt to dynamic systems 4 Highlights of Roundtable Discussions of Papers Innovations in policy are a priority concern for many stakeholders in the context of globalization, structural adjustment, decentralization and privatization processes which have contributed to the reduction or even withdrawal of Government support from the agricultural and rural sector and the collapse of services to farmers. Farming systems practitioners can report impacts on smallholders, exciting R&D work in the field, debate good practice and the ‘State-of-the-Art’, and demonstrate contributions to the World Food Summit and Millennium Development Goals. One of the salient objectives of the round-tables was to identify, substantiate and share successful practices in policy design and delivery for IFSA-GLO and that could be availed to IFSA stakeholders worldwide (.e.g. IFAD, and FAO database, SARD inventory, etc.). Theme 1 Roundtable: The Policy Context, Framework & Impacts Moderator: Arthur Getz Escudero Introductory remarks dealt with linking policy with practice. What is the linkage between the policy arena and the zone of practice? IFSA experiences are strong in the latter, while the new mission statement aspires to translate this practice into policy impacts. The key question of this session was “What will be the future shape of the global food system, and how will it be formed”? Three examples from around the world given by the presenters: a) From Venezuela, by Miguel Angel Nuñez in his presentation “Recovering Degraded Soil and Establishing Agroecological Seed Networking in Venezuela”, IPIAT. IPIAT works with grassroots organizations towards capacity building for SARD. Key objectives and results are: • Diminishing the degradation of fertility and erosion of soils. • Prevent the contamination of soils. • Protect the hydro-geological river basin and biodiversity. • Establish networks of agroecological seeds. • Improved the level of producer income. Communication, efficient forms of organization and the incorporation of all participants as well as recognition of social forces all have been essential to achieve new visions of food security. b) In a study about the North Caucasus Region, Natalya Andreeva draws attention to donor projects that are insufficiently linked to the real problems of rural poor in the region. Basically a lack of credit, lack of willingness of the authorities for support and lack of veterinary support seem to be the major problems. Then, combined meetings bringing together donors and recipients were established to improve the situation. These brought improvements especially concerning credit and veterinary support. c) Another case study from Guadeloupe, West Indies by Eric for his colleagues Michel & Eduard (CIRAD) followed. It focused on the new agricultural framework law, recognizing the multifunctional nature of agriculture, through a contract system (territorial farming contract, or CTO). Attention was drawn on the inconsistency among the objectives of the project and the contracts developed (finished in period 1999-2003). Incomplete incorporation of all stakeholders seemed to be the main problem here as well, which gives farmers only low levels of understanding and hence of support for the framework 5 In the subsequent discussion, which pointed towards the key role of partnerships to reach SARD, the following points were made: • Raise community spirit (create feeling of mutual responsiveness) • Ownership is important. A project belongs to the recipients, rather than the donors • Use inputs that are locally available • Cooperation among actors highly significant • How can governments be drawn in most
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