DOCSLIB.ORG

Scottish Cultural Nationalism, 1760-1832

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Scottish Cultural Nationalism, 1760-1832 SCOTTISH CULTURAL NATIONALISM, 1760-1832: THE HIGHLANDIZATZON OF SCOTTISH NATIONAL IDENTITY A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Guelph by THERESA SOREL In partial fhlfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of Arts June, 1997 OTheresa Sorel, 1997 i~auvi nui uriut y uuiiuuirqrr .iriu-.- -.- TH of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Stree~t 395, rue Wellingtca Ottawa ON KIA ON4 OaawaON KtAON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant a la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distriiute or sell reproduire, prêter, disûiiuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/^ de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author ret=rins ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts from it Ni la thése ni des ehtssubstantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation- ABSTRACT SCOTTISH CULTURAL NATIONALISM, 176001832: THE HiGHLANDIWI"I'0N OF SCOTTISH NATIONAL IDENTITY Theresa Sorel Advis or: University of Guelph, 1997 Professor R. Sunter This thesis is an investigation of the 'highlandization' and romanticization of Scottish national identiw in James Macpherson's The Poens of Ossian (1760-1763),Tobias Smollett's The Expedition of Humphry CZinker (Vil), Samuel Johnson's Journey to the Western Islands of Scotlund (1775), James Boswell's Journal of a Tour with Samuel Johnson, LLD. (17851, and Walter Scott's The Heart of Midothian (1818). The Highlands were used by these wrîters to represent what the perceived as Scottishness. However, it was a mythologized, romantic Highlands they constructed, which only has a loose comection to the 'real' Highlands. The mythical image of the Highlands, which was mostly constructed by Lowland Scottish writers and English travellers of the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, gradually became equated with all of Scotland. This thesis is dedicated to Judy Briand, who fist instilled in me a love of history. 1would like to thank my advisors, Dr. R. Sunter, Dr. C. Kerrigan, and Dr. E. Ewan for their invaluable support and who helped guide me in the right direction. 1 would also like to thank the staff of Rare Books, McLaughh Library, and Michael Hall, the curator of the Slide library, Department of Fine Art, for their help and assistance. An especial th& to my mother, Linda Sorel, who helped proofFead my thesis. And hally, 1 am indebted to my family and friends, David, Linda, and Evan Sorel, J. Keeping, Emily Ferguson and Natalie Coulter for their emotionai support, who helped keep me sane. TABLE OF CONTENTS introduction 1-22 Chapter 1: Ossian, Primitivism, and Eighteenth-Century Society. 23-49 Chapter II: The Expedition of Humphry Clinker: Scotophilia and Scotophobia. 50-72 Chapter III: Boswell and Johnson's Highland Tour, 73-101 Chapter TV: Scott and The Head of Midlothian: Scottish History and the Romance of the Highlands. 102131 Conclusion 132x35 INTRODUCTION 1 INTRODUCTION Scottish cultural nationalism of the late eighteentldearly nineteenth century reveals both a process of romanticization and 'highlandization'. Since the Iate eighteenth century, the Highlands have had (and continue to have) a tremendous fascination and evocative apped for visitors (Lowland Scots and tourists alike). The romantic image of the Highlands has been constructed in the imaginations of mostly non-Highlanders. This image is one of poetic romance, ddsublimity, and picturesque beauty. Highlanders were imagined as possessing a heroic and poetic "Celtic spirit". Scottish writers of this period used the Highlands as a potent symbolic locus for representing Scottishness. This thesis dlexamine the role of James Macpherson's The Poems of Ossian (1760~1,Tobias Smollett's The Expedition ofHumphry Clinker (1771), Samuel Johnson and James Boswell's Highiand tour (1775 and 1785), and Walter Scott's The Heart of Midlothian (1818), in forining Scottish cultural nationalism, focusing on their perceptions of the HighIands. Although Scotland and England had been amalgamated for over half a century by the time of Macpherson and for over a century by the time of Scott, Scottish writers still exhibited a concern with the repercussions of the Union of 1707. Macpherson, Smollett, Boswell, and Scott were all engaged in determinhg what constituted Scottishness. Macpherson envisioned an ancient mythical Scottish past, glor-g the heroic martial spirit of the ancient Scots, the Caledonians. Smollett, Boswell, and Scott represented a Scottish national identity within a 2 wider British one, as well as portraying a mythical Highlands. Samuel Johnson, although an Englishman, went searching the Highlands and Hebrides, looking for the distinctively Scottish culture of the Highland clans. The time period 1760-1832 witnessed monumental changes worldwide, moving towards urbanization and industrialization and away from rural and traditional modes of life, what Jerome Blum characterized as a "switch Fom communalism with its collective controls to individualism with its private rights of property and its individual fkeedom of action".' Changes included an emphasis on rationality, progress, and modernity by intellectuals of the Enlightenment, contrasted with a burgeoning Romanticism and emphasis on the imagination, the emotions, and the past, and an increased historicity and sense of nationahW. Historical change was especially intensxed in Scotland. David Hume wrote in 1770 "1 believe this is the historical age and this the historical nati~n".~Scott wrote in his "Postscript which should have Been a Preface" to Waverley (1814) There is no European nation which within the course of half a cent- or little more, has undergone so complete a change as this Kingdom of Scotland". The effects of the insurrection of 1745,--the destruction of the patriarchal power of the heritable Jerome Blum cited in T. M. Devine, "Social Responses to Agrarian 'hprovement': The Highland and Lowland Clearances" in R. A. Houston and 1. D. Whyte, eds., Scottish Society 1500-1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 148. Hume cited in Kenneth Simpson, The Protean Scott. The Crisis of Identity in Eighteenth Century Scottish Literature (Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1988), p. 9. jurisdictions of the Lowland nobility and barons,-the total eradication ofthe Jacobite party . The gradua1 influx of weaïth and extension of commerce have since united to render the present people of Scotland a class of beings as different fkom their grandfathers as the existing English have f=om those of Queen Elizabeth's timem3 Despite the national partisanal enthusiasm of these comments, Scotland (especially the Highlands) was racked by great social and economic upheavd, witnessing the beginnings of industrialization in the Scottish Lowland cities, a rising population, new and more productive techniques in agriculture, technological advances in transportation, and the disintegration of the clan system and Highland way of life as a distinct culture &om Lowland Scotland. Nationalism suggests an intense love of one's country as well as one's language, culture, customs and institutions and has a powerful, emotional appeal. It has a dynamic power to intens* the raw emotions of a people. This national feeling consists of a sense of belonging to a community and an interrelatedness which is often based on a sense of uniqueness. Historically, literature has had a central role in forming national consciousness and ideology. Traditionally, the study of nationalism has begun with the very successfid revolutions in France and Arnerica in the late eighteenth century. Georg Lukacs writes of the awakening of national sensibility: "It was the French Revolution, the revolutionary wars and the rise and fall of Napoleon, Walter Scott, Waverley, or 'Tis Skty Years Since (London: Ward, Lock and Co., Limited, 18821, p. 465. 4 which for the &st time made history a mass e~tperience."~This precipitated a whole series of movements and national uprisings for political independence throughout Europe during the nineteenth century, "the age of nationalism". The liberal and democratic principles of the French Revolution inspired many nations and nations to be, as well as stirring up national feelings in a reactionary, conservative response to these democratic ideals. There was a general change in attitude towards the nation fi-om the eighteenth to the nineteenth century. In the eighteenth century, theories on the state were formulated by writers such as Rousseau and Montesquieu, defining the limits on the power of the monarch and government and securing civil rights for the people. However eighteenth-century nationalism was counter-balanced by Enlightenment humanism, a deep interest in not just national history but the history of human development, and by cosmopolitanism, an awareness of belonging to an international community which went beyond national borders, a "citizenry of the ~orld".~Nineteenth- century nationalism was directed more towards individual fieedom and the sovereignty of the nation-state, and by the latter half of the nineteenth century
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ROBERT BURNS and PASTORAL This Page Intentionally Left Blank Robert Burns and Pastoral
    ROBERT BURNS AND PASTORAL This page intentionally left blank Robert Burns and Pastoral Poetry and Improvement in Late Eighteenth-Century Scotland NIGEL LEASK 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX26DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York # Nigel Leask 2010 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2010 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data available Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by MPG Books Group, Bodmin and King’s Lynn ISBN 978–0–19–957261–8 13579108642 In Memory of Joseph Macleod (1903–84), poet and broadcaster This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgements This book has been of long gestation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Whistler's Story Tragedy and the Enlightenment Imagination in the Eh Art of Midlothian Alan Riach
    Studies in Scottish Literature Volume 33 | Issue 1 Article 24 2004 The Whistler's Story Tragedy and the Enlightenment Imagination in The eH art of Midlothian Alan Riach Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/ssl Part of the English Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Riach, Alan (2004) "The Whistler's Story Tragedy and the Enlightenment Imagination in The eH art of Midlothian," Studies in Scottish Literature: Vol. 33: Iss. 1. Available at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/ssl/vol33/iss1/24 This Article is brought to you by the Scottish Literature Collections at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Studies in Scottish Literature by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Alan Riach The Whistler's Story Tragedy and the Enlightenment Imagination in The Heart ofMidlothian The Heart of Midlothian is generally considered Scott's most approach­ able novel. David Daiches tells us that "most critics consider [it to be] the best of Scott's works."J In his short but influential 1965 study, it is the only novel to which Thomas Crawford devotes an entire chapter, and in his 1982 revision of the same book, Crawford preserves the emphasis, citing the "extended criti­ cal debate" to which the novel has been subjected by Robin Mayhead, Dorothy van Ghent, Joan Pittock and David Craig.2 In Scottish Literature since 1707, Marshall Walker tellingly chooses The Heart ofMidlothian above any other of Scott's works for extended consideration before addressing the question of Scott's fluctuating appeal as a novelist, "then and now.,,3 When Ludovic Ken­ nedy inquired in 1969, he found that the Edinburgh City Library's nine copies of the work were all out.
    [Show full text]
  • The Parish of Durris
    THE PARISH OF DURRIS Some Historical Sketches ROBIN JACKSON Acknowledgments I am particularly grateful for the generous financial support given by The Cowdray Trust and The Laitt Legacy that enabled the printing of this book. Writing this history would not have been possible without the very considerable assistance, advice and encouragement offered by a wide range of individuals and to them I extend my sincere gratitude. If there are any omissions, I apologise. Sir William Arbuthnott, WikiTree Diane Baptie, Scots Archives Search, Edinburgh Rev. Jean Boyd, Minister, Drumoak-Durris Church Gordon Casely, Herald Strategy Ltd Neville Cullingford, ROC Archives Margaret Davidson, Grampian Ancestry Norman Davidson, Huntly, Aberdeenshire Dr David Davies, Chair of Research Committee, Society for Nautical Research Stephen Deed, Librarian, Archive and Museum Service, Royal College of Physicians Stuart Donald, Archivist, Diocesan Archives, Aberdeen Dr Lydia Ferguson, Principal Librarian, Trinity College, Dublin Robert Harper, Durris, Kincardineshire Nancy Jackson, Drumoak, Aberdeenshire Katy Kavanagh, Archivist, Aberdeen City Council Lorna Kinnaird, Dunedin Links Genealogy, Edinburgh Moira Kite, Drumoak, Aberdeenshire David Langrish, National Archives, London Dr David Mitchell, Visiting Research Fellow, Institute of Historical Research, University of London Margaret Moles, Archivist, Wiltshire Council Marion McNeil, Drumoak, Aberdeenshire Effie Moneypenny, Stuart Yacht Research Group Gay Murton, Aberdeen and North East Scotland Family History Society,
    [Show full text]
  • The Lowland Clearances and Improvement in Scotland
    University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations Dissertations and Theses August 2015 Uncovering and Recovering Cleared Galloway: The Lowland Clearances and Improvement in Scotland Christine B. Anderson University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_2 Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Anderson, Christine B., "Uncovering and Recovering Cleared Galloway: The Lowland Clearances and Improvement in Scotland" (2015). Doctoral Dissertations. 342. https://doi.org/10.7275/6944753.0 https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_2/342 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations and Theses at ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Uncovering and Recovering Cleared Galloway: The Lowland Clearances and Improvement in Scotland A dissertation presented by CHRISTINE BROUGHTON ANDERSON Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May 2015 Anthropology ©Copyright by Christine Broughton Anderson 2015 All Rights Reserved Uncovering and Recovering Cleared Galloway: The Lowland Clearances and Improvement in Scotland A Dissertation Presented By Christine Broughton Anderson Approved as to style and content by: H Martin Wobst, Chair Elizabeth Krause. Member Amy Gazin‐Schwartz, Member Robert Paynter, Member David Glassberg, Member Thomas Leatherman, Department Head, Anthropology DEDICATION To my parents. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is with a sense of melancholy that I write my acknowledgements. Neither my mother nor my father will get to celebrate this accomplishment.
    [Show full text]
  • The Lowland Clearances As Seen in Archaeology
    The Lowland Clearances as seen in archaeology Tam Ward 2012 The Lowland Clearances as seen in archaeology PAGE 1 Summary Survey and excavation projects on south of Scotland upland farms of the 17th and 18th centuries has revealed the archaeological evidence for widespread clearance of populations in the areas of the Upper Clyde and Tweed rivers Introduction Since 1981 the local voluntary archaeologists from Biggar have been involved in archaeological fieldwork in Upper Clydesdale and Upper Tweeddale and in the Southern Uplands of Scotland (Pl 1). The work has involved extensive survey and excavation programmes on a variety of site types and periods and in particular on post medieval settlements. Principally because the area of the Southern Uplands is one where development until recent times has had minimal impact on the landscape, a remarkable legacy of archaeology has survived as both visible and buried sites and monuments. This short paper introduces one aspect of the work concerning upland settlement in the area during the 17th and 18th centuries (Ward, 1998), and presents what is believed to be the first archaeological evidence for the depopulation of the rural landscape in the mid 18th century. Plate 1: Map of BAG Project Area The Lowland Clearances as seen in archaeology PAGE 2 Survey During the search for bastle houses (Figs 1 & 2) an The survey of a large tract of landscape (Pl 1) in the astounding previously unrecorded palimpsest of sites two areas considered here was a consequence of a and monuments has now been discovered and which gradual development of local knowledge, stimulated by make up the thirty year history of the work of Biggar the realisation that many previously unrecorded sites Archaeology Group.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Sarah Sharp Exporting 'The Cotter's Saturday Night': Robert Burns
    1 Sarah Sharp Exporting ‘The Cotter’s Saturday Night’: Robert Burns, Scottish Romantic Nationalism and Colonial Settler Identity Abstract: A Scottish literary icon of the nineteenth century, Burns’s ‘The Cotter’s Saturday Night’ was a key component of the cultural baggage carried by emigrant Scots seeking a new life abroad. The myth of the thrifty, humble and pious Scottish cottager is a recurrent figure in Scottish colonial writing whether that cottage is situated in the South African veld or the Otago bush. This article examines the way in which Burns’s cotter informed the myth of the self-sufficient Scottish peasant in the poetry of John Barr and Thomas Pringle. It will argue that, just as ‘The Cotter’ could be used to reinforce a particular set of ideas about Scottish identity at home, Scottish settlers used Burns’s poem to respond to and cement new identities abroad. Keywords: Scottish Romanticism, Settler Colonialism, Robert Burns, Thomas Pringle, John Barr, John Wilson. 2 Exporting ‘The Cotter’s Saturday Night’: Robert Burns, Scottish Romantic Nationalism and Colonial Settler Identity. In 1787, reviewer John Logan commented of Robert Burns’s Kilmarnock edition that ‘“The Cotter’s Saturday Night” is, without exception, the best poem in the collection’.1 His opinion was echoed by many contemporary and subsequent reviewers. In 1812 George Gleig was able to confidently assert that ‘The “Saturday Night” is indeed universally felt as the most interesting of all the author’s poems’ (Bold, 217). This view of Burns’s poem of common life has not endured. The image of Scotland presented in the poem has become at best a stereotype and at worst a source of cultural cringe.
    [Show full text]
  • BSMHT Annual Report 2010/11
    9559_r&a set_160611_Layout 1 29/06/2011 13:03 Page 1 9559_r&a set_160611_Layout 1 29/06/2011 13:03 Page 2 9559_r&a set_160611_Layout 1 29/06/2011 13:03 Page 3 Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust Annual Report and Accounts 2010/11 Presented to Parliament pursuant to Schedule 7, paragraph 25(4) of the National Health Service Act 2006 9559_r&a set_160611_Layout 1 29/06/2011 13:03 Page 4 9559_r&a set_160611_Layout 1 29/06/2011 13:03 Page 1 contents WELCOME 2 Strictly Come Cleaning 12 Staff wellbeing 40 Welcome to our trust 2 Youthspace 13 National staff survey 2010 42 About our trust 4 Communicating with our staff 43 Our mission 4 STAKEHOLDER RELATIONS 14 Working in a healthy, safe and Our services 4 Communicating with our secure environment 43 An award-winning trust 4 stakeholders 14 Managing violence and In the spotlight 5 Our membership 14 aggression 43 Engaging with the community 16 PATIENT CARE 6 MEET THE BOARD 44 New services for patients 6 NON-FINANCIAL REPORTING 18 Audit committee 47 Improvements in patient care Sustainability and climate information 6 change 18 MEET THE GOVERNORS 48 Comments and complaints: Regulatory ratings 21 What do governors do? 49 How we handle them 7 Governor constituency map 49 Improvements following staff or QUALITY REPORT 24 Our governors 50 patient input 8 Part 1: A busy year for our governors 51 Progress on commissioners’ Statement of quality 24 targets 8 Part 2: DIRECTORS’ REPORT 52 Infection prevention and control 8 Priorities for improvement 24 Principal activities 52 Learning
    [Show full text]
  • Virginia Register of Regulations Vol. 2 Iss. 22
    HfVIKGINIAROOISTEK i OF REGULATIONS ~ VOLUME TWO • ISSUE TWENTY-TWO August 4, .I .,I ' I I PAGES 2137 THROUGH 2234 INFORMATION ABOUT THE VIRGINIA REGISTER OF REGULATIONS VIRGINIA REGISTER require the agency to solicit additional public comment on the substantial changes. The Virginia Register is an official state publication A regulation becomes effective at the conclusion of issued every other week throughout the year. Indexes are this thirty-day final adoption period, or at any other later published quarterly, and the last index of the year is date specified by the promulgating agency, unless (i) a cumulative. legislative objection has been filed, in which event the The Virginia Register has several functions. The full regulation, unless withdrawn, becomes effective on the text of all regulations, both as proposed and as finally date specified, which shall be after the expiration of the adopted or changed by amendment are required by law to twenty-one day extension period; or (ii) the Governor be published in the Virginia Register of Regulations. exercises his authority to suspend the regulatory process In addition, the Virginia Register is a source of other for solicitation of additional public comment, in which information about state government, including all event the regulation, unless withdrawn, becomes effective Emergency Regulations issued by the Governor, and on the date specified which date shall be after the Executive Orders, the Virginia Tax Bulletin issued monthly expiration of the period for which the Governor has by the Department of Taxation, and notices of all public suspended the regulatory process. hearings and open meetings of state agencies.
    [Show full text]
  • Agrarian Reform and Agricultural Improvement in Lowland Scotland, 1750-1850
    AGRARIAN REFORM AND AGRICULTURAL IMPROVEMENT IN LOWLAND SCOTLAND, 1750-1850 A Thesis by JOSHUA DAVID CLARK HADDIX Submitted to the Graduate School at Appalachian State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS May 2013 Department of History AGRARIAN REFORM AND AGRICULTURAL IMPROVEMENT IN LOWLAND SCOTLAND, 1750-1850 A Thesis by JOSHUA DAVID CLARK HADDIX May 2013 APPROVED BY: Michael Turner Chairperson, Thesis Committee Jari Eloranta Member, Thesis Committee Jason White Member, Thesis Committee Lucinda McCray Beier Chairperson, Department of History Edelma D. Huntley Dean, Cratis Williams Graduate School Copyright by Joshua David Clark Haddix 2013 All Rights Reserved Abstract AGRARIAN REFORM AND AGRICULTURAL IMPROVEMENT IN LOWLAND SCOTLAND, 1750-1850 Joshua David Clark Haddix B.A., University of Cincinnati M.A., Appalachian State University Chairperson: Dr. Michael Turner Lowland Scotland underwent massive changes between 1750 and 1850. Agrarian improvement and land enclosure changed the way Scottish farmers and laborers used and thought about the land. This, in turn, had a major impact on industrialization, urbanization, and emigration. Predominantly, those in charge of implementing these wide-reaching changes were middle-class tenant farmers seeking to improve their social status. The power of these estate partitioners, or overseers, increased in the Lowlands throughout the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. They were integral to the improvement process in the Lowlands. They often saw both sides of agrarian reform, documenting it as such. By 1850, Lowland Scotland was one of the most industrialized and enlightened sectors of Europe; a century earlier it had been one of the least.
    [Show full text]
  • The Highland Clearances | University of Glasgow
    09/25/21 The Highland Clearances | University of Glasgow The Highland Clearances View Online The Highland Clearances are regarded as a landmark in Scottish history. The controversy they inspired in their own day has continued into the present, particularly in the Highlands and Islands themselves, where the legacy is still immediate and bitter. Historiographically, there is a stark division between ‘popular’ condemnation of landlord action, and ‘academic’ emphases upon impersonal yet inescapable economic and demographic forces. Yet whether ‘popular’ or ‘academic’, conventionally the debate has been set within a political and economic framework which sees the Clearances as a particular local variation on the themes of the transition from subsistence to capitalism, the forging of class identity, and class confrontation. This course will seek to avoid conventional approaches to the Highland Clearances. Instead, the focus will be upon ideologies: the intellectual, cultural and religious systems of belief which, we shall argue, were vital in shaping the process of political and economic change in the Scottish Highlands between 1745 and 1886. The major themes will be the changing identity of the Highland elite; the inherited value-system of society as a whole, particularly kinship, conservatism and the attitude to the land; Gaels and Gaelic in the Lowlands; external cultural and racial perceptions of the Highlands; the role of religion, particularly evangelicalism, both as panacea and as providing the basis of an ideology of liberation; official attitudes to the Gaelic language and to Highland education, and ideas of popular ‘passivity’ and resistance. 1. Aitchison, Peter, Cassell, Andrew: The Lowland clearances: Scotland’s silent revolution, 1760-1830.
    [Show full text]
  • The Union of 1707
    THE UNION OF 1707 Survey of Events BY VARIOUS WRITERS WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY *" P. HUME BROWN, M.A., LL.D. THE AND , TEXT OF THE ARTICLES OF UNION GLASGOW GEORGE OUTRAM &f CO. LTD. BUCHANAN STREET 1907 Reprinted from the Glasgow Herald CONTENTS PAGE /INTRODUCTION, i By P. Hume Brown. I THE SCOTTISH PARLIAMENT, 10 By Robert S. Rait. II 'THE END OF AN AULD SANG,' 23 By Andrew Lang. Ill N THE COUNTRY PARTY AND THE ACT OF SECURITY, . 32 By James Mackinnon. IV < THE ACT OF SECURITY AND ITS EFFECTS, ... 43 By James Mackinnon. V CHURCH AND THE UNION, 55 By W. Law Mathieson. vi CONTENTS PAGE VI STATESMEN OF THE UNION, 63 By W. Law Mathieson. VII A ROMANTIC PLOT AGAINST THE UNION (i.), . 75 By Andrew Lang. VIII A ROMANTIC PLOT AGAINST THE UNION (n.), . 84 By Andrew Lang. IX SCOTTISH INDUSTRY BEFORE THE UNION, ... 93 By W. R. Scott. X SCOTTISH INDUSTRY AFTER THE UNION, . .102 By W. R. Scott. XI GLASGOW AND THE UNION, no By Robert Renwick. XII SOCIAL LIFE IN EDINBURGH AFTER THE UNION, . 123 By James Colville. XIII IN LITERARY REVIVAL SCOTLAND AFTER THE UNION (i.), 134 By J. H. Millar. CONTENTS vii PAGE XIV LITERARY REVIVAL IN SCOTLAND AFTER THE UNION (n.), 143 By J. H. Millar. XV LITERARY REVIVAL IN SCOTLAND AFTER THE UNION (in.), 152 By J. H. Millar. XVI 4 THE ENGLISH STANDPOINT (i.), 160 By R. Lodge. XVII a THE ENGLISH STANDPOINT (n.), 168 By R. Lodge. XVIII THE SCOTTISH AND THE IRISH UNION, ... 175 By W.
    [Show full text]
  • The Grassmarket
    Sense of Place: The hidden history of Edinburgh’s public spaces The Grassmarket “Celebrated as a place of bustle and Look out for... life” Thomas Mudie, 1848 • Part of the old city walls The Grassmarket’s origins lie with it being in a valley, which meant it was easier for livestock and carts to access rather than having to negotiate the steep slope up to the Old Town. • Inscriptions on the Bow The area was probably used as a market from the 1300’s cattle fairs, various stables and yards Well also built for the cattle to be fattened and butchered before taken to the meat market. • The Covenanters’ This ended around 1670 when the market became used more as a transit point where traders Monument would bring in their goods before unloading carts and carrying them up the West Bow into the city by barrow or porter. Most of the buildings you can see today date from the 1800’s, following a period of improve- ment in the Old Town. However, stone from older buildings was often reused. For example look at No. 74—82, which was built in the 1930’s but incorporates an Inside: earlier door frame dated 1634. The end of Captain 2 Porteous Bowfoot Hotel 2 The Bow Well The Flodden Wall 2 In 1674 the city’s got its first piped water supply, with wells The Martyrs 3 designed by the King’s Master Mason Robert Mylne. The system worked with gravity, and water flowed through A place of dubious 3 wooden pipes from a cistern higher up near the High Street.
    [Show full text]