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CE 1 BA a SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL Issued by the ESCUELA AGRICOLA PANAMERICANA LOUIS O
CE 1 BA A SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL ISSuED BY THE ESCUELA AGRICOLA PANAMERICANA LOUIS O. WILLIAMS, EDITOR 'fEGUCfG 1 LPA. HONDURAS OCTOHEfl :11. l"i6====VO= '-=· =5 =· N=.=:o~. 't AN ENUMERATION OF THE ORCHIDACEAE OF CENTRAL AMERICA, BRITISH HONDURAS AND PANAMA Lours O. \VILUA:\1S ( Continuation.) EPIDE DRUM ONCIDIOIDES var. MooREANUM (Rolfe) AHS. in Bot. Nius. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 3: 106. 1935. E pidendrum M ooreanurn Rolfe in Kew Bull. 199. 1891. Encyclia Mooreana Schltr., Orch. 210. 1914. Encyclia Ton,duziana Schltr. in Fedde Rep. Beih. 19: 132. 1923. Encyclia Brenesii Schltr., l. c. 221. Encyclia onci.dioides var. M ooreana Hochne in Arq. Bot. Est. S. Paulo n. s. 2: 151. 1952. Costa Rica and Panama. EPIDENDRUM ONCIDIOIDES var. RAMONE SE (Rei,chb. f. ) AHS. in Bot. M u . Leafl. Harv. Univ. 3: 103. 1935. Epidendrurn ramonense R eichb. f. , Beitr. Orch. Cent. Am. 81. 1866. 130 CEIBA VoL. 5 Encyclia ramonensis Schltr. in Beih. Bot. Ccntralbl. 36, Abt. 2: 473. 1918. Encyclia Powellii Schltr. in Feddc Rep. Bcih. 17: 46. 1922. Encyclia oncidioides var. mmonensis Hoehnc in Arq. Bot. Est. S. Paulo n. s. 2: 153. 1952. I can find little if any reason for the separation of \·ars. ramonense and gTavidum. Honduras, Costa Rica and Panama. EPTDENDRUJ\1 ÜTTONIS Reichb. f. in Hamb. Gartenz. 14: 213. 1853. Nidema Ottonis Brit.. & Millsp., Bahama Fl. 94. 1920. Nidenw Boothii var. triandrum Schltr. in Fedde R p. Bcih. 1 7: 43. 1922. \Vest Indies, Nicaragua, Panama and South Arnerica. EPIDENDRUM PAJITE SE C. Schweinf. in Bot. Mu . Leafl. Harv. Univ. -
Vascular Epiphytic Medicinal Plants As Sources of Therapeutic Agents: Their Ethnopharmacological Uses, Chemical Composition, and Biological Activities
biomolecules Review Vascular Epiphytic Medicinal Plants as Sources of Therapeutic Agents: Their Ethnopharmacological Uses, Chemical Composition, and Biological Activities Ari Satia Nugraha 1,* , Bawon Triatmoko 1 , Phurpa Wangchuk 2 and Paul A. Keller 3,* 1 Drug Utilisation and Discovery Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jember, Jember, Jawa Timur 68121, Indonesia; [email protected] 2 Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia; [email protected] 3 School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, and Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia * Correspondence: [email protected] (A.S.N.); [email protected] (P.A.K.); Tel.: +62-3-3132-4736 (A.S.N.); +61-2-4221-4692 (P.A.K.) Received: 17 December 2019; Accepted: 21 January 2020; Published: 24 January 2020 Abstract: This is an extensive review on epiphytic plants that have been used traditionally as medicines. It provides information on 185 epiphytes and their traditional medicinal uses, regions where Indigenous people use the plants, parts of the plants used as medicines and their preparation, and their reported phytochemical properties and pharmacological properties aligned with their traditional uses. These epiphytic medicinal plants are able to produce a range of secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, and a total of 842 phytochemicals have been identified to date. As many as 71 epiphytic medicinal plants were studied for their biological activities, showing promising pharmacological activities, including as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer agents. There are several species that were not investigated for their activities and are worthy of exploration. -
Epilist 1.0: a Global Checklist of Vascular Epiphytes
Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2021 EpiList 1.0: a global checklist of vascular epiphytes Zotz, Gerhard ; Weigelt, Patrick ; Kessler, Michael ; Kreft, Holger ; Taylor, Amanda Abstract: Epiphytes make up roughly 10% of all vascular plant species globally and play important functional roles, especially in tropical forests. However, to date, there is no comprehensive list of vas- cular epiphyte species. Here, we present EpiList 1.0, the first global list of vascular epiphytes based on standardized definitions and taxonomy. We include obligate epiphytes, facultative epiphytes, and hemiepiphytes, as the latter share the vulnerable epiphytic stage as juveniles. Based on 978 references, the checklist includes >31,000 species of 79 plant families. Species names were standardized against World Flora Online for seed plants and against the World Ferns database for lycophytes and ferns. In cases of species missing from these databases, we used other databases (mostly World Checklist of Selected Plant Families). For all species, author names and IDs for World Flora Online entries are provided to facilitate the alignment with other plant databases, and to avoid ambiguities. EpiList 1.0 will be a rich source for synthetic studies in ecology, biogeography, and evolutionary biology as it offers, for the first time, a species‐level overview over all currently known vascular epiphytes. At the same time, the list represents work in progress: species descriptions of epiphytic taxa are ongoing and published life form information in floristic inventories and trait and distribution databases is often incomplete and sometimes evenwrong. -
Catálogo De Las Orquídeas De Algunos Bosques De Aguazul
CAPÍTULO 5 CATÁLOGO DE LAS ORQUÍDEAS DE ALGUNOS BOSQUES DE AGUAZUL MANRIQUE-VALDERRAMA, NAISLA TATIANA1, 2, GIL-LEGUIZAMÓN, PABLO ANDRÉS1, ARÉVALO-CAMARGO, JUAN DAVID1, 3, MORALES-PUENTES, MARÍA EUGENIA1, FARFÁN CAMARGO, JULIÁN CAMILO 4 1 Grupo Sistemática Biológica (SisBio), Herbario UPTC, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Boyacá. 2 Grupo Sistemática Biológica (SisBio), Maestría en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia. 3 Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva del Comportamiento. Maestría en Ciencias Biológicas. Universidad de Chile. 4 Independiente. INTRODUCCIÓN Las epífitas (griego epi=“sobre”, phyte= “planta”) son plantas que crecen sobre otras plantas, adheridas principalmente a troncos, ramas de árboles y arbustos (Granados, López, Hernández & Sánchez, 2003). Se encuentran en casi todos los ambientes, excepto en lugares muy perturbados y contaminados. Dichas plantas, en los bosques tropicales contribuyen con el 25% de las especies, y representan hasta la mitad de la abundancia (Wolf, 1994), siendo significativos por la biomasa que acumulan (Benzing, 1990). Las epífitas son importantes en el ciclo de nutrientes y desempeñan una signi- ficativa influencia sobre la fauna, ya que proveen refugio y alimento a insectos, ácaros, crustáceos, moluscos, anfibios e incluso pequeños mamíferos (Gravendeel, Smithson, Sliki & Schuiteman, 2004; Wolf, 2003). Los hábitos de crecimiento de las epífitas han implicado una serie de relaciones adaptativas, estrechamente vinculados con sistemas de polinización especializados (Gravendeel, Smithson, Sliki & Schuiteman, 2004). De este modo, las epifitas crecen lentamente y tardan años en florecer. Sin embargo, estas plantas en condiciones climáticas extremas, como en los períodos secos pronunciados, igualmente, puede no darse la floración, razón por la cual diseña formas de multiplicarse o reproducirse; algunas epífitas desarrollaron estra- tegias de reproducción asexual, necesarias para el florecimiento en condiciones desfavorables (Granados et al., 2003). -
173 Удк 582.594.2:581.4 Сучасні Погляди На Екологічну Спеціалізацію Родини Orchi
СУЧАСНІ ПОГЛЯДИ НА ЕКОЛОГІЧНУ СПЕЦІАЛІЗАЦІЮ РОДИНИ ORCHIDACEAE JUSS. 173 Biol. Stud. 2011: 5(1); 173–188 • DOI: https://doi.org/10.30970/sbi.0501.137 www.http://publications.lnu.edu.ua/journals/index.php/biology УДК 582.594.2:581.4 СУЧАСНІ ПОГЛЯДИ НА ЕКОЛОГІЧНУ СПЕЦІАЛІЗАЦІЮ РОДИНИ ORCHIDACEAE JUSS. Л. І. Буюн Національний ботанічний сад ім. М. М. Гришка НАН України вул. Тімірязєвська, 1, Київ 01014, Україна e-mail: [email protected] У статті наведено огляд публікацій, присвячених екологічним особливостям орхідних, насамперед, епіфітизму та структурно-функціональним адаптаціям епі- фітів, обумовленим цим способом життя, а також взаємозв’язку із грибами-міко- ризоутворювачами. З’ясування цих питань є теоретичним підґрунтям для інтер- претації результатів експериментальних досліджень тропічних орхідних за умов оранжерейної культури з метою збереження ex situ. Ключові слова: Orchidaceae, екологічна спеціалізація, епіфітизм, життєві стратегії, адаптація, екологічна ніша. ВСТУП Родина Orchidaceae, яка налічує близько 25 тисяч видів [29], об’єднаних у п’ять під родин [65], є однією з найчисленніших серед квіткових рослин. Надзвичайно складний і тривалий життєвий цикл орхідей, включаючи їхню вза- ємодію з грибами-мікоризоутворювачами і високоспеціалізованими запилювачами, робить їх дуже вразливими до змін клімату і наслідків діяльності людини [10, 11]. Розуміння складного характеру цієї взаємодії є надзвичайно суттєвим для ор- ганізації системи природоохоронних заходів, включаючи проекти з інтродукції та реінтродукції [34, 77]. Метою цієї статті є аналіз публікацій, присвячених екологічним особливостям орхідних, передусім тропічних представників родини Orchidaceae, які відзначають- ся значно ширшим спектром життєвих стратегій порівняно з видами помірних ши- рот, а отже, і значно сильніше потерпають від глобальної деградації вологих тро- пічних лісів, що є первинними місцями зростання орхідних. -
16. Chapter 5.Pdf
CHAPTER 5 - PHYTOCHEMISTRY 5.1. INTRODUCTION Traditional systems of medicine are having a vogue for centuries all over the world. According to Ekor (2014), 80% of the world population still depending on herbal products for their primary health care. However, after industrialization, there was a boon for synthetic drugs and rapid expansion of allopathic medicinal system took place. In the current scenario due to high toxicity of market drugs as well as gradual increase in the resistance power of pathogens in many diseases (e.g. malaria, cancer, tuberculosis etc.) and lack of medicines for many chronic ailments have led to re-emergence of the herbal medicine, with lots of possible treatments for many health problems (Cui and Su, 2009; Chaudhary and Singh, 2011). Consequently, the use of plant-based medicines has been increasing all over the world. According to an estimate 20,000 plant species out of 2,50,000 species are in use as medicines all over the world (Ramawat and Mérillon, 2008). असंबाधंब鵍यतोमानवानांययाउ饍वतःप्रवतःसमंबहु। नानावीयााओषधीयााबबभर्तपा थृ िवीनःप्रितांरा鵍यतांनः॥ Mother earth extends unimpeded freedom (both outer and inner) to human beings through her mountains, slopes and plains. She bears many plants and medicinal herbs of various potencies to make us healthy (Prakash, 1992). Since the beginning of mankind, people were relied on the different plants for food (fruits, flowers, leaves, vegetables, tubers, rhizomes), shelter (trunk, wood, branches), clothes (leaves and barks), poison for hunting, hallucinogenic agents and stimulant beverages. People use various flowers, frankincense and fruits in different rituals and social ceremonies (Fulekar, 2010). -
Diversidade E Riqueza De Orquídeas Epífitas Em Matas De Galeria Da Floresta Nacional De Brasília-DF
Universidade de Brasília Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Departamento de Botânica Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica Diversidade e riqueza de orquídeas epífitas em Matas de galeria da Floresta Nacional de Brasília-DF José Herlânio de Lima Orientadora: Prof.ª Dra. Lucia Helena Soares e Silva Dissertação de Mestrado Submetida ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade de Brasília, como parte dos requisitos necessários para a obtenção do grau de mestre. Brasília-DF, Março de 2014. UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS DEPARTAMENTO DE BOTÂNICA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BOTÂNICA DIVERSIDADE E RIQUEZA DE ORQUÍDEAS EPÍFITAS EM MATAS DE GALERIA DA FLORESTA NACIONAL DE BRASÍLIA-DF JOSÉ HERLÂNIO DE LIMA ORIENTADORA: DRA. LUCIA HELENA SOARES E SILVA Dissertação de Mestrado Submetida ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade de Brasília, como parte dos requisitos necessários para a obtenção do grau de mestre. Brasília, Março de 2014. i UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS DEPARTAMENTO DE BOTÂNICA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BOTÂNICA DIVERSIDADE E RIQUEZA DE ORQUÍDEAS EPÍFITAS EM MATAS DE GALERIA DA FLORESTA NACIONAL DE BRASÍLIA-DF JOSÉ HERLÂNIO DE LIMA DISSERTAÇÃO DE MESTRADO SUBMETIDA AO PROGRAMA DE PÓS- GRADUAÇÃO EM BOTÂNICA, DO DEPARTAMENTO DE BOTÂNCA DO INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCAIS BIOLÓGICAS DA UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA, COMO PARTE DOS REQUISITOS NECESSÁRIOS PARA A OBTENÇÃO DO GRAU MESTRE. APROVADA POR: ______________________________________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Lucia Helena Soares e Silva - Departamento de Botânica, UnB - (Orientadora) ______________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Manoel Cláudio Silva Júnior - Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, UnB (Examinador interno) ______________________________________________________________________ Prof. -
COLUMBIA SCIENCE REVIEW Vol
COLUMBIA SCIENCE REVIEW Vol. 4, Issue 1: Spring 2007 Inside: Global Warning? The Medicinal Properties of Orchids Faculty Profile: Professor Scott A. Snyder HIV in a Muslim Context Credit The Columbia Science Review The Columbia Science Review strives to increase knowledge and awareness of science and technology in Columbia community, by presenting engaging and informative approaches to contemporary science and technology that include, but are not limited to: • Exploration into contemporary issues of science, including research, policy, and opinion. • Features on current faculty research. • Opportunity for students to publish their scientific research. Editorial Board of the Columbia Science Review The Editorial Board biannually publishes Columbia Science Review, a peer-reviewed full-color publication featuring articles dedicated to increasing knowledge and awareness of science and technology in Columbia community. Editor-in-Chief Jing (Meghan) Shan Managing Editors Christopher O’Conor Niccola Perez Board of Editors Board of Reviewers Layout Team Charles Ekstein (chair) Shelly Zhu (Chair) Daniel Brujis (Director) Yang Liu Yarl Balachandran Wan-Hsuan (Stephanie) Sun (Cover) Matthew Lee Kraushar Srinivas Chivukula Ying Li Patricia Peters Allison M. Cordell Ying Li Christian Gluck Manal Alam Shinyoung Hwang Saroja Bangaru Rahul Jain Graphics Advisor Shelly Zhu Duncan A. Kluwak Abraham Skolnik Rahul Jain Donghun Lee Jenny Hsu Jonathan Mo Benjamin Lee Alberto Moscatelli John Alvino Adrianne Nickerson Photographers Sweta Agrawal Stanimir M. Rachev Daniel Brujis Clay Wiske Kacie Rice John Alvino Laika Simeon Christopher J. Schell Christopher Schell Anish A. Shah Sandeep Soman Jason C. Zhang George P. Zhow Executive Board of the Columbia Science Review The Executive Board represents the Columbia Science Review is anABC-recognized Category B student organization in Columbia University. -
The Orchidaceae of Mexico
CEIBA A SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL ISSUED BY THE ESCUELA AGRICOLA PANAMERICANA LOUIS O. WILLJAMS, EDITOR GEUTCIGALPA, HONDURAS OCTOBER 20, 1951 VOL.,. - No. 3 ============================ THE ORCHIDACEAE OF MEXICO LOUIS O. W l LLIAMS (Continued) 32. HOMALOPETALUM Rolfe m Hookrr Icon. PI. t. 2461. 1896. Small epiphytic herbs with repent rhizomes. Pseudolmlbs short, unifoliate, approximate. Leaves short, very fleshy. ln florescence terminal, 1-flowered. Sepals subequal, erect and spreading. Petals similar to the sepals. Lip simple or minutely auriculate at the base, free. Column arcuate, slender, wingless; anther incumbent, operculate; pollinia 8, 4 large and 4 small, m pairs, one large and one small joined by a caudicle, cer aceous. l. HoMALOPETALUM PUMILIO (Reichb. f.) Schlechter m Fedde Repert. Beihefte 19: 48. 1923. Brassavola Pumilio Reichenbach filius m Linnaea 18: 402. 1844. Bletia Pumilio Reichenbach filius in W alp. Ann. 6: 433. 1862. Pinelia Tuerckheimii Kranzl. in Ann. Naturh. Mus. Wien, 44: 326. 1930. 196 CEIBA VoL. 2 Range: Mexico (Michoacan, Guerrero and Chiapas), Guatemala and Costa Rica. I t is possible that H oma.lo petalum costaricense Schltr. is a synonyrn of H. pumiho. 33. PONERA Lindley, Gen. & Sp. Pl. 113. 1831; Bot. Reg. 28: Mise. p. 19. 1842; Correll in Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 9: 129-151. 1941. Epiphytic herbs from a repent rhizome. Stems slender,. non-pseudobulbous, simple or rarely branching. Leaves alter nate, distichous, almost grass-like, more than two and usually many on the stem. Inflorescence a subsessile raceme, terminal or at the nodes of the defoliated stem. Sepals subequal; dorsal sepal free; lateral sepals broader, hase adnate to the column foot and forming a mentum. -
Diversity and Leaf Functional Traits of Vascular Epiphytes Along Gradients of Elevation and Forest-Use
CENTRE OF BIODIVERSITY AND SUSTAINABLE LAND USE SECTION: BIODIVERSITY, ECOLOGY AND NATURE CONSERVATION Diversity and leaf functional traits of vascular epiphytes along gradients of elevation and forest-use intensity. Dissertation for the award of the degree “Doctor rerum naturalium” of the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen within the doctoral program “Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution” of the Georg-August University School of Science (GAUSS) submitted by Valeria Guzmán-Jacob from, Puebla, Mexico Göttingen, 2020 Thesis Committee: Prof. Dr. Holger Kreft, Biodiversity, Macroecology & Biogeography, Georg-August- Universität Göttingen. Prof. Dr. Gerhard Zotz, Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences. Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany Dr. Thorsten Krömer, Centro de Investigaciones Tropicales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico Reviewers: Prof. Dr. Holger Kreft, Biodiversity, Macroecology & Biogeography, Georg-August- Universität Göttingen. Prof. Dr. Gerhard Zotz, Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences. Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany Members of the Examination Board: Prof. Dr. Hermann Behling Prof. Dr. Kerstin Wiegand Prof. Dr. Matthias Waltert Prof. Dr. Erwin Bergmeier Date of the oral examination: 26. 11. 2020 “Mere communion with nature, mere contact with the free air, exercise a soothing yet comforting and strengthening influence on the wearied mind, calm the storm of passion, and soften the heart when shaken by sorrow to its inmost depths.” Alexander von Humboldt TABLE -
Vascular Epiphytic Medicinal Plants As Sources of Therapeutic Agents: Their Ethnopharmacological Uses, Chemical Composition, and Biological Activities
University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: Part B Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health 1-1-2020 Vascular epiphytic medicinal plants as sources of therapeutic agents: Their ethnopharmacological uses, chemical composition, and biological activities Ari S. Nugraha Bawon Triatmoko Phurpa Wangchuk Paul A. Keller University of Wollongong, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/smhpapers1 Publication Details Citation Nugraha, A. S., Triatmoko, B., Wangchuk, P., & Keller, P. A. (2020). Vascular epiphytic medicinal plants as sources of therapeutic agents: Their ethnopharmacological uses, chemical composition, and biological activities. Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: Part B. Retrieved from https://ro.uow.edu.au/ smhpapers1/1180 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Vascular epiphytic medicinal plants as sources of therapeutic agents: Their ethnopharmacological uses, chemical composition, and biological activities Abstract This is an extensive review on epiphytic plants that have been used traditionally as medicines. It provides information on 185 epiphytes and their traditional medicinal uses, regions where Indigenous people use the plants, parts of the plants used as medicines and their preparation, and their reported phytochemical properties and pharmacological properties aligned with their traditional uses. These epiphytic medicinal plants are able to produce a range of secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, and a total of 842 phytochemicals have been identified ot date. As many as 71 epiphytic medicinal plants were studied for their biological activities, showing promising pharmacological activities, including as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer agents. -
University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting Template
TOWARDS ORCHID IPM: TOOLS AND MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES FOR THE DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF SELECTED ORCHID ARTHROPOD PESTS AND DISEASES IN FLORIDA By ROBERT ALLEN CATING A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2010 1 © 2010 Robert Allen Cating 2 To my Grandmother, who always believed in me 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There have been many people who have had an extraordinary influence on my research, the writing of this dissertation, and my development as a scientist, most notably my committee members Dr. Aaron Palmateer, Dr. Marjorie Hoy, Dr. Randy Ploetz, Dr. Robert McMillan, and Dr. Wagner Vendrame. I found that my committee was superbly balanced between those members who fostered my desire to get as much diagnostic, extension, and field experience as possible and those who guided me through daily laboratory methods, procedures, and lab management. In addition to my committee members, there were other faculty and staff who were crucial for the completion of this dissertation. Dr. Carol Stiles and Patti Rayside taught me laboratory procedures for working with fungi, Dr. Jeff Jones, Ellen Dickstein, and Jason Hong assisted me frequently with bacteriology, Dr. Jane Polston answered my questions about virology, and Dr. Janice Uchida, at the University of Hawaii, answered my questions directly related to orchid pathology. Dr. Ayyamperumal Jeyaprakash, who was always patient, assisted me in the lab on a daily basis teaching me molecular biology and phylogenetic analysis procedures. There were several commercial orchid growers who donated time and plants, and I am sincerely grateful for the time and interest each of them put into assisting me with my work: Kerry Herndon, Bill Peters, Dr.