V850/SA1 32-Bit Single-Chip Microcontroller Hardware UD
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Simple Computer Example Register Structure
Simple Computer Example Register Structure Read pp. 27-85 Simple Computer • To illustrate how a computer operates, let us look at the design of a very simple computer • Specifications 1. Memory words are 16 bits in length 2. 2 12 = 4 K words of memory 3. Memory can be accessed in one clock cycle 4. Single Accumulator for ALU (AC) 5. Registers are fully connected Simple Computer Continued 4K x 16 Memory MAR 12 MDR 16 X PC 12 ALU IR 16 AC Simple Computer Specifications (continued) 6. Control signals • INCPC – causes PC to increment on clock edge - [PC] +1 PC •ACin - causes output of ALU to be stored in AC • GMDR2X – get memory data register to X - [MDR] X • Read (Write) – Read (Write) contents of memory location whose address is in MAR To implement instructions, control unit must break down the instruction into a series of register transfers (just like a complier must break down C program into a series of machine level instructions) Simple Computer (continued) • Typical microinstruction for reading memory State Register Transfer Control Line(s) Next State 1 [[MAR]] MDR Read 2 • Timing State 1 State 2 During State 1, Read set by control unit CLK - Data is read from memory - MDR changes at the Read beginning of State 2 - Read is completed in one clock cycle MDR Simple Computer (continued) • Study: how to write the microinstructions to implement 3 instructions • ADD address • ADD (address) • JMP address ADD address: add using direct addressing 0000 address [AC] + [address] AC ADD (address): add using indirect addressing 0001 address [AC] + [[address]] AC JMP address 0010 address address PC Instruction Format for Simple Computer IR OP 4 AD 12 AD = address - Two phases to implement instructions: 1. -
MIPS IV Instruction Set
MIPS IV Instruction Set Revision 3.2 September, 1995 Charles Price MIPS Technologies, Inc. All Right Reserved RESTRICTED RIGHTS LEGEND Use, duplication, or disclosure of the technical data contained in this document by the Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subdivision (c) (1) (ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause at DFARS 52.227-7013 and / or in similar or successor clauses in the FAR, or in the DOD or NASA FAR Supplement. Unpublished rights reserved under the Copyright Laws of the United States. Contractor / manufacturer is MIPS Technologies, Inc., 2011 N. Shoreline Blvd., Mountain View, CA 94039-7311. R2000, R3000, R6000, R4000, R4400, R4200, R8000, R4300 and R10000 are trademarks of MIPS Technologies, Inc. MIPS and R3000 are registered trademarks of MIPS Technologies, Inc. The information in this document is preliminary and subject to change without notice. MIPS Technologies, Inc. (MTI) reserves the right to change any portion of the product described herein to improve function or design. MTI does not assume liability arising out of the application or use of any product or circuit described herein. Information on MIPS products is available electronically: (a) Through the World Wide Web. Point your WWW client to: http://www.mips.com (b) Through ftp from the internet site “sgigate.sgi.com”. Login as “ftp” or “anonymous” and then cd to the directory “pub/doc”. (c) Through an automated FAX service: Inside the USA toll free: (800) 446-6477 (800-IGO-MIPS) Outside the USA: (415) 688-4321 (call from a FAX machine) MIPS Technologies, Inc. -
Advanced Computer Architecture
Computer Architecture MTIT C 103 MIPS ISA and Processor Compiled By Afaq Alam Khan Introduction The MIPS architecture is one example of a RISC architecture The MIPS architecture is a register architecture. All arithmetic and logical operations involve only registers (or constants that are stored as part of the instructions). The MIPS architecture also includes several simple instructions for loading data from memory into registers and storing data from registers in memory; for this reason, the MIPS architecture is called a load/store architecture Register ◦ MIPS has 32 integer registers ($0, $1, ....... $30, $31) and 32 floating point registers ($f0, $f1, ....... $f30, $f31) ◦ Size of each register is 32 bits The $k0, $K1, $at, and $gp registers are reserved for os, assembler and global data And are not used by the programmer Miscellaneous Registers ◦ $PC: The $pc or program counter register points to the next instruction to be executed and is automatically updated by the CPU after instruction are executed. This register is not typically accessed directly by user programs ◦ $Status: The $status or status register is the processor status register and is updated after each instruction by the CPU. This register is not typically directly accessed by user programs. ◦ $cause: The $cause or exception cause register is used by the CPU in the event of an exception or unexpected interruption in program control flow. Examples of exceptions include division by 0, attempting to access in illegal memory address, or attempting to execute an invalid instruction (e.g., trying to execute a data item instead of code). ◦ $hi / $lo : The $hi and $lo registers are used by some specialized multiply and divide instructions. -
Itanium-Based Solutions by Hp
Itanium-based solutions by hp an overview of the Itanium™-based hp rx4610 server a white paper from hewlett-packard june 2001 table of contents table of contents 2 executive summary 3 why Itanium is the future of computing 3 rx4610 at a glance 3 rx4610 product specifications 4 rx4610 physical and environmental specifications 4 the rx4610 and the hp server lineup 5 rx4610 architecture 6 64-bit address space and memory capacity 6 I/O subsystem design 7 special features of the rx4610 server 8 multiple upgrade and migration paths for investment protection 8 high availability and manageability 8 advanced error detection, correction, and containment 8 baseboard management controller (BMC) 8 redundant, hot-swap power supplies 9 redundant, hot-swap cooling 9 hot-plug disk drives 9 hot-plug PCI I/O slots 9 internal removable media 10 system control panel 10 ASCII console for hp-ux 10 space-saving rack density 10 complementary design and packaging 10 how hp makes the Itanium transition easy 11 binary compatibility 11 hp-ux operating system 11 seamless transition—even for home-grown applications 12 transition help from hp 12 Itanium quick start service 12 partner technology access centers 12 upgrades and financial incentives 12 conclusion 13 for more information 13 appendix: Itanium advantages in your computing future 14 hp’s CPU roadmap 14 Itanium processor architecture 15 predication enhances parallelism 15 speculation minimizes the effect of memory latency 15 inherent scalability delivers easy expansion 16 what this means in a server 16 2 executive The Itanium™ Processor Family is the next great stride in computing--and it’s here today. -
Arduino and AVR
Arduino and AVR Ke vin J Dola n a nd Eric Te ve lson Agenda • History of Arduino • Comparison to Other Platforms • Arduino Uno - Hardware • ATmega328P Peripherals • Instruction Set • Processor Components • Pipe lining • Programming • Applica tions • Future of Arduino History of Arduino • Fa mily of Microcontrolle rs cre a te d a s a ma ste rs the sis proje ct • intended for use by a non-technical audience of artists, designers, etc. • Made for accessibility and ease of use. • Programming made easy for the audience • Ability to program board via USB • Inexpensive price point • Expanded for other types and configurations • Example: Arduino Lilypad for wearable technologies • Popularity has expanded functionality including “shields” and Bluetooth. Comparison to Other Platforms • Raspberry Pi • Raspberry Pi is a full computer that can run and support an OS, and has built in graphics. • Porta bility is a n issue , since a n e xte rna l supply is ne e de d. • Network needs more setup on an Arduino • Raspberry Pi does not support analog sensors as well • Teensy • Less expensive • Compatible with Arduino “sketches” and “shields” • Be tte r ADC sa mpling, sa me functiona lity, be tte r re solution • Sma lle r physica l boa rd size Arduino Uno - Hardware • ATmega328P Microcontroller • 3 2 KB Fla s h Me m o ry (2 KB S RAM, 1 KB EEP RO M) • 16 MH z C lo c k • 14 Digita l I/O Pins • 6 PWM Digita l I/O Pins • 6 Analog Input Pins • Up to 20mA DC Current per I/O Pin up to 300mA total across all pins • 50mA DC Current on 3.3V Pin Arduino Uno - Hardware ATmega328P Peripherals • Total of 6 accessible A/D Pins on Port C • 14 GPIO (7 Pins each from PORT B & D) • UART (Se ria l) • SPI Support • Watchdog timer to reset CPU Instruction Set • Harvard Architecture, which is non-von Neumann memory, but still a von Neumann architecture. -
The Central Processor Unit
Systems Architecture The Central Processing Unit The Central Processing Unit – p. 1/11 The Computer System Application High-level Language Operating System Assembly Language Machine level Microprogram Digital logic Hardware / Software Interface The Central Processing Unit – p. 2/11 CPU Structure External Memory MAR: Memory MBR: Memory Address Register Buffer Register Address Incrementer R15 / PC R11 R7 R3 R14 / LR R10 R6 R2 R13 / SP R9 R5 R1 R12 R8 R4 R0 User Registers Booth’s Multiplier Barrel IR Shifter Control Unit CPSR 32-Bit ALU The Central Processing Unit – p. 3/11 CPU Registers Internal Registers Condition Flags PC Program Counter C Carry IR Instruction Register Z Zero MAR Memory Address Register N Negative MBR Memory Buffer Register V Overflow CPSR Current Processor Status Register Internal Devices User Registers ALU Arithmetic Logic Unit Rn Register n CU Control Unit n = 0 . 15 M Memory Store SP Stack Pointer MMU Mem Management Unit LR Link Register Note that each CPU has a different set of User Registers The Central Processing Unit – p. 4/11 Current Process Status Register • Holds a number of status flags: N True if result of last operation is Negative Z True if result of last operation was Zero or equal C True if an unsigned borrow (Carry over) occurred Value of last bit shifted V True if a signed borrow (oVerflow) occurred • Current execution mode: User Normal “user” program execution mode System Privileged operating system tasks Some operations can only be preformed in a System mode The Central Processing Unit – p. 5/11 Register Transfer Language NAME Value of register or unit ← Transfer of data MAR ← PC x: Guard, only if x true hcci: MAR ← PC (field) Specific field of unit ALU(C) ← 1 (name), bit (n) or range (n:m) R0 ← MBR(0:7) Rn User Register n R0 ← MBR num Decimal number R0 ← 128 2_num Binary number R1 ← 2_0100 0001 0xnum Hexadecimal number R2 ← 0x40 M(addr) Memory Access (addr) MBR ← M(MAR) IR(field) Specified field of IR CU ← IR(op-code) ALU(field) Specified field of the ALU(C) ← 1 Arithmetic and Logic Unit The Central Processing Unit – p. -
The Interrupt Program Status Register (IPSR) Contains the Exception Type Number of the Current ISR
Lab #4: POLLING & INTERRUPTS CENG 255 - iHaz - 2016 Lab4 Objectives Recognize different kinds of exceptions. Understand the behavior of interrupts. Realize the advantages and disadvantages of interrupts relative to polling. Explain what polling is and write code for it. Explain what an Interrupt Service Routine (ISR) is and write code for it. Must be Done Individually Before the Lab. Pre-Lab4 Questions Describe the major difference between polling 1 and interrupt. 2 Explain what APSR, IPSR and EPSR are. 3 Explain how PRIMASK is used. 4 Explain what an exception vector table is. 5 Explain what PORT Control registers are. Must be Done Individually Before the Lab. Polling vs. Interrupt Describe the major difference between polling and interrupt. Polling Interrupt • In polling, the processor continuously • An interrupt is a signal to the microprocessor polls or tests a given device as to whether from a device that requires attention. Upon it requires attention. The polling is receiving an interrupt signal, the microcontroller carried out by a polling program that interrupts whatever it is doing and serves the shares processing time with the currently device. The program which is associated with the running task. A device indicates it interrupt is called the interrupt service routine requires attention by setting a bit in its (ISR) or interrupt handler. device status register. • When ISR is done, the microprocessor continues • Polling the device usually means reading with its original task as if it had never been its status register every so often until the interrupted. This is achieved by pushing the device's status changes to indicate that it contents of all of its internal registers on the has completed the request. -
V850 Series Development Environment Pamphlet
To our customers, Old Company Name in Catalogs and Other Documents On April 1st, 2010, NEC Electronics Corporation merged with Renesas Technology Corporation, and Renesas Electronics Corporation took over all the business of both companies. Therefore, although the old company name remains in this document, it is a valid Renesas Electronics document. We appreciate your understanding. Renesas Electronics website: http://www.renesas.com April 1st, 2010 Renesas Electronics Corporation Issued by: Renesas Electronics Corporation (http://www.renesas.com) Send any inquiries to http://www.renesas.com/inquiry. Notice 1. All information included in this document is current as of the date this document is issued. Such information, however, is subject to change without any prior notice. Before purchasing or using any Renesas Electronics products listed herein, please confirm the latest product information with a Renesas Electronics sales office. Also, please pay regular and careful attention to additional and different information to be disclosed by Renesas Electronics such as that disclosed through our website. 2. Renesas Electronics does not assume any liability for infringement of patents, copyrights, or other intellectual property rights of third parties by or arising from the use of Renesas Electronics products or technical information described in this document. No license, express, implied or otherwise, is granted hereby under any patents, copyrights or other intellectual property rights of Renesas Electronics or others. 3. You should not alter, modify, copy, or otherwise misappropriate any Renesas Electronics product, whether in whole or in part. 4. Descriptions of circuits, software and other related information in this document are provided only to illustrate the operation of semiconductor products and application examples. -
Computer Organization and Architecture, Rajaram & Radhakrishan, PHI
CHAPTER I CONTENTS: 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 STORED PROGRAM ORGANIZATION 1.3 INDIRECT ADDRESS 1.4 COMPUTER REGISTERS 1.5 COMMON BUS SYSTEM SUMMARY SELF ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVE: In this chapter we are concerned with basic architecture and the different operations related to explain the proper functioning of the computer. Also how we can specify the operations with the help of different instructions. CHAPTER II CONTENTS: 2.1 REGISTER TRANSFER LANGUAGE 2.2 REGISTER TRANSFER 2.3 BUS AND MEMORY TRANSFERS 2.4 ARITHMETIC MICRO OPERATIONS 2.5 LOGIC MICROOPERATIONS 2.6 SHIFT MICRO OPERATIONS SUMMARY SELF ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVE: Here the concept of digital hardware modules is discussed. Size and complexity of the system can be varied as per the requirement of today. The interconnection of various modules is explained in the text. The way by which data is transferred from one register to another is called micro operation. Different micro operations are explained in the chapter. CHAPTER III CONTENTS: 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.2 TIMING AND CONTROL 3.3 INSTRUCTION CYCLE 3.4 MEMORY-REFERENCE INSTRUCTIONS 3.5 INPUT-OUTPUT AND INTERRUPT SUMMARY SELF ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVE: There are various instructions with the help of which we can transfer the data from one place to another and manipulate the data as per our requirement. In this chapter we have included all the instructions, how they are being identified by the computer, what are their formats and many more details regarding the instructions. CHAPTER IV CONTENTS: 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.2 ADDRESS SEQUENCING 4.3 MICROPROGRAM EXAMPLE 4.4 DESIGN OF CONTROL UNIT SUMMARY SELF ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVE: Various examples of micro programs are discussed in this chapter. -
Palmice3 V850 Apr
Product Summary PALMiCE3 V850 Apr. 1, 2014 (1/1) JTAG emulator PALMiCE3 V850 PALMiCE3 V850 is a JTAG emulator that incorporates on-chip debugging function in Renesas Electronics-made V850. It supports USB2.0 (High-speed) as the host interface, and the Vbus which requires no power supply. Furthermore, PALMiCE3 V850 has a palm-sized, light and compact body, providing excellent portability to support you with debugging. As for the debugger, it surely incorporates CSIDE, which provides a user-friendly debugging environment. CSIDE supports not only high-level language debugging of a range of C languages but also a wide range of debugging environments by optional debug libraries. Support for SuperH family and H8S/H8SX family are also available with optional CSIDEs. ■ Supports V850 ■ Real-time watcher feature (Optional) ■ Supports USB2.0(High-speed), allowing high-speed ■ Simulated I/O feature processing ■ Allows access to memory and I/O during break ■ A palm-sized, compact body ■ Supports debugging on on-chip/external flash memories ■ Requires no power supply with Vbus support Main Specifications Supporting model HUDI141(JTAG) model Supported CPUs *1 V850E2/MN4, V850E2/ML4 JTAG clock Can be set freely in 1MHz increments between 1MHz and 25MHz. Voltage 1.65V - 5.5V (Follows target) Measures by sampling and shows the results with accuracy of 50mV Target I/F Voltage measurement and precision showing 2 decimal places. Connector 14-pin MIL connector Supports referencing/editing of register and downloading to memory during break. Register, memory, I/O operation It supports referencing/editing of memory and I/O even during execution of the user program. -
Chapter 1: Microprocessor Architecture
Chapter 1: Microprocessor architecture ECE 3120 – Fall 2013 Dr. Mohamed Mahmoud http://iweb.tntech.edu/mmahmoud/ [email protected] Outline 1.1 Computer hardware organization 1.1.1 Number System 1.1.2 Computer hardware organization 1.2 The processor 1.3 Memory system operation 1.4 Program Execution 1.5 HCS12 Microcontroller 1.1.1 Number System - Computer hardware uses binary numbers to perform all operations. - Human beings are used to decimal number system. Conversion is often needed to convert numbers between the internal (binary) and external (decimal) representations. - Octal and hexadecimal numbers have shorter representations than the binary system. - The binary number system has two digits 0 and 1 - The octal number system uses eight digits 0 and 7 - The hexadecimal number system uses 16 digits: 0, 1, .., 9, A, B, C,.., F 1 - 1 - A prefix is used to indicate the base of a number. - Convert %01000101 to Hexadecimal = $45 because 0100 = 4 and 0101 = 5 - Computer needs to deal with signed and unsigned numbers - Two’s complement method is used to represent negative numbers - A number with its most significant bit set to 1 is negative, otherwise it is positive. 1 - 2 1- Unsigned number %1111 = 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 = 15 %0111 = 1 + 2 + 4 = 7 Unsigned N-bit number can have numbers from 0 to 2N-1 2- Signed number %1111 is a negative number. To convert to decimal, calculate the two’s complement The two’s complement = one’s complement +1 = %0000 + 1 =%0001 = 1 then %1111 = -1 %0111 is a positive number = 1 + 2 + 4 = 7. -
Introduction to Cpu
microprocessors and microcontrollers - sadri 1 INTRODUCTION TO CPU Mohammad Sadegh Sadri Session 2 Microprocessor Course Isfahan University of Technology Sep., Oct., 2010 microprocessors and microcontrollers - sadri 2 Agenda • Review of the first session • A tour of silicon world! • Basic definition of CPU • Von Neumann Architecture • Example: Basic ARM7 Architecture • A brief detailed explanation of ARM7 Architecture • Hardvard Architecture • Example: TMS320C25 DSP microprocessors and microcontrollers - sadri 3 Agenda (2) • History of CPUs • 4004 • TMS1000 • 8080 • Z80 • Am2901 • 8051 • PIC16 microprocessors and microcontrollers - sadri 4 Von Neumann Architecture • Same Memory • Program • Data • Single Bus microprocessors and microcontrollers - sadri 5 Sample : ARM7T CPU microprocessors and microcontrollers - sadri 6 Harvard Architecture • Separate memories for program and data microprocessors and microcontrollers - sadri 7 TMS320C25 DSP microprocessors and microcontrollers - sadri 8 Silicon Market Revenue Rank Rank Country of 2009/2008 Company (million Market share 2009 2008 origin changes $ USD) Intel 11 USA 32 410 -4.0% 14.1% Corporation Samsung 22 South Korea 17 496 +3.5% 7.6% Electronics Toshiba 33Semiconduc Japan 10 319 -6.9% 4.5% tors Texas 44 USA 9 617 -12.6% 4.2% Instruments STMicroelec 55 FranceItaly 8 510 -17.6% 3.7% tronics 68Qualcomm USA 6 409 -1.1% 2.8% 79Hynix South Korea 6 246 +3.7% 2.7% 812AMD USA 5 207 -4.6% 2.3% Renesas 96 Japan 5 153 -26.6% 2.2% Technology 10 7 Sony Japan 4 468 -35.7% 1.9% microprocessors and microcontrollers