Anglo-Saxon Crops and Weeds Can Be More Than the Sum of Their Parts
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Anglo-Saxon Crops and Weeds A Case Study in Quantitative Archaeobotany Mark McKerracher Access Archaeology haeopr c es r s A A y c g c e o l s o s e A a r c Ah About Access Archaeology Access Archaeology offers a different publishing model for specialist academic material that might traditionally prove commercially unviable, perhaps due to its sheer extent or volume of colour content, or simply due to its relatively niche field of interest. This could apply, for example, to a PhD dissertation or a catalogue of archaeological data. All Access Archaeology publications are available in open-access e-pdf format and in print format. The open-access model supports dissemination in areas of the world where budgets are more severely limited, and also allows individual academics from all over the world the opportunity to access the material privately, rather than relying solely on their university or public library. 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No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com To Mr Snow who taught me history and maths and told me to roar. Two out of three isn’t bad. Contents List of figures ...................................................................................................................................................... ii List of tables........................................................................................................................................................ v Abbreviations and notes................................................................................................................................. vii Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................... viii Chapter 1: Seeds of Change .............................................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 2: Describing the Data ...................................................................................................................... 11 Chapter 3: Surveying the Species.................................................................................................................. 28 Chapter 4: Defining the Deposits .................................................................................................................. 35 Chapter 5: Counting the Crops ...................................................................................................................... 64 Chapter 6: The Witness of Weeds .................................................................................................................. 96 Chapter 7: More than the Sum of their Parts ............................................................................................ 128 Appendix 1: Key Parameters ........................................................................................................................ 131 Appendix 2: Key Metadata ........................................................................................................................... 133 Appendix 3: Gazetteer of Sites ..................................................................................................................... 146 Appendix 4: Inventory of Samples .............................................................................................................. 152 Appendix 5: Inventory of Plant Taxa ......................................................................................................... 179 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................... 187 i List of figures All maps contain OS data © Crown copyright and database right 2017. Figure 1 - Modern administrative geography of the case study regions ...................................................... 12 Figure 2 - National Character Areas represented within the case study regions. ...................................... 16 Figure 3 - Proportions of analyses undertaken by different archaeobotanists within the project dataset. .................................................................................................................................................................... 19 Figure 4 - Geographical distribution of sites represented in the project dataset. ...................................... 25 Figure 5 – Tripolar graph of grain : rachis : weed seed ratios in ethnographic control samples analysed by Jones 1990: 93-96. ............................................................................................................................................. 38 Figure 6 – Idealized interpretation of grain : rachis : weed seed ratios in terms of crop processing products and by-products, after Jones 1990. .................................................................................................... 39 Figure 7 – Tripolar graph of grain : rachis : weed seed ratios of free-threshing cereal samples in the project dataset. ...................................................................................................................................................... 39 Figure 8 – Model scattergraph for the visual interpretation of discriminant analysis results, after Jones 1987: 315, Figure 1. ................................................................................................................................................ 44 Figure 9 – Discriminant analysis scattergraph of free-threshing cereal samples. ..................................... 47 Figure 10 – Discriminant analysis scattergraph of free-threshing cereal samples deemed to have a classification compatible with their basic composition ratios. The symbols used here denote the classifications obtained through the ratio analysis above (Table 6). ............................................................ 52 Figure 11 – Average density of charred plant remains in grain-rich free-threshing cereal samples, grouped chronologically. ..................................................................................................................................... 54 Figure 12 – Average density of charred plant remains in grain-rich free-threshing cereal samples, grouped according to parent feature type. ....................................................................................................... 55 Figure 13 – Discriminant analysis scattergraph of glume wheat samples. .................................................. 59 Figure 14 – Discriminant analysis scattergraph of mixed cereal type samples. ......................................... 62 Figure 15 – Phased presence analysis of barley and wheat remains, by assemblages. .............................. 68 Figure 16 – Phased presence analysis of free-threshing and glume wheat remains, by assemblages. ... 68 Figure 17 – Phased presence analysis of different glume wheat remains, by assemblages. ..................... 69 ii Figure 18 – Phased presence analysis of oat and rye remains, by assemblages. ......................................... 69 Figure 19 – Phased presence analysis of barley and wheat remains, by samples. ...................................... 71 Figure 20 – Phased presence analysis of free-threshing and glume wheat remains, by samples. ..........