Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order
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Blood-Soaked Secrets Why Iran’S 1988 Prison Massacres Are Ongoing Crimes Against Humanity
BLOOD-SOAKED SECRETS WHY IRAN’S 1988 PRISON MASSACRES ARE ONGOING CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 7 million people who campaign for a world where human rights are enjoyed by all. Our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations. © Amnesty International 2017 Cover photo: Collage of some of the victims of the mass prisoner killings of 1988 in Iran. Except where otherwise noted, content in this document is licensed under a Creative Commons © Amnesty International (attribution, non-commercial, no derivatives, international 4.0) licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode For more information please visit the permissions page on our website: www.amnesty.org Where material is attributed to a copyright owner other than Amnesty International this material is not subject to the Creative Commons licence. First published in 2017 by Amnesty International Ltd Peter Benenson House, 1 Easton Street London WC1X 0DW, UK Index: MDE 13/9421/2018 Original language: English amnesty.org CONTENTS GLOSSARY 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 8 METHODOLOGY 18 2.1 FRAMEWORK AND SCOPE 18 2.2 RESEARCH METHODS 18 2.2.1 TESTIMONIES 20 2.2.2 DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE 22 2.2.3 AUDIOVISUAL EVIDENCE 23 2.2.4 COMMUNICATION WITH IRANIAN AUTHORITIES 24 2.3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 25 BACKGROUND 26 3.1 PRE-REVOLUTION REPRESSION 26 3.2 POST-REVOLUTION REPRESSION 27 3.3 IRAN-IRAQ WAR 33 3.4 POLITICAL OPPOSITION GROUPS 33 3.4.1 PEOPLE’S MOJAHEDIN ORGANIZATION OF IRAN 33 3.4.2 FADAIYAN 34 3.4.3 TUDEH PARTY 35 3.4.4 KURDISH DEMOCRATIC PARTY OF IRAN 35 3.4.5 KOMALA 35 3.4.6 OTHER GROUPS 36 4. -
I Rapporto Annuale 2017-2018 Iii Poco a Poco Mentre Sono Al Volante E in Pubblico, Accettando Il Prezzo Della Loro Protesta
Rapporto Annuale 2017-2018 i INDICE 1 Introduzione 2 Le donne: la forza trainante delle proteste 6 Le donne pagano il prezzo della libertà 11 Le donne delle minoranze etniche e religiose 14 Le donne oppresse con il velo 18 Il divario di genere e la discriminazione delle donne 22 Le donne in cima alla lista degli analfabeti 24 Superare una montagna di ostacoli: le donne e lo sport in Iran 28 Le donne e le moltissime restrizioni in campo musicale 29 La violenza di stato sulle donne 32 Le insegnanti e le infermiere subiscono enormi pressioni 36 L’aumento dei matrimoni precoci influenza la società 38 La povertà e le dipendenze mietono moltissime vittime tra le donne 42 Il terremoto ha creato vedove e donne capo-famiglia ii Comitato delle Donne del CNRI Rapporto Annuale 2017-2018 iii poco a poco mentre sono al volante e in pubblico, accettando il prezzo della loro protesta. INTRODUZIONE La situazione delle donne è così delicata che il presidente dei mullah, Hassan Rouhani, non osa includere neanche una donna nel suo governo. e donne sono davvero la Forza per il Sebbene tutti gli osservatori ritengano che Cambiamento. l'inclusione di più donne non riuscirebbe a risolvere Si è visto chiaramente in Iran nel corso di tutto i problemi che devono affrontare nella società l'anno passato e naturalmente, in maniera iraniana, il regime teocratico è così vulnerabile che Lpiù consistente, durante le rivolte di Dicembre e non può permettersi neanche il più piccolo gesto di Gennaio. facciata a questo riguardo. Sebbene la situazione in Iran sia estremamente Ed infine, nonostante l'inesistente partecipazione opprimente e le donne siano state le più colpite dalla alla leadership e alle decisioni politiche, le donne repressione degli ultimi 39 anni, contrariamente sono state presenti ovunque durante le proteste alle aspettative del regime le donne non si sono e in centinaia di queste, lo scorso anno, hanno sottomesse. -
The Political Economy of the IRGC's Involvement in the Iranian Oil and Gas Industry
The Political Economy of the IRGC’s involvement in the Iranian Oil and Gas Industry: A Critical Analysis MSc Political Science (Political Economy) Thesis Research Project: The Political Economy of Energy University of Amsterdam, Graduate School of Social Sciences 5th June 2020 Author: Hamed Saidi Supervisor: Dr. M. P. (Mehdi) Amineh (1806679) Second reader: Dr. S. (Said) Rezaeiejan [This page is intentionally left blank] 2 Table of Contents Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................ 3 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................... 6 Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................... 7 Maps ................................................................................................................................................ 8 List of Figures and Tables ................................................................................................................. 10 List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................ 11 I: RESEARCH DESIGN .................................................................................................................................... 13 1.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ -
“Maximum Pressure” WATCH US Economic Sanctions Harm Iranians’ Right to Health
HUMAN RIGHTS “Maximum Pressure” WATCH US Economic Sanctions Harm Iranians’ Right to Health “Maximum Pressure” US Economic Sanctions Harm Iranians’ Right to Health Copyright © 2019 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-6231-37762 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch defends the rights of people worldwide. We scrupulously investigate abuses, expose the facts widely, and pressure those with power to respect rights and secure justice. Human Rights Watch is an independent, international organization that works as part of a vibrant movement to uphold human dignity and advance the cause of human rights for all. Human Rights Watch is an international organization with staff in more than 40 countries, and offices in Amman, Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Goma, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington DC, and Zurich. For more information, please visit our website: http://www.hrw.org. OCTOBER 2019 ISBN: 978-1-6231-37762 “Maximum Pressure” US Economic Sanctions Harm Iranian’s Right to Health Summary ......................................................................................................................... 1 Recommendations ............................................................................................................ 7 To the US Government ............................................................................................................ 7 To -
RADICALIZATION DURING the ROUHANI YEARS Iran’S Political Shifts and Their Implications Contents
ANALYSIS Political momentum in Iran now lies with the radicals. In the wake of U.S. sanctions, PEACE AND SECURITY President Hassan Rouhani’s policy of moderation has failed to produce promised RADICALIZATION economic growth. DURING THE Political shifts in Iran have up- ended the usual dynamics of inter-factional competition to not only affirm the radicals’ ROUHANI YEARS positions, but to also radical- ize the more moderate forces themselves. The hard-liners Iran’s Political Shifts and Their Implications remain a heterogenous group, with intense disputes over ideology and power. David Jalilvand and Achim Vogt (eds.) March 2021 Tehran’s nuclear and regional policies look set to become even more assertive while Iran’s progress in economic diversification renders con- cessions on its part less attractive. PEACE AND SECURITY RADICALIZATION DURING THE ROUHANI YEARS Iran’s Political Shifts and their Implications Contents Introduction 2 1 THE END OF MODERATION? SOCIAL AND POLITICAL RADICALISM UNDER HASSAN ROUHANI 4 Azadeh Zamirirad 2 RADICAL IRAN: GENERATIONAL CHANGES AND OUTLOOKS 9 Narges Bajoghli 3 IRAN’S HEZBOLLAH: A RADICAL AND DECISIVE POLITICAL CURRENT 15 Walter Posch 4 THE FUTURE OF IRAN’S NUCLEAR POLICY AND APPROACH TO THE JCPOA 23 Dina Esfandiary 5 A RADICAL IRAN: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PERSIAN GULF AND THE LEVANT 29 Hamidreza Azizi 6 IRAN’S RESISTANCE ECONOMY: AMBITIONS AND REALITY 36 David Jalilvand About the Authors 48 1 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG – RADICALIZATION DURING THE ROUHANI YEARS Introduction At the start of 2021, the political momentum in Iranian stitutions.1 In February 2020, hard-liners constituted the domestic and foreign affairs lies squarely with the radicals. -
TAKING BACK the NEIGHBORHOOD the IRGC Provincial Guard’S Mission to Re-Islamize Iran
THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE FOR NEAR EAST POLICY n JUNE 2020 n PN81 Saeid Golkar TAKING BACK THE NEIGHBORHOOD The IRGC Provincial Guard’s Mission to Re-Islamize Iran During 2019, the Islamic Republic of Iran erupted in nearly simultaneous public protests in cities across the country. Thousands of citizens stopped traffic along major highways, marched, and shouted complaints about the gasoline price hike that had ostensibly sparked the demonstrations in the first place. They also aired their broader complaints against the leadership. Indeed, more than forty years after the country’s Islamic Revolution, the Iranian regime has become more repressive than ever, with an apparatus that attempts to reach into every facet of life and society. The protests, for their part, were brutally quelled through force. This was a familiar experience for Iranians seeking to express their displeasure. Scholars and journalists have produced a growing body of literature on political repression in Iran and the regime’s oppressive tools, including the police and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) in general.1 © 2020 THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE FOR NEAR EAST POLICY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. SAEID GOLKAR But these studies focus mainly on the IRGC’s 1979, to protect itself against a possible coup by military and security role and its five official divisions: Iran’s conventional army, the Artesh. At the beginning the IRGC Ground Forces (IRGC-GF), Aerospace of the Iran-Iraq War, in September 1980, the IRGC Force (IRGC-ASF), Navy (IRGCN), Qods Force was rapidly expanded to include ten departments. It (IRGC-QF),2 and Basij organization.3 Only a handful incorporated the National Mobilization (Basij-e Melli), of studies cover the IRGC’s role in political suppression which was created independently several months and maintaining state control, leaving a gap in the earlier, on April 30, 1980. -
Covid19 Fear in Iran
COVID-19 Fear in Iran’s Prisons – Summer 2020 Update Abdorrahman Boroumand Center for Human Rights in Iran Table of Contents SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 PRISON CONDITIONS .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Zanjan Prison (Zanjan Province) ............................................................................................................................................................. 8 Khorasan Razavi Province: ..................................................................................................................................................................... 10 Birjand Women's Prison (South Khorasan Province) ................................................................................................................. 12 Tehran Province .......................................................................................................................................................................................... -
Revolutionary Iran's Africa Policy
Revolutionary Iran’s Africa Policy Banafsheh Keynoush Special Report June 2021, Shawwal 1442 H 1 Revolutionary Iran’s Africa Policy Special Report Table of Contents Abstract 8 Introduction 9 The Evolution of Iran’s Policy Initiatives in Africa 11 Iran’s Diplomatic and Political Initiatives in Africa 11 Iran’s Security Initiatives in Africa 12 Iran’s Naval and Maritime Initiatives in Africa 16 Iran’s Economic Initiatives in Africa 20 Iran’s Cultural Initiatives in Africa 27 Iran’s Bilateral Relations in Africa 31 The Democratic Republic of Algeria 31 The Republic of Angola 35 The Republic of Benin 36 The Republic of Botswana 38 Burkina Faso 39 Burundi 40 The Republic of Cameroon 42 The Republic of Cape Verde 42 The Central African Republic (CAR) 43 The Republic of Chad 43 The Union of the Comoros (also known as the Comoro Islands) 45 The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) 45 The Republic of the Congo 47 The Republic of Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast) 48 The Republic of Djibouti 50 The Arab Republic of Egypt 53 The Republic of Equatorial Guinea 57 The State of Eritrea 58 5 Table of Contents The Kingdom of Eswatini (formerly the Kingdom of Swaziland) 60 The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 60 The Gabonese Republic 63 The Republic of The Gambia 65 The Republic of Ghana 67 The Republic of Guinea 69 The Republic of Guinea-Bissau 71 The Republic of Kenya 72 The Kingdom of Lesotho 77 The Republic of Liberia 77 The State of Libya (name selected by the General National Congress in 2013) 78 The Republic of Madagascar 82 The Republic of Malawi -
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FOREWORD epression at home and export of terrorism and fundamentalism abroad Rare the two prongs of the strategy adopted by the misogynist and medieval regime ruling Iran to preserve its rule. Iranian women have always been the first victims of domestic repression under the pretext of enforcing the mandatory Hijab. Contrary to the mullahs’ expectations, Iranian women have refused to accept this imposition and defied the regime’s intention to deprive them of the right to choose their own clothing, a systematic and prevalent trend which has turned into a political and security issue for the regime. That is why the first task of various government bodies is to suppress women over the form of clothing. This was first revealed in December 2015 by Hossein Ashtari, the commander-in-chief of the State Security Force, that «26 government agencies are responsible for the issue of Hijab and Chastity.» Enforcing the mandatory hijab, a top priority of government agencies The issue of the compulsory veil has taken on political and national security significance over the past 40 years, and turned into one of the regime’s top priorities. The misogynist regime in Iran has developed various mechanisms to enforce the mandatory Hijab, and the organization set up for this task has widely expanded through the years. On December 4, 2005, the regime’s Supreme Council for Cultural Revolution passed a law entitled, «Law on the Development of Executive Procedures for Hijab and Chastity» and defined the responsibility of enforcing the mandatory hijab for at least 26 government agencies. The law laid emphasis on “the priority of the issue of ‘Hijab and Chastity’ in the plans and programs of the regime’s executive bodies.” The Supreme Council for Cultural Revolution also worked out another solution. -
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http://iran-hrm.com/ Social injustice, cause of pervasive unemployment in Iran A brief review of the rampant unemployment across Iran over 4 decades of the clerical regime's rule February 2018 Copyright@2018 by Iran Human Rights Monitor All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher http://iran-hrm.com/ @IranHrm @IranHumanRightsMonitor Social injustice, cause of pervasive unemployment in Iran introduction The United Nations General Assembly has decided to observe 20 February annually, as the World Day of Social Justice to promote efforts to tackle issues such as poverty, exclusion and unemployment. In Iran, however, employment opportunities have been eliminated due to regime’s destructive economic policies. Sitting on an ocean of oil and gas and other natural resources, 33% of Iran's population (26.4 million) live below the poverty line. Breadwinners for many households are forced to engage in menial jobs with low wages or dangerous jobs, risking their lives. Speaking with the state-run Young Journalist Club a regime’s economist Gholamreza Kiamehr said “in light of the high price of goods and services, a family who earns less than 3.5 million toumans is considered to be below the poverty line.” This is while a large number of people do not earn a third of that amount. The state-run Eco-Titr Website reported on April 19, 2017, “by the end of March 2016 Iran's population was 79 million, with 30 million Iranians fallen below the poverty line. -
Iran's Authoritarian Playbook
Iran’s Authoritarian Playbook The Tactics, Doctrine, and Objectives behind Iran’s Influence Operations Ariane M. Tabatabai © 2020 The Alliance for Securing Democracy Please direct inquiries to The Alliance for Securing Democracy at The German Marshall Fund of the United States 1700 18th Street, NW Washington, DC 20009 T 1 202 683 2650 E [email protected] The full report can be downloaded for free at https://securingdemocracy.gmfus.org/irans-authoritarian-playbook/ The views expressed in GMF publications and commentary are the views of the authors alone. Alliance for Securing Democracy The Alliance for Securing Democracy (ASD), a bipartisan initiative housed at the German Marshall Fund of the United States, develops comprehensive strategies to deter, defend against, and raise the costs on authoritarian ef- forts to undermine and interfere in democratic institutions. ASD brings together experts on disinformation, ma- lign finance, emerging technologies, elections integrity, economic coercion, and cybersecurity, as well as regional experts, to collaborate across traditional stovepipes and develop cross-cutting frameworks. Author Dr. Ariane M. Tabatabai is the Middle East Fellow at the Alliance for Securing Democracy at the German Mar- shall Fund of the United States and an adjunct senior research scholar at the Columbia University School of Inter- national and Public Affairs (SIPA). She is also a Truman national security fellow and a Council on Foreign Rela- tions (CFR) term member. Prior to joining GMF, Tabatabai served as an associate political scientist at the RAND Corporation, the director of curriculum and a visiting assistant professor of security studies at the Georgetown University Edmund A. -
List of Women Executed Under Rouhani
List of Women Executed under Rouhani https://women.ncr-iran.org @womenncri @womenncri Copyright©2019 The Women’s Committee of the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publisher, nor be otherwise circulated in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. ISBN: 978-2-35822-003-3 women.ncr-iran.org @womenncri @womenncri https://women.ncr-iran.org @womenncri @womenncri Women Executed Under Rouhani Released: February 17, 2021 Date of Place of Officially No. Name Last Name Age Execution Execution Announced Central Prison - 1 unnamed woman Sep. 10, 2013 - Urmia 2 unnamed woman Sep. 19, 2013 Central Prison - Yazd - 3 unnamed woman Sep. 19, 2013 Central Prison - Yazd - 4 unnamed woman Sep. 19, 2013 Central Prison - Yazd - 5 Z S Sep. 22, 2013 Central Prison - Yazd Mehr News Agency 6 N S Sep. 22, 2013 Central Prison - Yazd Mehr News Agency 7 S H Sep. 22, 2013 Central Prison - Yazd Mehr News Agency Central Prison - 8 unnamed woman Sep. 25, 2013 - Urmia Central Prison - 9 unnamed woman Sep. 25, 2013 - Urmia Central Prison - 10 unnamed woman Sep. 25, 2013 - Urmia 11 Kobra Kabiri 48 Sep. 25, 2013 Gohardasht Prison - 12 unnamed woman Sep. 26, 2013 Kerman prison Mehr News Agency Dizel Abad Prison - 13 Nastaran Safari 26 Oct.