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Health Sciences Research Papers HEALTH SCIENCES RESEARCH PAPERS Kitap Adı : Health Sciences Research Papers İmtiyaz Sahibi : Gece Kitaplığı Genel Yayın Yönetmeni : Doç. Dr. Atilla ATİK Kapak&İç Tasarım : Didem Semra KORKUT Sosyal Medya : Arzu ÇUHACIOĞLU Yayına Hazırlama : Gece Akademi Dizgi Birimi Yayıncı Sertifika No : 42539 Matbaa Adı : GeceAkademi ISBN : 978-625-7958-05-9 Editors Assist. Prof. İbrahim ÇALTEKİN MD. Assist. Prof. Melike ÇALTEKİN MD. The right to publish this book belongs to Gece Kitaplığı. Citation can not be shown without the source, reproduced in any way without permission. Gece Akademi is a subsidiary of Gece Kitaplığı. Bu kitabın yayın hakkı Gece Kitaplığı’na aittir. Kaynak gösterilmeden alıntı yapılamaz, izin almadan hiçbir yolla çoğaltılamaz. Gece Akademi, Gece Kitaplığı’nın yan kuruluşudur. Birinci Basım/First Edition ©ARALIK 2019/Ankara/TURKEY ©copyright Gece Publishing ABD Adres/ USA Address: 387 Park Avenue South, 5th Floor, New York, 10016, USA Telefon/Phone: +1 347 355 10 70 Gece Akademi Türkiye Adres/Turkey Address: Kızılay Mah. Fevzi Çakmak 1. Sokak Ümit Apt. No: 22/A Çankaya / Ankara / TR Telefon/Phone: +90 312 384 80 40 - +90 555 888 24 26 web: www.gecekitapligi.com –– e-mail: [email protected] HEALTH SCIENCES RESEARCH PAPERS CHAPTER 1 IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION METHOD Arzu GEZER....................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER 2 MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM IN LABORATORY ANIMALS Arzu GEZER..................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER 3 APPROACH TO CARDIOMYOCYTES PROLIFERATION AND CARDIAC REGENERATION Aynur KARADAĞ GÜREL .............................................................. 51 CHAPTER 4 ADULLT CARDIOMYOCYTE AND EXISTING CELL CYCLE Aynur KARADAĞ GÜREL .............................................................. 63 CHAPTER 5 BIOECOLOGY OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES: AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL APPROACH Berna ERTUĞRUL ........................................................................... 75 CHAPTER 6 IMPACT OF IRON AND FOLIC ACID SUPPLEMENTATION DURING PREGNANCY ON NEWBORN BODY SYMMETRY Berna ERTUĞRUL ........................................................................... 91 CHAPTER 7 HOLISTIC CARE IN CARDIAC SURGERY PATIENTS Elif GEZGİNCİ, Sonay GÖKTAŞ, Kübra GÜNEŞ ............................ 99 CHAPTER 8 PATIENT REPORTED OUTCOME MEASURES IN KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS Fatih ÖZDEN, Özgür Nadiye KARAMAN ..................................... 113 CHAPTER 9 VıOLENCE PHENOMENON IN EARLY MARRIAGES Funda ÖZPULAT ........................................................................... 129 CHAPTER 10 THE DUTIES AND RESPONSıBıLıTıES OF THE NURSE IN SEXUAL ABUSE CASES TOWARDS CHıLDREN Funda ÖZPULAT ........................................................................... 147 CHAPTER 11 EVALUATION OF INFERTILITY ETIOLOGY IN WOMEN AND MEN AND TREATMENT OPTIONS Gizem KÖPRÜLÜLÜ ..................................................................... 165 CHAPTER 12 INVESTIGATION OF THE PERCEPTION / THE ATTITUDE LEVELS OF DIFFERENT GENERATION FREE / INDEPENDENT PHARMACISTS FOR PHARMACEUTICAL CARE: ADIYAMAN CASE Gulsen KIRPIK, Erkan YILMAZ, Sezen DEMIR ............................ 185 CHAPTER 13 TOOTH EXTRACTION REASONS AND TECHNIQUES IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS Muammer Çağrı BURDURLU, Volkan Çağrı DAĞAŞAN ................. 209 CHAPTER 14 CONSCIOUSNESS LEVEL ANALYSIS OF HEALTH PERSONNEL TOWARDS INTERNATIONAL PATIENT SAFETY GOALS: A Case Study Of Private Hospital In Turkey Nuray GİRGİNER, Mine İSKENDEROĞLU .................................. 223 CHAPTER 15 REVIEW Monosodium Glutamate Nurhayat ATASOY ......................................................................... 243 CHAPTER 16 LASERS IN DENTISTRY Özge PARLAR ÖZ, Mahmut ERÇİL .............................................. 253 CHAPTER 17 SPECIAL USAGE AREAS OF LASERS IN DENTISTRY Özge PARLAR ÖZ, Mahmut ERÇİL .............................................. 267 CHAPTER 18 Herbal Therapy for Leishmaniasis: Role of Natural Products Rahsan ILIKCI SAGKAN, Sercin OZLEM CALISKAN ................. 281 CHAPTER 19 FOOD SUPPLEMENTS FOR MOTHERS-BABIES AND RELATED ANALYSIS Esra KIZAR, Serap SAĞLIK ASLAN ............................................. 299 CHAPTER 20 THE ROLE OF IMMUNE SYSTEM IN PHOTODYNAMİC THERAPY Sercin OZLEM CALISKAN, Rahsan ILIKCI SAGKAN ................. 319 CHAPTER 21 A HOLISTIC APPROACH TO CHRONIC LEG ULCERS Overview Of Diagnosis And Differential Diagnosis ................. 335 Sevgi AKARSU .............................................................................. 335 CHAPTER 22 WAR SURGERY AND NURSING CARE Sonay GÖKTAŞ, Elif GEZGİNCİ, Ayşenur ATA ........................... 357 IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION METHOD CHAPTER 1 Arzu GEZER1 1 Atatürk Üniversitesi Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksek Okulu Erzurum, [email protected] Arzu GEZER • 11 1. INTRODUCTION The In Situ Hybridization (ISH) technique was described in 1969 and applied to RNA molecule in 1981. This technique is used to determine the location of a particular nucleic acid sequence in the cell or tissue using complementary and labeled RNA / DNA nucleic acid strands capable of binding to specific RNA or DNA sequences. This method allows nucleic acids to be visualized in their cellular environment(Kocks, Boltengagen, Piwecka, Rybak-Wolf, & Rajewsky, 2018). The In Situ Hybridization technique is called In Situ Hybridization when it is applied directly to cell and tissue sections, smears, and chromosomes scattered in mitosis. This method is ideal for determining the cells in which a specific gene has been read, or locating a gene on a specific chromosome, if a specific DNA sequence (a gene or part of a gene) is present in the cell. (Mukai, 2017) Under favorable conditions, this method is based on the formation of hybrid molecules by pairing with complementary sequences of single- stranded nucleic acid molecules to provide identification of sequences on DNA or RNA molecules. Hybridization of the target mRNA with the labeled nucleic acid probe is achieved in histological tissues, creating stable hybrids, thereby allowing the location of the probe to be made visible. In cytological preparations it allows direct localization of DNA sequences or genes on chromosomes (Beliveau, 2015). With this method, it is possible to make definite inferences in gene expression studies for cell types in different species. Nowadays, it is preferred as a genetic diagnosis method for toxicological studies, cancer research and chromosomal anomalies (Mukai, 2017). 2. IN SITU (NUTRITION) HYBRIDIZATION METHOD This is intended to identify specific sequences in RNA or DNA molecules by hybridization based on the principle of forming hybrid molecules by matching with complementary sequences of single-stranded nucleic acid molecules under appropriate conditions (Balajee & Hande, 2018). In situ hybridization procedures are used to localize specific nucleic acid sequences in cells of tissue samples. ISH is used to show various specific nucleic acid sequences, including genomic sequences on viral DNA and RNA, mRNAs and chromosomes in infected tissues and cells (Kocks et al., 2018).. 12 • Health Sciences Research Papers If mRNA can be detected in a tissue, it can be understood which gene is read or active. In order to read the gene of interest, it is necessary to produce mRNA in the tissue. It is possible to produce protein by producing mRNA (Carter, Caron, Dogan, & Folpe, 2015; Evyapan, Ay, Cömertpay, & Lüleyap, 2019). 2.1. Preferred Inverts in In Situ Hybridization: DNA in the cell is denatured using heat or debris. The stranded DNA strands are separated from one another and are ready to be "hybridized" with the DNA or RNA fragment that corresponds to the desired sequence on the single strand. This series is called a probe (Tang et al., 2015). Several probes have been described. These probes include; DNA probes: These probes, which are highly active, should be subjected to denaturation prior to use. RNA probes: Unlike DNA probes, they have high stability. RNA-RNA hybrids are the most stable hybrids and can be easily destroyed by RNases (Beliveau, 2015). Oligonucleotide probes: Oligonucleotide probes consisting of 15-50 nucleotides are highly stable to the target sequence. Due to their small size, they can easily enter the target area. Very good penetration and single- stranded probes are very advantageous for ISH (Beliveau, 2015; ÖZDEMİR, MURANLI, & KANEV, 2015). When selecting probes to be used in ISH, the appropriate type of marking and the type of nucleic acid preferred as the probe should be considered. Marker probe: This method is called Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH) if it uses a fluorescent substance that can be detected by immunofluorescence microscopy. If the marker probe is not a fluorescent substance but only a dyestuff, the method is called Chromogenic In Situ Hybridization (CISH) and evaluation is made by light microscope. 2.2. Labels Preferred for In situ Hybridization: Labeling for probe marking is the realization of binding by means of antibodies. Probe labeling is done by chemical or enzymatic reactions. The most preferred label is digoxigenin. The biotin label is used in conjunction with avidin (Beliveau, 2015). For fluorescent labeling, the most sensitive imaging of the preferred labels is with alkaline phosphatase. Biotin is one of the most widely used Arzu GEZER • 13 non-radioactive nucleic acid labels. Antisense RNA (asRNA) can be used to stop protein synthesis of mRNAs (Choi, Kim, Baek, & Choi, 2015). Label (marker Test Explanation molecule)
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