2021-02 Komentarz Ośrodka Badań Azji
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Iranian Strategy in Syria
*SBOJBO4USBUFHZJO4ZSJB #:8JMM'VMUPO KPTFQIIPMMJEBZ 4BN8ZFS BKPJOUSFQPSUCZ"&*ŦT$SJUJDBM5ISFBUT1SPKFDUJ/45*565&'035)&456%:0'8"3 .BZ All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. ©2013 by Institute for the Study of War and AEI’s Critical Threats Project Cover Image: Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, Syrian President Bashar Al-Assad, and Hezbollah’s Sheikh Hassan Nasrallah appear together on a poster in Damascus, Syria. Credit: Inter Press Service News Agency Iranian strategy in syria Will Fulton, Joseph Holliday, & Sam wyer May 2013 A joint Report by AEI’s critical threats project & Institute for the Study of War ABOUT US About the Authors Will Fulton is an Analyst and the IRGC Project Team Lead at the Critical Threats Project at the American Enterprise Institute. Joseph Holliday is a Fellow at the Institute for the Study of War. Sam Wyer served as an Iraq Analyst at ISW from September 2012 until February 2013. The authors would like to thank Kim and Fred Kagan, Jessica Lewis, and Aaron Reese for their useful insights throughout the writing and editorial process, and Maggie Rackl for her expert work on formatting and producing this report. We would also like to thank our technology partners Praescient Analytics and Palantir Technologies for providing us with the means and support to do much of the research and analysis used in our work. About the Institute for the Study of War The Institute for the Study of War (ISW) is a non-partisan, non-profit, public policy research organization. ISW advances an informed understanding of military affairs through reliable research, trusted analysis, and innovative education. -
Blood-Soaked Secrets Why Iran’S 1988 Prison Massacres Are Ongoing Crimes Against Humanity
BLOOD-SOAKED SECRETS WHY IRAN’S 1988 PRISON MASSACRES ARE ONGOING CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 7 million people who campaign for a world where human rights are enjoyed by all. Our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations. © Amnesty International 2017 Cover photo: Collage of some of the victims of the mass prisoner killings of 1988 in Iran. Except where otherwise noted, content in this document is licensed under a Creative Commons © Amnesty International (attribution, non-commercial, no derivatives, international 4.0) licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode For more information please visit the permissions page on our website: www.amnesty.org Where material is attributed to a copyright owner other than Amnesty International this material is not subject to the Creative Commons licence. First published in 2017 by Amnesty International Ltd Peter Benenson House, 1 Easton Street London WC1X 0DW, UK Index: MDE 13/9421/2018 Original language: English amnesty.org CONTENTS GLOSSARY 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 8 METHODOLOGY 18 2.1 FRAMEWORK AND SCOPE 18 2.2 RESEARCH METHODS 18 2.2.1 TESTIMONIES 20 2.2.2 DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE 22 2.2.3 AUDIOVISUAL EVIDENCE 23 2.2.4 COMMUNICATION WITH IRANIAN AUTHORITIES 24 2.3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 25 BACKGROUND 26 3.1 PRE-REVOLUTION REPRESSION 26 3.2 POST-REVOLUTION REPRESSION 27 3.3 IRAN-IRAQ WAR 33 3.4 POLITICAL OPPOSITION GROUPS 33 3.4.1 PEOPLE’S MOJAHEDIN ORGANIZATION OF IRAN 33 3.4.2 FADAIYAN 34 3.4.3 TUDEH PARTY 35 3.4.4 KURDISH DEMOCRATIC PARTY OF IRAN 35 3.4.5 KOMALA 35 3.4.6 OTHER GROUPS 36 4. -
Political Succession in the Islamic Republic of Iran: the Rise of the Revolutionary Guards
Political Succession in the Islamic Republic of Iran: The Rise of the Revolutionary Guards Ali Alfoneh Political Succession in the Islamic Republic of Iran: The Rise of the Revolutionary Guards Ali Alfoneh February 5, 2018 Issue Paper #1 2019 The Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington (AGSIW), launched in 2015, is an independent, nonprofit institution dedicated to providing expert research and analysis of the social, economic, and political dimensions of the Gulf Arab states and how they impact domestic and foreign policy. AGSIW focuses on issues ranging from politics and security to economics, trade, and business; from social dynamics to civil society and culture. Through programs, publications, and scholarly exchanges the institute seeks to encourage thoughtful debate and inform the U.S. policy community regarding this critical geostrategic region. © 2019 Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington. All rights reserved. AGSIW does not take institutional positions on public policy issues; the views represented herein are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect the views of AGSIW, its staff, or its board of directors. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing from AGSIW. Please direct inquiries to: [email protected] This publication can be downloaded at no cost at www.agsiw.org. Cover Photo Credits: Khamenei.ir/Wikimedia Commons About the Author Ali Alfoneh is a senior fellow at the Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington. He is the author of Iran Unveiled: How the Revolutionary Guards are Transforming Iran from Theocracy into Military Dictatorship, published by AEI Press in April 2013. -
Policy Notes March 2021
THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE FOR NEAR EAST POLICY MARCH 2021 POLICY NOTES NO. 100 In the Service of Ideology: Iran’s Religious and Socioeconomic Activities in Syria Oula A. Alrifai “Syria is the 35th province and a strategic province for Iran...If the enemy attacks and aims to capture both Syria and Khuzestan our priority would be Syria. Because if we hold on to Syria, we would be able to retake Khuzestan; yet if Syria were lost, we would not be able to keep even Tehran.” — Mehdi Taeb, commander, Basij Resistance Force, 2013* Taeb, 2013 ran’s policy toward Syria is aimed at providing strategic depth for the Pictured are the Sayyeda Tehran regime. Since its inception in 1979, the regime has coopted local Zainab shrine in Damascus, Syrian Shia religious infrastructure while also building its own. Through youth scouts, and a pro-Iran I proxy actors from Lebanon and Iraq based mainly around the shrine of gathering, at which the banner Sayyeda Zainab on the outskirts of Damascus, the Iranian regime has reads, “Sayyed Commander Khamenei: You are the leader of the Arab world.” *Quoted in Ashfon Ostovar, Vanguard of the Imam: Religion, Politics, and Iran’s Revolutionary Guards (2016). Khuzestan, in southwestern Iran, is the site of a decades-long separatist movement. OULA A. ALRIFAI IRAN’S RELIGIOUS AND SOCIOECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN SYRIA consolidated control over levers in various localities. against fellow Baathists in Damascus on November Beyond religious proselytization, these networks 13, 1970. At the time, Iran’s Shia clerics were in exile have provided education, healthcare, and social as Muhammad Reza Shah Pahlavi was still in control services, among other things. -
Iran and the Gulf Military Balance - I
IRAN AND THE GULF MILITARY BALANCE - I The Conventional and Asymmetric Dimensions FIFTH WORKING DRAFT By Anthony H. Cordesman and Alexander Wilner Revised July 11, 2012 Anthony H. Cordesman Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy [email protected] Cordesman/Wilner: Iran & The Gulf Military Balance, Rev 5 7/11/12 2 Acknowledgements This analysis was made possible by a grant from the Smith Richardson Foundation. It draws on the work of Dr. Abdullah Toukan and a series of reports on Iran by Adam Seitz, a Senior Research Associate and Instructor, Middle East Studies, Marine Corps University. 2 Cordesman/Wilner: Iran & The Gulf Military Balance, Rev 5 7/11/12 3 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 5 THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................................... 6 Figure III.1: Summary Chronology of US-Iranian Military Competition: 2000-2011 ............................... 8 CURRENT PATTERNS IN THE STRUCTURE OF US AND IRANIAN MILITARY COMPETITION ........................................... 13 DIFFERING NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES .............................................................................................................. 17 US Perceptions .................................................................................................................................... 17 Iranian Perceptions............................................................................................................................ -
Highlights of the Week
Spotlight on Iran November 2012—Aban 1391 Week of November 6‐13, 2012 Editor: Dr. Raz Zimmt Highlights of the week Iranian reactions to Obama win reflect different voices on United States Restrictions imposed on import of “luxury” products after last week’s export restrictions Flying isn’t cheap anymore: domestic flight costs have gone up by 65% Who is in charge of funds at the Supreme Leader’s office? Iranian blogger’s death in prison sparks controversy Iranian reactions to Obama win represent different voices on United States The Iranian reactions to Barack Obama’s re-election for president of the United States represented the different voices in the Iranian discourse on the United States and the possibility of launching negotiations with it. An official reaction released by Ramin Mehmanparast, the spokesman for the Iranian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, said that Obama’s re-election is a message from the American people against a radical policy and a manifestation of their demand that Obama fulfill his promises of a fundamental change in American policy and pay more attention to the domestic affairs of the United States and the welfare of its citizens. Public opinion in the Middle East and the Muslim world is still waiting for the U.S. president’s promises to be fulfilled, and believes that it is only by adopting a policy based on non-intervention in the affairs of the region’s countries that the United States can regain some of the prestige it once had among Middle Eastern nations. In the past 33 years Iran has had experience with different presidents from both parties, who have 229-12 2 taken a hostile approach towards the interests of the Iranian people, and it believes that the Iranian people’s distrust of the United States administration can only be lessened if their wishes and rights are respected and if the United States implements a fundamental, practical change in its policy towards Iran, said the announcement released by the speaker of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Fars, November 7). -
How Iran Would Apply Its Asymmetric Naval Warfare Doctrine in the F
Occasional Paper Series Obsolete Weapons, Unconventional Tactics, and Martyrdom Zeal: How Iran Would Apply its Asymmetric Naval Warfare Doctrine in a Future Conflict By Jahangir Arasli GEORGE C. MARSHALL EUROPEAN CENTER FOR SECURITY STUDIES No. 10 April 2007 ISSN 1863-6039 The George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies The George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies is a leading trans- atlantic defense educational and security studies institution. It is bilaterally sup- ported by the U.S. and German governments and dedicated to the creation of a more stable security environment by advancing democratic defense institutions and relationships; promoting active, peaceful engagement; and enhancing enduring partnerships among the nations of North America, Europe, and Eura- sia. The Marshall Center Occasional Paper Series The Marshall Center Occasional Paper Series seeks to further the legacy of the Center’s namesake, General George C. Marshall, by disseminating scholarly essays that contribute to his ideal of ensuring that Europe and Eurasia are de- mocratic, free, undivided, and at peace. Papers selected for this series are meant to identify, discuss, and influence current defense related security issues. The Marshall Center Occasional Paper Series focus is on comparative and interdisci- plinary topics, including international security and democratic defense manage- ment, civil-military relations, strategy formulation, terrorism studies, defense planning, arms control, peacekeeping, crisis management, regional and coop- erative security. The Marshall Center Occasional Papers are written by Marshall Center faculty and staff, Marshall Center alumni, or by individual, invited con- tributors, and are disseminated online and in a paper version. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the George C. -
Full-Text (PDF)
Modern Journal of Language Teaching Methods ISSN: 2251-6204 Vol. 7, Issue 6, June 2017 Page 1 Modern Journal of Language Teaching Methods ISSN: 2251-6204 Modern Journal of Language Teaching Methods (MJLTM) ISSN: 2251 – 6204 www.mjltm.org [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Editor – in – Chief Hamed Ghaemi, Assistant Professor in TEFL, Islamic Azad University (IAU) Editorial Board: 1. Abednia Arman, PhD in TEFL, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran 2. Afraz Shahram, PhD in TEFL, Islamic Azad University, Qeshm Branch, Iran 3. Amiri Mehrdad, PhD in TEFL, Islamic Azad University, Science and research Branch, Iran 4. Azizi Masoud, PhD in Applied Linguistics, University of Tehran, Iran 5. Basiroo Reza, PhD in TEFL, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr Branch, Iran 6. Dlayedwa Ntombizodwa, Lecturer, University of the Western Cape, South Africa 7. Doro Katalin, PhD in Applied Linguistics, Department of English Language Teacher Education and Applied Linguistics, University of Szeged, Hungary 8. Dutta Hemanga, Assistant Professor of Linguistics, The English and Foreign Languages University (EFLU), India 9. Elahi Shirvan Majid, PhD in TEFL, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran 10. Fernández Miguel, PhD, Chicago State University, USA Vol. 7, Issue 6, June 2017 Page 2 Modern Journal of Language Teaching Methods ISSN: 2251-6204 11. Ghaemi Hamide, PhD in Speech and Language Pathology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran 12. Ghafournia Narjes, PhD in TEFL, Islamic Azad University, Neyshabur Branch, Iran 13. Grim Frédérique M. A., Associate Professor of French, Colorado State University, USA 14. Izadi Dariush, PhD in Applied Linguistics, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia 15. Kargozari Hamid Reza, PhD in TEFL, Payame Noor University of Tehran, Iran 16. -
THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC's ART of SURVIVAL
THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC’S ART of SURVIVAL: Neutralizing Domestic and Foreign Threats Saeid Golkar Policy Focus 125 | June 2013 THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC’S ART OF SURVIVAL: Neutralizing Domestic and Foreign Threats All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. © 2013 by The Washington Institute for Near East Policy Published in 2013 in the United States of America by The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 1828 L Street NW, Suite 1050, Washington, DC 20036. Cover photo: Iranian soldiers shout anti-American slogans at a ceremony celebrating the 27th anniversary of the return from exile of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, February 2006. (AP Photo/Hasan Sarbakhshian) Contents About the Author v Acknowledgments vii Executive Summary 1 Introduction 3 1 | Neutralizing Threats from Below 4 2 | Neutralizing Threats from Above 9 3 | Neutralizing External Threats 14 4 | Conclusion 16 Notes 17 About the Author SAEID GOLKAR is a fellow at the Roberta Buffett Center for International and Comparative Studies at Northwest- ern University. Previously, he served as a postdoctoral fellow at the Center on Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law (CDDRL) at Stanford University. His research interests include the politics of authoritarian regimes, state control, and Middle Eastern politics; his most recent analysis has appeared in Politics, Religion & Ideology, Armed Forces & Society, Journal of the Middle East and Africa, Digest of Middle East Studies, and Middle East Quar- terly, among other publications. -
Nioec-Vls-00-01(2)
(NIOEC-VLS-00-01(2 2015 ربماتپس 1. MECHANICAL 24 1.1.1 VESSELS& TANKS 24 1.1.2 VESSELS/ DRUM 24 1.1.3 TOWER/ COLUMN 28 1.1.4 PROCESS VESSEL PACKAGES 31 1.1.5 TRAYS & INTERNALS 31 1.1.5.1 TRAYS & PACKING 32 1.1.5.2 INTERNALS 32 1.1.5.3 REGENERATOR INTERNALS 33 1.1.6 REACTOR (HEAVY WALL) 33 1.1.7 REACTOR (THK.<40MM & ID.<=4M) 35 1.1.8 STORAGE TANK(FLOATING & FIXED ROOF) & MISC ATMOSPHERIC TANKS 36 1.1.8.1 TANK SEALING 38 1.1.8.2 EMERGENCY & RIMVENTS 39 1.1.8.3 TANK HEATER 39 1.1.8.4 ROOF DRAIN SYSTEM 39 1.1.8.5 ROOF SEAL SYSTEM 40 1.1.8.6 DOUBLE WALL STORAGE TANK 40 1.1.9 SPHERE TANK 40 1 (NIOEC-VLS-00-01(2 2015 ربماتپس 1.1.10 DISH 40 1.2 HEAT EXCHANGERS 41 1.2.1 EXCHANGER (SHELL & TUBE) 41 1.2.2 TUBULAR TURBINE CONDENSERS 45 1.2.3 PLATE EXCHANGER 45 1.2.4 DOUBLE PIPE EXCHANGERS 46 1.2.5 AIR COOLED EXCHANGER(AIR FIN EXCHANGER) 46 1.2.6 HIGH TEMPERATURE SHELL & TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER 48 1.3 HEATERS & BOILERS 48 1.3.1 FIRED HEATER/HYDROGEN REFORMER 48 1.3.1.1 DIRECT FIRE AIR HEATERS 49 1.3.1.2 BURNER 49 1.3.1.3 REFRACTORY LINING 49 1.3.2 INERT GAS GENERATOR 50 1.3.2.1 BY COMBUSTION 50 1.3.2.2 BY AIR SEPARATION 50 1.3.3 SULFUR REACTION FURNACE & ASSOCIATED W.H.B 50 1.3.4 INCINERATORS 51 1.3.5 AIRPREHEATER START UP HEATER 51 2 (NIOEC-VLS-00-01(2 2015 ربماتپس 1.3.5.1 GAS PREHEATER/ AIR PREHEATER 52 1.3.6 ELECTRIC HEATERS 52 1.3.7 UTILITIES BOILERS 53 1.3.7.1 HEAT RECOVERY STEAM GENERATOR(HRSG)/WASTE HEAT BOILER 54 1.4 PUMPS & TURBINES 54 1.4.1 CENTRIFUGAL WATER PUMP 55 1.4.2 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP (API & NON API) 56 1.4.3 SEA WATER LIFT PUMPS 57 1.4.4 PUMP-PROPORTIONING 58 1.4.4.1 LIQUID RING VACUUM PUMPS 58 1.4.4.2 SUBMERGED PUMPS 59 1.4.4.3 BOILER FEED WATER PUMPS 59 1.4.4.4 HEAVY DUTY IND. -
The Role of China in the Middle East and North Africa (Mena). Beyond Economic Interests?
THE ROLE OF CHINA IN THE MIDDLE 16 EAST AND NORTH AFRICA (MENA). BEYOND ECONOMIC INTERESTS? JOINT STUDY POLICY Katarzyna W. Sidło (Ed.) EUROMESCO JOINT POLICY STUDY 16 THE ROLE OF CHINA IN THE MIDDLE AND EAST NORTH AFRICA (MENA). BEYOND ECONOMIC INTERESTS? IEMed. European Institute of the Mediterranean Consortium formed by: Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation Government of Catalonia Barcelona City Council Board of Trustees - Business Council: Corporate Sponsors Partner Institutions Caixa Bank Cambra de Comerç de Barcelona Port de Tarragona ESADE Banc Sabadell Foment de Treball Nacional Iberia IESE Business School Port de Barcelona PIMEC Societat Econòmica Barcelonesa d’Amics del País (SEBAP) JOINT POLICY STUDY Published by the European Institute of the Mediterranean Reviewer: Bichara Khader Editorial team: Lucas Medrano Proof-reading: Neil Charlton Layout: Núria Esparza Print ISSN: 2462-4500 Digital ISSN: 2462-4519 July 2020 This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the European Institute of the Mediterranean. The coordinator of the group would like to thank the participants of the Dialogue Workshop held in Warsaw on December the 3rd 2019, the reviewer, Prof. Bichara Khader, the IEMed for supporting project implementation and the European Union for co-financing the project. CONTENTS The Role of China in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Beyond Economic Interests? FOREWORD. Katarzyna W. Sidło 6 CHINA-MENA RELATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF CHINESE GLOBAL STRATEGY. -
US Vs Iran Hybrid War
US vs Iran Hybrid War US vs. Iran (II) Hybrid War By Dr. Abbas Bakhtiar “War is not merely a political act, but also a real political instrument, a continuation of political commerce, a carrying out of the same by other means. All beyond this which is strictly peculiar to War relates merely to the peculiar nature of the means which it uses. That the tendencies and views of policy shall not be incompatible with these means, the Art of War in general and the Commander in each particular case may demand, and this claim is truly not a trifling one. But however powerfully this may react on political views in particular cases, still it must always be regarded as only a modification of them; for the political view is the object, War is the means, and the means must always include the object in our conception.” (Carl Von Clausewitz 1780-1831) American Heritage Dictionary defines politics as “the art or science of government or governing, especially the governing of a political entity”. But in reality politics is about social relations involving authority and power. We would like to think that we live in a civilised world where it is the moral principles and ethics rather than physical power that governs the conduct of the nations. But unfortunately, in our Darwinian world, there is no place for logical, moral or ethical arguments. For instance there have been many times in the past, (and even recently) when people such as president Bush, Pentagon officials and commentators, have argued for the use of tactical nuclear bombs against Iran to prevent it from developing (may be) similar ( and smaller) weapons in the “future”.