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Janet V Deatherage Phd Thesis THE IMPACT OF THE UNION OF 1707 ON EARLY EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY FIFE ELECTORAL POLITICS, 1707-1747 Janet V. Deatherage A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2006 Full metadata for this item is available in Research@StAndrews:FullText at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3708 This item is protected by original copyright The Impact of the Union of 1707 on Early Eighteenth-Century Fife Electoral Politics - 1707-1747 Janet\T.I>eatllerage Thesis submitted for tlle degree ofPh.I>. University of St. Andrews March 2006 Declarations (i) I, Janet Deatherage, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 90,000 words in length, has been written by me, that it is the record of work carried out by me and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. - .~ ' ~_.r-:- Date . ?~~ Signature of candidat ; -- --, ...... - ~ ~~ " .o.= . '!" ''.:' (ii) I was admitted as a research student in September 2000 and as a candidate for the degree of Ph.D. in September 2001; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St Andrews between 2000 and 2006. _ . ~"',~- "" - .1T_-·· ~ _ ..;..,., . - . 2 hu.uL ~ . r -' - _~ Date .............. Signature of candida . ... • • v ".. .. :;__ :-:::. !! .0' ..t;;. (iii) I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of Ph.D. in the University of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree. ~ . - ~ "I' ~ ""~ , . 'N:- -- _' ,. ' ~ Date J~ .~ '!-??k . Signature of superviso ..... -~ ~ .. :.... _":""" .... _, I.; _~.~~~ (iv) In submitting this thesis to the University of St Andrews I understand that I am giving permission for it to be made available for use in accordance with the regulations of the University Library for the time being in force, subject to any copyright vested in the work not being affected thereby. I also understand that the title and abstract will be published, and that a copy of the work may be made and supplied to any bona fide library or research worker. Cia - - ' .". h ~~CJooG Date .............. Signature of candidat ~ .. .,i - .- , ....... ~ 0.1 - '~....i!: ' . t' 11 Acknowledgements Any pursuit of a doctorate is fraught with challenges; however, deciding to work toward a PhD after reaching middle-age compounds the journey considerably. First, one must deal with the incredulous looks received from friends and family upon announcement of said goal, particularly if the pursuit is to be carried out overseas. Second, convincing yourself that the goal is, indeed, possible offers yet another set of mind-bending obstacles. Therefore, I have been extremely fortunate during the pursuit of my degree to have garnered an amazing amount of encouragement, support, and assistance from a myriad of colleagues, friends, and most importantly, my family. Initial thanks must go to my supervisor, Dr. David Allan of the School of Scottish History at the University of St. Andrews for providing an exemplary model of scholarship and teaching. David suffered through many drafts of this thesis and never wavered in his encouraging remarks, endless edits, and uncommon good humour. My time in St. Andrews would not have been nearly so enjoyable without the kind and generous hospitality I received from David and his wife, Katie. I have been fortunate to have carried out the majority of my research within the inspiring confmes of the Scottish National Library and National Archives in Edinburgh. Both these institutions, and their enthusiastic staffs, deserve the highest praise for their unwavering dedication and assistance to a often perplexed, but very determined, American postgraduate. I also owe thanks to the University of Nottingham Library, Cambridge University Library, Perth County Archives at the AK Bell Library, British Library, and Public Record Office (now the National Archives) at Kew Gardens. Special thanks must be made to the staff of the Rare Books Room at the University of St. Andrews, under the direction of Dr. Norman Reid. Additionally, the numerous trips to Markinch were made successful by the assistance of Andrew Dowsey at the Fife County Archives. Researching the Oswald family papers took me to Valelands, West Sussex and the gracious home of David and Katie Bruton. Transcribing the Oswald papers while sitting at James Oswald's dining table can only be described as exhilarating. I am particularly grateful to His Grace, the Earl of Crawford and Balcarres for granting me permission to view the Lindsay family papers housed at the National Library of Scotland. I could not have managed three years in residence, away from home and family, without the incredible friendships formed within the stimulating intellectual community found at St. Andrews. There are so many people who made a positive impact on my time in Scotland, that unfortunately I cannot mention them alL However, special thanks are due to Michael Graham and Elizabeth Armstrong, Alexandra Kess, Matt Hall, Elaine Fulton, Lauren Kim, Pamela Ritchie, Roland Tanner, and particularly Michael Springer. I do believe we will all marvel forever at how many people we could cram into that little flat on North Street. Thanks must also be given Dr. John Pelissero and Paula Pelissero, Dr. Robert Bucholz, and Dr. John Leazer, of Loyola University Chicago for their continued support and counsel. I reserve the greatest thanks for my family. Their initial amazement upon my insistence that I was actually going to move to Scotland, ultimately transformed into unending encouragement and support. I could never have achieved my goal without their love and understanding. Therefore, huge thanks to Jill and Randy Boomer, Joe and Connie Michelich, and Jeff Bowen; to my parents, Joe and Joyce Michelich for always, always being there for me. To my children, Liz and Kate, who forever keep me laughing, and to Patrick, because he is the future. And most of all, to Michael, who stood by me in love and in spirit though dark days and joyous moments. I dedicate this work to him. 111 Abstract In an unprecedented act of peaceful, albeit contentious, statesmanship, the 1707 Treaty of Union joined Scotland and England into one sovereign country. Now governed by the Parliament of Great Britain, Scotland was allowed forty-five parliamentary members divided between the country's counties and burghs. Relinquishing its own Parliament, Scotland was obligated to adapt and to accept a seismic shift in the political management of its government. Not only were Scottish politics affected by this shift at a national level, but local elections were also significantly impacted by this change. Due to its physical size, peculiar demographics, and politically-active gentry, the county of Fife has proven to be an ideal subject for studying this process. By providing a comprehensive examination of the impact of the Union on the local government and electoral politics of one Scottish county, this study shows that while the Union fundamentally altered the manner in which local politics functioned, the localities not only adapted to the new electoral procedures, but party politics in particular were allowed to grow and flourish. Fife's county records have proven to be a particularly rich and underused resource for this study. The minute books of town council meetings for each of Fife's major royal burghs, covering the years 1707-1747, have been examined, along with a complete set of minutes from the Commissioners of Supply, the county body responsible for the collection of the land tax and, crucially, for determining electoral qualification. Correspondence, in the form of letters and memoranda from Fife's leading politicians, has allowed the reconstruction of several important elections which in tum provide evidence for the argument that party politics in Scotland not only survived after Union but also thrived in an era of unparalleled electoral competition. Partially owing to the reduction in parliamentary representation at Westminster, the political parties in Scotland experienced tremendous growth. Contrary to recent historiography, however, no significant evidence of corruption was found in the operations of the county franchise from the first Fife elections held in 1708 through to 1747, the end of the present study's span. The burgh electoral structure, conversely, both permitted and experienced gross manipulation by the parties competing for the few parliamentary seats now allocated to the Scottish burghs. This study demonstrates that political parties thrived in the new era of Scottish partisan politics ushered in by Union. Fife, in particular, adapted creatively to the new order. This suggests that an increasingly vibrant culture oflocal political competition and argument in the early eighteenth century was actually a likely consequence at the local level of Scotland's national integration into the new state of Great Britain. IV ABBREVIATIONS APS Acts o/Parliament o/Scotland BL British Library Cambridge Cambridge University Library Commissioners 11111, Fife Commissioners of Supply Minute Book, Markinch DNB Dictionary o/National Biography Dundee Dundee City Archives House o/Commons The House o/Commons, 1690-1715, ed. David Hayton, Eveline Cruickshanks, Stuart Handley, 5 Volumes (Cambridge, 2002). Markinch Fife County Archives, Markinch NAS National Archives of Scotland NLS National Library of Scotland Nottingham Newcastle (Clumber), University of Nottingham Library Perth Archives Perth & Kinross Archives, A.K. Bell Library, Perth TNA The National Archives (formerly Public Record Office), Kew Gardens, London Scots Peerage The Scots Peerage: founded on Wood's edition o/Sir Robert Douglas's 'Peerage o/Scotland: containing an historical and geneaological account 0/the nobility 0/ that kingdom, ed. Sir James Balfour (Edinburgh, 1904-14). Sedgwick Romney Sedgwick, The House o/Commons, 1715-1754 (London, 1970). St. Andrews University of St.
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