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Iranian Strategy in Syria
*SBOJBO4USBUFHZJO4ZSJB #:8JMM'VMUPO KPTFQIIPMMJEBZ 4BN8ZFS BKPJOUSFQPSUCZ"&*ŦT$SJUJDBM5ISFBUT1SPKFDUJ/45*565&'035)&456%:0'8"3 .BZ All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. ©2013 by Institute for the Study of War and AEI’s Critical Threats Project Cover Image: Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, Syrian President Bashar Al-Assad, and Hezbollah’s Sheikh Hassan Nasrallah appear together on a poster in Damascus, Syria. Credit: Inter Press Service News Agency Iranian strategy in syria Will Fulton, Joseph Holliday, & Sam wyer May 2013 A joint Report by AEI’s critical threats project & Institute for the Study of War ABOUT US About the Authors Will Fulton is an Analyst and the IRGC Project Team Lead at the Critical Threats Project at the American Enterprise Institute. Joseph Holliday is a Fellow at the Institute for the Study of War. Sam Wyer served as an Iraq Analyst at ISW from September 2012 until February 2013. The authors would like to thank Kim and Fred Kagan, Jessica Lewis, and Aaron Reese for their useful insights throughout the writing and editorial process, and Maggie Rackl for her expert work on formatting and producing this report. We would also like to thank our technology partners Praescient Analytics and Palantir Technologies for providing us with the means and support to do much of the research and analysis used in our work. About the Institute for the Study of War The Institute for the Study of War (ISW) is a non-partisan, non-profit, public policy research organization. ISW advances an informed understanding of military affairs through reliable research, trusted analysis, and innovative education. -
Blood-Soaked Secrets Why Iran’S 1988 Prison Massacres Are Ongoing Crimes Against Humanity
BLOOD-SOAKED SECRETS WHY IRAN’S 1988 PRISON MASSACRES ARE ONGOING CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 7 million people who campaign for a world where human rights are enjoyed by all. Our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations. © Amnesty International 2017 Cover photo: Collage of some of the victims of the mass prisoner killings of 1988 in Iran. Except where otherwise noted, content in this document is licensed under a Creative Commons © Amnesty International (attribution, non-commercial, no derivatives, international 4.0) licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode For more information please visit the permissions page on our website: www.amnesty.org Where material is attributed to a copyright owner other than Amnesty International this material is not subject to the Creative Commons licence. First published in 2017 by Amnesty International Ltd Peter Benenson House, 1 Easton Street London WC1X 0DW, UK Index: MDE 13/9421/2018 Original language: English amnesty.org CONTENTS GLOSSARY 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 8 METHODOLOGY 18 2.1 FRAMEWORK AND SCOPE 18 2.2 RESEARCH METHODS 18 2.2.1 TESTIMONIES 20 2.2.2 DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE 22 2.2.3 AUDIOVISUAL EVIDENCE 23 2.2.4 COMMUNICATION WITH IRANIAN AUTHORITIES 24 2.3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 25 BACKGROUND 26 3.1 PRE-REVOLUTION REPRESSION 26 3.2 POST-REVOLUTION REPRESSION 27 3.3 IRAN-IRAQ WAR 33 3.4 POLITICAL OPPOSITION GROUPS 33 3.4.1 PEOPLE’S MOJAHEDIN ORGANIZATION OF IRAN 33 3.4.2 FADAIYAN 34 3.4.3 TUDEH PARTY 35 3.4.4 KURDISH DEMOCRATIC PARTY OF IRAN 35 3.4.5 KOMALA 35 3.4.6 OTHER GROUPS 36 4. -
Political Succession in the Islamic Republic of Iran: the Rise of the Revolutionary Guards
Political Succession in the Islamic Republic of Iran: The Rise of the Revolutionary Guards Ali Alfoneh Political Succession in the Islamic Republic of Iran: The Rise of the Revolutionary Guards Ali Alfoneh February 5, 2018 Issue Paper #1 2019 The Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington (AGSIW), launched in 2015, is an independent, nonprofit institution dedicated to providing expert research and analysis of the social, economic, and political dimensions of the Gulf Arab states and how they impact domestic and foreign policy. AGSIW focuses on issues ranging from politics and security to economics, trade, and business; from social dynamics to civil society and culture. Through programs, publications, and scholarly exchanges the institute seeks to encourage thoughtful debate and inform the U.S. policy community regarding this critical geostrategic region. © 2019 Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington. All rights reserved. AGSIW does not take institutional positions on public policy issues; the views represented herein are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect the views of AGSIW, its staff, or its board of directors. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing from AGSIW. Please direct inquiries to: [email protected] This publication can be downloaded at no cost at www.agsiw.org. Cover Photo Credits: Khamenei.ir/Wikimedia Commons About the Author Ali Alfoneh is a senior fellow at the Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington. He is the author of Iran Unveiled: How the Revolutionary Guards are Transforming Iran from Theocracy into Military Dictatorship, published by AEI Press in April 2013. -
Policy Notes March 2021
THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE FOR NEAR EAST POLICY MARCH 2021 POLICY NOTES NO. 100 In the Service of Ideology: Iran’s Religious and Socioeconomic Activities in Syria Oula A. Alrifai “Syria is the 35th province and a strategic province for Iran...If the enemy attacks and aims to capture both Syria and Khuzestan our priority would be Syria. Because if we hold on to Syria, we would be able to retake Khuzestan; yet if Syria were lost, we would not be able to keep even Tehran.” — Mehdi Taeb, commander, Basij Resistance Force, 2013* Taeb, 2013 ran’s policy toward Syria is aimed at providing strategic depth for the Pictured are the Sayyeda Tehran regime. Since its inception in 1979, the regime has coopted local Zainab shrine in Damascus, Syrian Shia religious infrastructure while also building its own. Through youth scouts, and a pro-Iran I proxy actors from Lebanon and Iraq based mainly around the shrine of gathering, at which the banner Sayyeda Zainab on the outskirts of Damascus, the Iranian regime has reads, “Sayyed Commander Khamenei: You are the leader of the Arab world.” *Quoted in Ashfon Ostovar, Vanguard of the Imam: Religion, Politics, and Iran’s Revolutionary Guards (2016). Khuzestan, in southwestern Iran, is the site of a decades-long separatist movement. OULA A. ALRIFAI IRAN’S RELIGIOUS AND SOCIOECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN SYRIA consolidated control over levers in various localities. against fellow Baathists in Damascus on November Beyond religious proselytization, these networks 13, 1970. At the time, Iran’s Shia clerics were in exile have provided education, healthcare, and social as Muhammad Reza Shah Pahlavi was still in control services, among other things. -
Iran and the Gulf Military Balance - I
IRAN AND THE GULF MILITARY BALANCE - I The Conventional and Asymmetric Dimensions FIFTH WORKING DRAFT By Anthony H. Cordesman and Alexander Wilner Revised July 11, 2012 Anthony H. Cordesman Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy [email protected] Cordesman/Wilner: Iran & The Gulf Military Balance, Rev 5 7/11/12 2 Acknowledgements This analysis was made possible by a grant from the Smith Richardson Foundation. It draws on the work of Dr. Abdullah Toukan and a series of reports on Iran by Adam Seitz, a Senior Research Associate and Instructor, Middle East Studies, Marine Corps University. 2 Cordesman/Wilner: Iran & The Gulf Military Balance, Rev 5 7/11/12 3 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 5 THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................................... 6 Figure III.1: Summary Chronology of US-Iranian Military Competition: 2000-2011 ............................... 8 CURRENT PATTERNS IN THE STRUCTURE OF US AND IRANIAN MILITARY COMPETITION ........................................... 13 DIFFERING NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES .............................................................................................................. 17 US Perceptions .................................................................................................................................... 17 Iranian Perceptions............................................................................................................................ -
I Rapporto Annuale 2017-2018 Iii Poco a Poco Mentre Sono Al Volante E in Pubblico, Accettando Il Prezzo Della Loro Protesta
Rapporto Annuale 2017-2018 i INDICE 1 Introduzione 2 Le donne: la forza trainante delle proteste 6 Le donne pagano il prezzo della libertà 11 Le donne delle minoranze etniche e religiose 14 Le donne oppresse con il velo 18 Il divario di genere e la discriminazione delle donne 22 Le donne in cima alla lista degli analfabeti 24 Superare una montagna di ostacoli: le donne e lo sport in Iran 28 Le donne e le moltissime restrizioni in campo musicale 29 La violenza di stato sulle donne 32 Le insegnanti e le infermiere subiscono enormi pressioni 36 L’aumento dei matrimoni precoci influenza la società 38 La povertà e le dipendenze mietono moltissime vittime tra le donne 42 Il terremoto ha creato vedove e donne capo-famiglia ii Comitato delle Donne del CNRI Rapporto Annuale 2017-2018 iii poco a poco mentre sono al volante e in pubblico, accettando il prezzo della loro protesta. INTRODUZIONE La situazione delle donne è così delicata che il presidente dei mullah, Hassan Rouhani, non osa includere neanche una donna nel suo governo. e donne sono davvero la Forza per il Sebbene tutti gli osservatori ritengano che Cambiamento. l'inclusione di più donne non riuscirebbe a risolvere Si è visto chiaramente in Iran nel corso di tutto i problemi che devono affrontare nella società l'anno passato e naturalmente, in maniera iraniana, il regime teocratico è così vulnerabile che Lpiù consistente, durante le rivolte di Dicembre e non può permettersi neanche il più piccolo gesto di Gennaio. facciata a questo riguardo. Sebbene la situazione in Iran sia estremamente Ed infine, nonostante l'inesistente partecipazione opprimente e le donne siano state le più colpite dalla alla leadership e alle decisioni politiche, le donne repressione degli ultimi 39 anni, contrariamente sono state presenti ovunque durante le proteste alle aspettative del regime le donne non si sono e in centinaia di queste, lo scorso anno, hanno sottomesse. -
The Political Economy of the IRGC's Involvement in the Iranian Oil and Gas Industry
The Political Economy of the IRGC’s involvement in the Iranian Oil and Gas Industry: A Critical Analysis MSc Political Science (Political Economy) Thesis Research Project: The Political Economy of Energy University of Amsterdam, Graduate School of Social Sciences 5th June 2020 Author: Hamed Saidi Supervisor: Dr. M. P. (Mehdi) Amineh (1806679) Second reader: Dr. S. (Said) Rezaeiejan [This page is intentionally left blank] 2 Table of Contents Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................ 3 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................... 6 Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................... 7 Maps ................................................................................................................................................ 8 List of Figures and Tables ................................................................................................................. 10 List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................ 11 I: RESEARCH DESIGN .................................................................................................................................... 13 1.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ -
Highlights of the Week
Spotlight on Iran November 2012—Aban 1391 Week of November 6‐13, 2012 Editor: Dr. Raz Zimmt Highlights of the week Iranian reactions to Obama win reflect different voices on United States Restrictions imposed on import of “luxury” products after last week’s export restrictions Flying isn’t cheap anymore: domestic flight costs have gone up by 65% Who is in charge of funds at the Supreme Leader’s office? Iranian blogger’s death in prison sparks controversy Iranian reactions to Obama win represent different voices on United States The Iranian reactions to Barack Obama’s re-election for president of the United States represented the different voices in the Iranian discourse on the United States and the possibility of launching negotiations with it. An official reaction released by Ramin Mehmanparast, the spokesman for the Iranian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, said that Obama’s re-election is a message from the American people against a radical policy and a manifestation of their demand that Obama fulfill his promises of a fundamental change in American policy and pay more attention to the domestic affairs of the United States and the welfare of its citizens. Public opinion in the Middle East and the Muslim world is still waiting for the U.S. president’s promises to be fulfilled, and believes that it is only by adopting a policy based on non-intervention in the affairs of the region’s countries that the United States can regain some of the prestige it once had among Middle Eastern nations. In the past 33 years Iran has had experience with different presidents from both parties, who have 229-12 2 taken a hostile approach towards the interests of the Iranian people, and it believes that the Iranian people’s distrust of the United States administration can only be lessened if their wishes and rights are respected and if the United States implements a fundamental, practical change in its policy towards Iran, said the announcement released by the speaker of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Fars, November 7). -
“Maximum Pressure” WATCH US Economic Sanctions Harm Iranians’ Right to Health
HUMAN RIGHTS “Maximum Pressure” WATCH US Economic Sanctions Harm Iranians’ Right to Health “Maximum Pressure” US Economic Sanctions Harm Iranians’ Right to Health Copyright © 2019 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-6231-37762 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch defends the rights of people worldwide. We scrupulously investigate abuses, expose the facts widely, and pressure those with power to respect rights and secure justice. Human Rights Watch is an independent, international organization that works as part of a vibrant movement to uphold human dignity and advance the cause of human rights for all. Human Rights Watch is an international organization with staff in more than 40 countries, and offices in Amman, Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Goma, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington DC, and Zurich. For more information, please visit our website: http://www.hrw.org. OCTOBER 2019 ISBN: 978-1-6231-37762 “Maximum Pressure” US Economic Sanctions Harm Iranian’s Right to Health Summary ......................................................................................................................... 1 Recommendations ............................................................................................................ 7 To the US Government ............................................................................................................ 7 To -
THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC's ART of SURVIVAL
THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC’S ART of SURVIVAL: Neutralizing Domestic and Foreign Threats Saeid Golkar Policy Focus 125 | June 2013 THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC’S ART OF SURVIVAL: Neutralizing Domestic and Foreign Threats All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. © 2013 by The Washington Institute for Near East Policy Published in 2013 in the United States of America by The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 1828 L Street NW, Suite 1050, Washington, DC 20036. Cover photo: Iranian soldiers shout anti-American slogans at a ceremony celebrating the 27th anniversary of the return from exile of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, February 2006. (AP Photo/Hasan Sarbakhshian) Contents About the Author v Acknowledgments vii Executive Summary 1 Introduction 3 1 | Neutralizing Threats from Below 4 2 | Neutralizing Threats from Above 9 3 | Neutralizing External Threats 14 4 | Conclusion 16 Notes 17 About the Author SAEID GOLKAR is a fellow at the Roberta Buffett Center for International and Comparative Studies at Northwest- ern University. Previously, he served as a postdoctoral fellow at the Center on Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law (CDDRL) at Stanford University. His research interests include the politics of authoritarian regimes, state control, and Middle Eastern politics; his most recent analysis has appeared in Politics, Religion & Ideology, Armed Forces & Society, Journal of the Middle East and Africa, Digest of Middle East Studies, and Middle East Quar- terly, among other publications. -
Iran's Ballistic Missile Program and Its Foreign and Security Policy Towards
Iran’s ballistic missile program and its foreign and security policy towards the United States under the Trump Administration El programa de misiles balísticos de Irán y su política exterior y de seguridad hacia los Estados Unidos bajo la Administración Trump MOHAMMAD ESLAMI Research Centre for Political Science (CICP), University of Minho (Portugal) Cómo citar/Citation Eslami, M. (2021). Iran’s ballistic missile program and its foreign and security policy towards the United States under the Trump Administration. Revista Española de Ciencia Política, 55, 37-62. Doi: https://doi.org/10.21308/recp.55.02 Abstract Drawing on the Strategic Culture Theory, this article analyzes Iran’s evolving ballistic missile program (BMP), by focusing especially on the period of the Trump administration (January 2017-January 2021), including both Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) shooting down a US surveillance drone in the Strait of Hormuz in June 2019 and Iran’s attack on the US military bases following the assassination of IRGC General Qasem Soleimani, in January 2020. This work demonstrates the increasing reliance on the ‘revolutionary’, more offensive narrative, which has become additionally reinforced after the assassination of General Qasem Soleimani and Professor Mohsen Fakhrizadeh. This has consolidated the retaliatory aspects in Iran’s foreign and security policy, while it has also marginalized moderated actors willing to engage in negotiations with the US. Keywords: Iran, strategic culture, ballistic missile, JCPOA, Qasem Soleimani, -
Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order
Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order The Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order (EIKO),[1][2] Execution of Imam Setâd-e Ejrây-ye Farmân-e , ﺳﺘﺎد اﺟﺮاﯾﯽ ﻓﺮﻣﺎن اﻣﺎم :Persian) Emâm), also known as the Executive Headquarters of Imam's Khomeini's Order Directive or simply Setad, is a parastatal[3] in the Islamic Republic of Iran, under direct control of the Supreme Leader of Iran. It was created from thousands of properties confiscated in the aftermath of the 1979 Islamic Revolution. A Reuters investigation found that the organization built "its empire on the systematic seizure of thousands of properties belonging to ordinary Iranians", also seizing property from members of religious minorities, business people and Iranians living abroad; at times falsely ﺳﺘﺎد اﺟﺮاﯾﯽ ﻓﺮﻣﺎن اﻣﺎم claiming that the properties were abandoned.[4] Native name Type Headquarters Supreme Leader Ruhollah Khomeini originally ordered three of his aides to take care of and distribute the confiscated property to Founded April 26, 1989 charity. However, under Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, the organization Founders Habibollah Asgaroladi, has been acquiring property for itself.[4] It has grown into a major Mehdi Karroubi, - center of economic power in Iran.[5] Holdings include large Hassan Sane'i amounts of real estate and 37 companies, covering nearly every Headquarters Tehran, Iran sector of Iranian industry, including finance, oil, and telecommunications.[6] While its accounts are secret even to the Key people Mohammad Mokhber Iranian parliament, a 2013 estimate by Reuters news agency put (President and CEO) the total value of Setad's holdings at $95 billion (made up of about $52 billion in real estate and $43 billion in corporate holdings).[6] In 2013, the U.S.