THE 16TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM on District Heating and Cooling
HafenCity University Hamburg September 9th - 12 th, 2018
Conference overview and Book of Abstracts DHCth 2018 The 16 International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling September 9th - September 12th. 2018, Hamburg, Germany
Impressum
First published 2018 Print: WIRmachenDRUCK GmbH, Mühlbachstr. 7, 71522 Backnang
© HafenCity Universität Hamburg Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ingo Weidlich
Infrastructural Engineering Tel: +49 (0)40 42827 - 5700
Design and layout: Johanna Cortes Ardila E-mail: [email protected] Table of Contents
pg5 1. Welcome Messages pg8 2. Overview Ingo Weidlich (HafenCity University)...... 5 Conference History ...... 8 Gudrum Maass (EUWP)...... 6 Symposium Overview ...... 9 Jens Kerstan (BUE)...... 7 Program at a Glance...... 10 Exhibition Floor Plan ...... 12 Scientific Committee ...... 13 Local Organizing Committee – LOC ...... 13
pg14 3. Symposium Program pg17 4. Keynote Speeches September 10 ...... 14 Henrik Lund (Aalborg University, Denamark) ...... 20 September 11 ...... 15 Ulrika Jardfelt (E.On, Sweden) ...... 22 Bruno Lacarriére (IMT Atlantic, France) ...... 24 Paul Voss (EuroHeat & Power, Belgium)...... 26
pg29 5. Parallel Sessions pg97 6. Panel Discussion: 1.A: Sustainable Urban Energy Systems ...... 32 1.B: Simulation and Control Systems ...... 38 Buying and Selling 1.C: Optimization of DHC Systems and Elements ...... 44 Energy Grids 2.A: Urban Energy Systems and Development ...... 52 2.B: DHC Systems: Operation and Resource Efficiency ..... 60 Speakers 2.C: Key Elements in DHC Systems ...... 68 Tobias Gwisdalla (STEAG GmbH)...... 100 3.A: Digitalization and Marketing ...... 76 Ramazan Korkmaz (BUE)...... 100 3.B: Reliability in DHC ...... 84 Jens Libbe (DIFU)...... 101 3.C: Prospective of DHC ...... 92 Lavinia Steinfort (TNI)...... 101
Moderators Maria Grajcar (HafenCity University)...... 102 Alessandro Provaggi (Euroheat & Power)...... 102
pg105 7. Poster Sessions pg145 8. Technical Tours Poster Sessions (Alphabetical order)...... 108 Combined Heat and Power Plant BHKW Schwentnerring...... 148 Moorburg Thermal Power Station...... 149
Table of contents 5 DHCth 2018 The 16 International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling September 9th - September 12th. 2018, Hamburg, Germany 1. Welcome Messages Ingo Weidlich (HafenCity University)
Dear colleagues,
On behalf of the Scientific Committee of the 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, it is a pleasure for me as Chairman of the Committee to welcome you to participate in the Symposium in Hamburg, Germany on September 9-12, 2018. This symposium is the world’s meeting place for district heating and cooling experts for more than 30 years now. It is one of the most reputed international events for communication of academic and industrial research. We are planning pre-tour, side events and workshops. In 2018, the 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling will be hosted by the HCU Hamburg. District Heating has a strong history in Hamburg since it was first implemented in 1893. Today the district heating network of Hamburg has a length of 812 km with 460.000 connected residential units. 8 Power plants have a district heating output of 5 TWh per year. Ongoing discussion on ownership models for the district energy grids in Hamburg makes the related topics more visible to the public than in other cities. Furthermore, Hamburg is one of Germany’s leading cities for innovation in district energy generation, distribution and sector coupling. Trends of the energy transition in Germany are challenging for Hamburg as well as for many other cities. These trends can be observed also worldwide and they are the most promising precondition for an intensive professional exchange at the 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling. I hope many researchers, stakeholders, and interested people will use this great opportunity to participate with papers, posters or just by attending the Symposium. Please feel invited warmly to already engaged in DHC and anyone who is new in this field to present, listen, learn, debate, network during this special traditional academic Symposium.
Welcome to The 16th International Symposium on DHC!
Ingo Weidlich Chairman of the Scientific Committee
Welcome Messages 7 1. Welcome Messages Gudrum Maass (EUWP)
Dear Conference Participants,
I would like to personally welcome you to the 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling. This Conference has already a history having been organized for the first time in 1987. Since then it has taken place on a bi-annual basis. The issues which have been discussed, have developed over the time, the most important change was most probably to open up and include cooling technologies in the portfolio.
Since 2015, the International Energy Agency Technology Collaboration Programme on District Heating and Cooling (IEA DHC) has been responsible for initiating, supporting and guiding this symposium. This seems to be very appropriate since it is the only non-profit research network with global outreach for technologies relating to DHC. The Programme is dedicated to helping to make district heating and cooling and combined heat and power powerful tools for energy conservation and the reduction of environmental impacts of supplying heating and cooling.
The Conference Programme shows that themes will be discussed which are presently at the forefront of the discussion in the energy sector, such as digitalisation and sector coupling. Also, systemic approaches are of increasing importance to address energy issues which leaves room for network technologies such as DHC. Progress in this sector is urgently needed. The findings of the IEA´s latest analysis of Tracking Clean Energy Progress have shown that most technologies are not on track to meet long-term sustainability goals. This is in particular true for the building sector.
This Symposium really is an excellent platform to bring together academic and industrial researches from different countries to exchange information on most recent research and development trends in DHC. In the future, it will be increasingly required to reach out to decision-makers, in particular at the local level. Hamburg seems to be a good place to start this dialogue. I would like to thank you for your interest in this Symposium. Without the expertise, knowledge and vision of the participants in such an event it would not be possible to shape the way into a new energy future.
Enjoy the Conference Gudrum Maass Chair of the IEA Working Party On Energy End – Use Technologies (EUWP)
8 The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling 1. Welcome Messages Jens Kerstan (BUE)
By a referendum held in 2013, the citizens of Hamburg issued a mandate to local politics to buy back the energy grids, which had been privatized about a decade before, and to strive for an energy supply based entirely on renewable energies. This has put the energy grids and especially the district heating system in our city at the centre of public interest. At the time the 16th Symposium on District Heating and Cooling takes place in Hamburg, the city will be at a crucial stage in the realization of this political agenda.
If Hamburg as a city will achieve its climate protection goals depends to a large extent on the decarbonisation of heat supply. In Hamburg, public enterprises have positioned themselves as pioneers of the energy transition. Hamburg’s district heating system is the second largest in Germany, its beginnings dating back more than one hundred years. The possibilities and the difficulties of transforming urban infrastructures are exemplarily visible here, and the Hamburg example shows the importance of municipal action just as clearly as its dependence on given political and legal frameworks.
Jens Kerstan was born in 1966 in Hamburg. After graduating from Hansa High School in Bergedorf, he completed his civil service in mobile disability care and in the psychiatric and youth psychiatric service. From 1988 to 1994 Jens Kerstan studied economics at the University of Hamburg. After completing his studies, he worked as a project manager in marketing at Hauni Maschinenfabrik AG.
From 1995 to 2011 he was chairman of the Nature Conservation Association for Ecological Planning (GÖP). Since 1998 Jens Kerstan has been a member of Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen or first of all the Green Alternative List (GAL). From 2001 to 2008 he was Deputy National Chairman of the GAL. In the years 2001 to 2015, he was a member of the Hamburg Parliament and in this period from 2008 to 2015 at the same time Chairman of the GAL or Alliance 90 / The Greens.
In April 2015 he was appointed Senator for Environment and Energy of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg.
Jens Kerstan Senator für Umwelt und Energie Behörde für Umwelt und Energie (BUE)
Welcome Messages 9 2. OVERVIEW Conference History
LUND, SWEDEN COPENHAGEN, DENMARK HELSINKI, FINLAND LUND, SWEDEN District Heat Metering Fluids of District Heating Automation in District Heating District Heating and Cooling Systems (DHC) 1987 1991 1995 1999
1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2001 1989 1993 1997 2002 REYKJAVIK, ICELAND TRONDHEIM, NORWAY REYKJAVIK, ICELAND TRONDHEIM, NORWAY District Heating Simulation Heat Metering District Heating and Cooling District Heating and Cooling (DHC) Simulation (DHC)
HELSINKI, FINLAND REYKJAVIK, ICELAND COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA District Heating and District Heating and Cooling District Heating and Coolind District Heating and Cooling Cooling (DHC) (DHC) (DHC) (DHC) 2004 2008 2012 2016
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2006 2010 2014 2018 HANNOVER, GERMANY TALLINN, ESTONIA STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN HAMBURG, GERMANY District Heating and Cooling District Heating and Cooling District Heating and Cooling District Heating and Cooling (DHC) (DHC) (DHC) (DHC)
10 The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling 2. OVERVIEW Symposium Overview
Title The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling
Date September 9th - 12th, 2018
Venue HafenCity University Hamburg, Germany
Speakers Keynote 5 / Parallel Sessions 40 / Panel Discussion/ Poster Session 28
Attendees Around 200 people, icluding IEA-DHC members, speakers, experts and professionals from academia and industry
HafenCity Universität Organized by HCU Hamburg
HafenCity Universität Hosted by HCU Hamburg
Supported by
Overview 11 2. OVERVIEW Program at a Glance
Day 1 - September 9 Day 2 - September 10
8:00 Registration / Coffee 9:00 Opening Ceremony
10:00
Keynote Sessions 11:00
12:00 Lunch
13:00 Exhibitor Presentations E x h i b i
Session Session Session t i 14:00 o 1.A 1.B 1.C n
15:00 Coffee Break 16:00 Session Session Session 2.A 2.B 2.C 17:00 Pre- Tour 18:00
19:00 Come Together Dinner Conference Dinner
12 The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling 2. OVERVIEW Program at a Glance
Day 3 - September 11 Day 4 - September 12
8:00
9:00 Coffee
10:00 Panel Discussion
11:00 Poster Sessions E T E e 12:00 x F c h H h i
b
n Lunch W i t i c i o o a r n l
13:00 k
s T h o o u p Session Session Session r s 14:00 3.A 3.B 3.C
15:00
16:00 Coffee Break Closing Ceremony 17:00
18:00
19:00
Overview 13 2. OVERVIEW Exhibition - Floor plan
The Energy Efficiency Association for HanseWerk Heat, Cooling and CHP GERMANY GERMANY
8 9 10 Heidelberg Cement Group Aalborg CSP 11 12 GERMANY DENMARK
Hochschule Koblenz GERMANY International Energy Agency Technology Collaboration Programe on District Heating and Cooling GERMANY Logstor EXHIBITION SPACE DENMARK
Brugg Pipesystems - Flexible solutions GERMANY
M V V GERMANY
The Danfoss Group DENMARK
Renewable Energy Hamburg GERMANY
Energy Research Association Hamburg GERMANY Solvis GmbH GERMANY
Hamburg Energie GERMANY Exergene GERMANY
14 The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling 2. OVERVIEW Scientific Committee
Martin Achmus - (Leibniz University of Hannover) Ólafur Pétur Palsson - (University of Iceland) Gatis Bazbauers - (Riga Technical University) Irene Peters - (HafenCity University) Dagnija Blumberga - (Riga Technical University) Peter Riederer - (Scientific Center CSTB) Anatolijs Borodinecs - (Riga Technical University) Rolf Ulseth - (IEA - DHC) Clemens Felsmann - (Technical University of Dresden) Dietrich Schmidt - (IEE) Lars Gullev- (VEKS) Andres Siirde - (Tallin University of Technology) Stefan Holler - (HAWKS University) Svend Svendsen - (DTU) Heiko Huther - (AGFW) Sanna Syri - (Aalto University) Anton Ianakiev - (Nottingham Trent University) Thorsten Urbaneck - (Chemnitz University) Oliver Kastner - (ISFH) Ingo Weidlich - (HafenCity University) Kyung Min Kim - (Korea District Heating Corp.) Robin Wiltshire - (Heatmatters) Bruno Lacarrière - (IMT Atlantique) Jianjun Xia - (Tsinghua University) Henrik Lund - (Aalborg University) Nazdaneh Yarahmadi - (RISE) Natasa Nord - (NTNU)
Local Organizing Committee LOC
HafenCity University Hamburg, Germany Ingo Weidlich Irene Peters Maria Grajcar Gersena Banushi Noriko Kakue Comfort Mosha Johanna Cortés Clarisa Mazzara Juliana Webel de Lima Abdullah Khisraw Lucia Doyle
Overview 15 3. Symposium Program September 10
Time and Date 8:30 - 18.00 /September 10
Venue HafenCity University Hamburg
Time Program
9:00 - 10:00 Opening Ceremony
Keynote Sessions 10:00 - 12:00 Henrik Lund - Ulrika Jarldfelt - Bruno Lacarrière - Paul Voss
13:00 - 13:30 Lunch
Parallel Sessions - Part 1 1.A: Sustainable Urban Energy Systems
13:30 - 15:30 1.B: Simulation and Control Systems
1.C: Optimization of DHC Systems and Elements
15:30 - 16:00 Coffee Break
Parallel Sessions - Part 2 2.A: Urban Energy Systems and Development
16:00 - 18:00 2.B: DHC Systems: Operation and Resource Efficiency
2.C: Key Elements in DHC Systems
19:00 - 23:00 Conference Dinner
16 The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling 3. Symposium Program September 11
Time and Date 9:00 - 17.00 /September 11
Venue HafenCity University Hamburg
Time Program
9:00 - 9:30 Coffee
Panel Discussion - Buying and Selling Energy Grids 9:30 - 11:00 Tobias Gwisdalla - Ramazan Korkmaz - Jens Libbe - Lavinia Steinfort
11:00 - 12:00 Poster Sessions
12:00 - 13:30 Lunch
Parallel Sessions - Part 3 3.A: Digitalization and Marketing 13:30 - 15:00 3.B: Reliability in DHC
3.C: Prospective of DHC
16:00 - 16:30 Coffee Break
16:30 - 17:00 Closing Ceremony
Symposium Program 17 DHCth 2018 The 16 International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling September 9th - September 12th. 2018, Hamburg, Germany 4. KEYNOTE SPEECHES
Henrik Lund (Aalborg University, Denmark) 20
Ulrika Jardfelt (E.On, Sweden) 22
Bruno Lacarriére (IMT Atlantic, France) 24
Paul Voss (EuroHeat & Power, Belgium) 26 4. Keynote Speeches Henrik Lund (Aalborg University, Denmark)
Short Curriculum Vitae
Henrik Lund (born 2 July 1960) is a Danish engineer (M.Sc.Eng.1985) and Professor in Energy Planning at Aalborg University in Denmark. He holds a Ph.D. in Implementaion of Sustainable Energy Systems (1990), and a Dr.Techn. in Choice Awareness and Renewable Energy Systems (2009).
Henrik Lund is listed among ISI Highly Cited researchers ranking him among the top 1% researchers in the world within engineering.
Henrik Lund is Editor-in-Chief of Elsevier’s high-impact journal Energy, and is the author of more than 300 books and articles including the book ‘’Renewable Energy Systems”. He is the architect behind the advanced energy system analysis software EnergyPLAN, which is a freeware used worldwide that have form the basis of more than 100 peer reviewed journal papers around the world.
22 The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling 4. Keynote Speeches Opening Keynote
SMART HEATING AND SMART ENERGY SYSTEMS
Henrik Lund
Aalborg University, Rendsburggade 14, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark
Keywords: Smart Energy, Smart Energy Systems, Smart grid ------
Abstract
In recent years, the terms “Smart Energy” and “Smart Energy Systems” have been used to express an approach that reaches broader than the term “Smart Grid”. Where Smart Grids focus primarily on the electricity sector, Smart Energy Systems take an integrated holistic focus on the inclusion of more sectors (electricity, heating, cooling, industry, buildings and transportation) and allows for the identification of more achievable and affordable solutions to the transformation into future renewable and sustainable energy solutions.
This presentation addresses smart and efficient solutions for the future heating of buildings. The design of smart heating solutions is essential for the implementation of future sustainable energy systems for two reasons: First, savings in heat demands and heating infrastructures in the form of district heating have an important role to play in the task of increasing energy efficiency and thus making scarce resources meet future demands. And next, the heating sector carry one of the most important and least cost options of integrating fluctuating renewable energy sources into the overall system. To enable this, a holistic smart energy system must coordinate between a number of smart grid infrastructures for the different sectors in the energy system, which includes electricity grids, district heating and cooling grids, gas grids and different fuel infrastructures.
Keynote speeches 23 4. Keynote Speeches Ulrika Jardfelt (E. ON, Sweden)
Short Curriculum Vitae
Oct. 2015 Head of District Heating Distribution, E.ON Sweden
2010 – 2015 Managing Director, Swedish District Heating Association
2007 - 2010 Head of Real Estate Development, Swedish Municipal Housing Association
2005 –2007 Head of Energy and Climate, Ministry of Industry
24 The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling 4. Keynote Speeches Opening Keynote
DIGITALIZATION WILL TRANSFORM THE DISTRICT HEATING AND COOLING BUSINESS
Ulrika Jardfelt, E . ON Sweden. [email protected]
Keywords: district heating, district cooling, digitalization ------
Abstract
Digitalization is sweeping like a storm in all businesses, creating and destroying companies every day. Innovative technology is changing the business models, and the way customer expects to be supplied. District heating and cooling business is one of the last to be affected but many things are happening in this area, and soon we will also be swept away.
Digital technology can help reduce costs in logistics or maintenance and strengthen the companies, but examples from other businesses show us that the major transformation will come when technology changes the situation for the customer.
Today district heating and cooling is distributed based on mechanics using differential pressure as driving force. How many distributors know if the amount of energy for heating and cooling is right for that customer need? Controlling the amount of energy a customer needs, supplying the exact right amount at high quality will soon be expected, and the ones that will make it happen will be the winners. Today´s players need to act now or the only part left to play will be one of many suppliers to the grid.
Keynote speeches 25 4. Keynote Speeches Bruno Lacarrière (IMT Atlantic, France)
Short Curriculum Vitae
Feb. 2016 Professor in Energy Systems and Networks, IMT Atlantique, Nantes, France
Feb. 2007 - 2015 Associate Professor in Energy, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, France
June 2003 - June 2005 Post Doctoral fellow in Buildings Components thermal behavious INSA Toulouse, France
June 2000 - June 2003 Research Engineer in Buildings Components thermal behavious CTTB Clamart, France
26 The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling 4. Keynote Speeches Opening Keynote
POTENTIAL OF DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEMS AS A LEVIER OF THE ENERGY TRANSITION
Bruno Lacarrière
IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44000 Nantes, France [email protected]
Keywords: Local energy systems, Modeling and optimization, District Heating ------
Abstract
In Europe, district heating system is seen as a promising lever to reach the targets of energy transition policies. The various ongoing works and projects around these systems testify of the interest for DH despite the differences in the penetration rate of this technology between the countries. This technology contributes to the local energy system optimisation and its flexibility. It fosters the integration of renewable energy and offers real advantages in a multi-carrier energy approach of the energy management. To support this contribution of DH in the low carbon energy transition complementary knowledge is needed for a transition towards a more efficient local energy system: assessment of the impact of a change in the demand, potential improvement offered by the Information and Communication Technologies, coupling with other energy distribution networks, Low Temperature DH and energy retrofitting of the building stock, local mechanisms of energy exchanges... The presentation will illustrate how modelling and optimization can contribute to some of these challenges with a will to take into account the real context of the systems (stakeholders, constraints, operational objectives etc.
Keynote speeches 27 4. Keynote Speeches Paul Voss (Euroheat & Power, Belgium)
Short Curriculum Vitae
November 2013 Managing Director, Euroheat & Power
June 2011 to October 2013 Head of Public Affairs, Danfoss District Energy
January 2008 – May 2011 Energy and Environment Policy Manager, AEGPL
October 2005–October 2007 EU Public Policy Analyst
28 The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling 4. Keynote Speeches Opening Keynote
DISTRICT ENERGY AND THE EUROPEAN ENERGY TRANSITION: WHAT’S THE PLAN?
Paul Voss
Managing Director, Euroheat & Power [email protected]
Keywords: EU, Policy, Change, Future ------
Abstract
The image and visibility of DHC at EU level has increased significantly in recent years. There is much greater understanding of the potential of thermal grids to help meet key societal challenges such as decarbonisation, ensuring the supply of secure and affordable energy and others. The translation of these principles are translated into practice at the local level around Europe should create major opportunities for growth and development in our sector. However, it will only be possible to seize these opportunities if operators are willing to embrace change and progress in all aspects of their business, from network conception to customer relations. This presentation will provide an overview of future prospects for DHC in Europe and some reflections on what the DHC industry can do to help ensure the best possible outcome.
Keynote speeches 29 DHCth 2018 The 16 International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling September 9th - September 12th. 2018, Hamburg, Germany 5. PARALLEL SESSIONS
1.A: Sustainable Urban Energy Systems - Moderator: Heiko Huther 32 Urban energy systems, planning and development Resource efficiency and environmental performance
1.B: Simulation and Control Systems - Moderator: Anton Ianakiev 38 Resource efficiency and environmental performance Key elements in District Heating and Cooling systems
1.C: Optimization of DHC Systems and Elements - Moderator: Andreas Büchau 44 Key elements in District Heating and Cooling systems Open Arena, flexibility and District Heating and Cooling
2.A: Urban Energy Systems and Development - Moderator: Jens Kühne 52 Urban energy systems, planning and development Key elements in District Heating and Cooling systems
2.B: DHC Systems: Operation and Resource Efficiency - Moderator: Juergen Quarg-Vonscheidt 60 Resource efficiency and environmental performance
2.C: Key Elements in DHC Systems - Moderator: Tim Gerlach 68 Key elements in District Heating and Cooling systems
3.A: Digitalization and Marketing - Moderator: Sebastian Grimm 76 Sector coupling Hybrid energy networks and digitalization Customer relations and market issues Urban energy systems, planning and development
3.B: Reliability in DHC - Moderator: Ingo Wolf 84 Open Arena, flexibility and District Heating and Cooling
3.C: Prospective of DHC - Moderator: Stefan Hay 92 Key elements in District Heating and Cooling systems 5. Parallel Sessions 1.A The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
PERFORMANCE MONITORING OF RURAL DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEMS D. Bücker1, P. Jell2, R. Botsch1
1Hochschule Rosenheim, Hochschulstr. 1, Rosenheim, 83024, Germany 2Seestrasse 31, Breitbrunn, 83254, Germany [email protected]
Keywords: performance monitoring, district heating, optimization, efficiency ------Abstract
The performance of six small scale district heating systems (DHS) in Upper Bavaria has been monitored over a 12 months’ period. The six DHS use different energy sources, mainly wood and conventional CHP. The objectives were 1. to develop a standardized approach towards performance monitoring of DHS, 2. to compare and rank the systems with respect to a set of key performance indicators (KPIs), and 3. to identify typical optimisation potentials of small scale rural DHS. To this end, measurement requirements were defined and a set of key performance indicators were assembled. During the monitoring period, extensive operational data were recorded using the equipment present in the DHS. The data were then validated and analysed, the KPIs were calculated over different time intervals and further operational data were taken into account to identify further optimization potentials. These potentials were then categorized to identify the most important areas for improvement. The results show strong fluctuations over time and significant variation in the key performance indicators between the different DHS. As expected, typical optimization potentials were found in the areas of component sizing (e.g., pumps, heat generators) and grid temperatures. However, the largest area of optimization proves to be the dynamic behaviour and control of the DHS. This holds especially true for the integration of decentralized heat generation, for the operational strategy of heat generators in general, for system pumps, and for thermal energy storage. Monitoring dynamic operation of DHS is crucial to identify these potentials. Thus, further implementation and standardization of dynamic performance monitoring of DHS are recommended. This subject will be addressed in a follow-up study which was launched in January 2018.
Biographical Note(s): -Dr. Dominikus Bücker is Professor of Energy Engineering at the University of Applied Sciences Rosenheim and managing director of the “Institut für nachhaltige Energieversorgung”. His main research areas are district heating systems, sustainable energy supply, and energy efficiency in communities and industry.
-Peter Jell is Development Engineer in the domestic appliances industry and freelancer in the electric mobility sector. His main interests are developing energy affiliated system structures and their performance increase through monitoring.
-Rafael Botsch is Lecturer for Energy Efficient Planning of Buildings at the University of Applied Sciences Rosenheim. His main research interests are nearly zero energy buildings, energy performance monitoring, and planning of sustainable communities and cities.
34 The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling 5. Parallel Sessions
The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, 1.A September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
OPERATIONAL OPTIMIZATION OF ENERGY SYSTEMS 25 YEARS – ESTABLISHED AND PROMISING USE CASES
P. Stange1, A. Matthees1, T. Sander1 1TU Dresden, Institute of Power Engineering, Chair of Building Energy Systems and Heat Supply, Helmholtzstraße 14, Dresden, 01069, Germany [email protected]
Keywords: optimization of operation, demand forecasting, mixed-integer programming, energy supply, district heating ------Abstract
The operation of complex energy systems for the supply of heat and electricity leads to several questions regarding their optimal control, e.g. when to use which generator, when to load or unload energy storages or when to buy or sell energy. Usually it is a complex task to answer these questions with the aim of optimizing a specific objective and respecting all arising physical, technical and economic constraints. Since 25 years we are solving this problem for an energy provider of a medium-sized city with the aim of minimizing the operational costs. For this purpose an own modelled linear mixed-integer optimization problem (MIP) has to be solved in association to the continuous operation of the energy system. The model includes but is not limited to several combined heat and power generators, hot water thermal storages, steam generators and auxiliary coolers. In this presentation we will give an outline about the wide range of given conditions that are successfully implemented for this application. Further we will show our approach to generate realistic heat demand and power consumption forecasts which are both essential preconditions for obtaining reliable optimization results. In addition to the well – established MIP model in this specific use case we will give an overview about some further promising applications of mathematical optimization in the context of energy systems. This includes the more precise modelling of energy storages, the computation of the optimal design of energy systems and the consideration of different or multiple targets in optimization. Moreover we will outline the problem of uncertain boundary conditions due to the growing amount of temporally hard to predict energy production and demand.
Biographical Note(s): -The formulation and time efficient solution of optimization problems in the context of energy systems. The development of energy demand forecast models using classic and modern approaches.
Parallel Sessions 35 5. Parallel Sessions 1.A The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, September 9-12, 2018, Hamburg, Germany
URBAN ENERGY SYSTEMS AND THE TRANSITION TO ZERO CARBON – RESEARCH AND CASE STUDIES FROM THE US, UK AND EU.
M. Anderson, B. Schaffer, R. Mizzi, R. Flores, S. Samuelsen M. Anderson, (Arup) Presenter B. Shaffer, (University of California) Presenter R. Mizzi, (Arup) R. Flores (University of California Irvine) S. Samuelsen (University of California Irvine) Presenting Author: [email protected]
Keywords: communities, carbon, campus, micro-grids, transition, networks, economics, smart, city, models, strategy, operation, maintenance, innovation ------Abstract
Local community interests in achieving carbon neutral energy supplies continues to rise whether these are cities, counties, universities, aggregated communities, or businesses themselves. Continued growth in this interest will be necessary to meet global carbon reduction targets. This paper examines several cases where communities have set a carbon reduction or carbon neutrality target in an effort to identify the various successes, challenges, and constraints faced by the different communities. The selected communities include the University of California, Irvine campus microgrid with a goal of carbon neutrality by 2025, Manchester Northern Gateway development aiming to provide a low to zero carbon transition over 25 years for 20,000 new homes and drawing from the research undertaken within the EU FP7 Smart City DIMMER project. The paper will also include quantitative analyses where dispatch models are used to understand the impact of existing combined heat and power (CHP) systems with heating and cooling networks on the increase in local renewables within the community. In particular, it is found that existing and new CHP and community thermal and power networks systems will need to operate in a much more dynamic fashion, which has implications on economics (reduced capacity factor, higher operating and maintenance costs) as well as on emission rates. This represents a challenge but innovative strategies are being deployed to manage these dynamics including the use of thermal energy storage, experimental utility tariffs, improved part load operation of CHP systems, and the emergence of carbon capture techniques utilizing molten carbonate fuel cells.
Biographies: -Mark Anderson is Associate Director and leader in the Arup UKIMEA region Energy Consulting business. His areas of focus are skills development, research, techno-economic analysis and delivery of low and zero carbon urban energy networks and energy centres for campuses, communities and cities. -Brendan P. Shaffer is Technology Manager and Senior Research Scientist at University of California Irvine. His areas of focus are advanced distributed energy systems, i.e., design/construction of experiments and models to analyze various aspects such as physical (dynamic and steady state), economic, and environmental performance. -Richard Mizzi is a Senior Energy Consultant in the Arup UKIMEA region Energy Consulting business. Following manufacturing plant management and research roles, his focus has been on providing technical and commercial advice on energy management, renewable energy, and low carbon heating infrastructure.
36 The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling 5. Parallel Sessions The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, 1.A September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY FOR URBAN EXCESS HEAT RECOVERY SOLUTIONS IN ENERGY- EFFICIENT DISTRICT HEATING NETWORKS M. Andrés1, M. Regidor1, A. Macía1, A. Vasallo1, K. Lygnerud2 1CARTIF Technology Centre, Energy Division. Parque Tecn. de Boecillo, 205, 47151, Boecillo, Valladolid (Spain) 2IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet. Valhallavägen 81, 114 27 Stockholm (Sweden) [email protected]
Keywords: Heat Recovery, Urban excess heat, District Heating, Low-temperature sources, Energy Assessment ------Abstract
A large amount of low-temperature excess heat is available at urban level from different sources which are expected to play a fundamental role in the decarbonisation of the heating sector through their integration in present and future 4th generation District Heating Networks (DHNs). The ongoing ReUseHeat H2020 European project aims at demonstrating four advanced replicable solutions enabling the recovery and reuse of urban excess heat from data centres, hospital cooling systems, sewage water urban infrastructures and underground railway stations. This work addresses the analysis of the technical solutions to define a consistent assessment procedure of the demonstrators’ performance. The International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol (IPMVP) is used as a basis for the energy assessment including adapted definitions of relevant evaluation boundaries, measurement requirements, and the role of modelling and simulation to ensure representative comparison of baseline and post-retrofit scenarios. Specific Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for each case are defined reinforcing the technical evaluation and extending the approach to economic, environmental and social aspects in line with those guidelines from the Smart Cities Information System (SCIS) for large-scale energy efficiency projects at city level. Finally, the outcome of this study leads to a complete and adapted methodology for performance assessment of urban excess heat recovery solutions to sustain reliable demonstration results and set a robust basis for replication and scalability in future developments that will contribute to more energy-efficient DHNs.
Biographical Note(s): -PhD. Manuel Andrés.- His research focus is on the fields of energy efficiency and renewable energy sources, with particular contributions to the analysis and simulation of energy systems for building, district and industrial applications MSc. María Regidor.- Her research interests focus on energy and thermal engineering with current involvement on the analysis, assessment and simulation of energy systems for buildings and districts. -PhD. Andrés Macía.- His research career has mainly focused on renewable energy and energy efficiency: energy refurbishment at building and district level, energy audit, monitoring and control, as well as Measurement & Verification of energy savings. -PhD. Ali Vasallo.- Researcher and project coordinator in European research and demonstration projects in the field of smart cities, energy-efficient renovations of urban areas, nearly zero energy buildings and renewable energy integration. PhD. Kristina Lygnerud.- Researcher in Industrial and Financial Management. Her research interests focus on change management by risk mitigation, business model innovation and district heating.
Parallel Sessions 37
1.A: Sustainable Urban Energy Systems - Moderator: Heiko Huther 32 Urban energy systems, planning and development Resource efficiency and environmental performance
1.B: Simulation and Control Systems - Moderator: Anton Ianakiev 38 Resource efficiency and environmental performance Key elements in District Heating and Cooling systems
1.C: Optimization of DHC Systems and Elements - Moderator: Andreas Büchau 44 Key elements in District Heating and Cooling systems Open Arena, flexibility and District Heating and Cooling
2.A: Urban Energy Systems and Development - Moderator: Jens Kühne 52 Urban energy systems, planning and development Key elements in District Heating and Cooling systems
2.B: DHC Systems: Operation and Resource Efficiency - Moderator: Juergen Quarg-Vonscheidt 60 Resource efficiency and environmental performance
2.C: Key Elements in DHC Systems - Moderator: Tim Gerlach 68 Key elements in District Heating and Cooling systems
3.A: Digitalization and Marketing - Moderator: Sebastian Grimm 76 Sector coupling Hybrid energy networks and digitalization Customer relations and market issues Urban energy systems, planning and development
3.B: Reliability in DHC - Moderator: Ingo Wolf 84 Open Arena, flexibility and District Heating and Cooling
3.C: Prospective of DHC - Moderator: Stefan Hay 92 Key elements in District Heating and Cooling systems 5. Parallel Sessions 1.B The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, September 9-12, 2018, Hamburg, Germany
RESULTING EFFECTS ON DECENTRALIZED FEED-IN INTO DISTRICT HEATING NETWORKS – A SIMULATION STUDY
S. Paulick1, K. Rühling1, S. Guddusch1 1Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Power Engineering, Professorship of Building Energy Systems and Heat Supply, 01062 Dresden, Germany [email protected]
Keywords: DH simulation, decentralized feed-in, solar thermal, distributed generation ------Abstract
An increasing number of district heating (DH) networks integrate decentralized heat supply in terms of solar thermal or combined heat and power units (CHP) in existing network structures. However, time resolved effects and resulting requirements are rarely known in detail. Flow reversal in parts of the net branch, moving supply frontiers and partly full supply by decentralized heat can occur. This paper presents latest results and outcomes of a research project with focus on the thermo-hydraulic impact of decentralized feed-in with the resulting requirements for components like pumps, pressure maintenance, pipes as wells as on the net control strategy. Furthermore, the implementation of central heat storages and their operation mode as part of the network control is considered. For this purpose, two representative networks with different structure and dimension are base of the study. The aim is to generalise the results for a wide field of application. Additionally, a variation of the position, the size and number of feed-in substations as well as different operation modes of the central storage are investigated. Linear regression models for the heat load and return line temperature of the consumer behaviour in the network were developed, based on a wide range of individual load profiles. A set of 25 different types of buildings was created, to prevent problems with overestimated simultaneity in the simulation. As a result, the simulation study provides detailed insights in flow conditions, with which requirements for system components in the network will be derived, e.g. required pressure difference of feed-in pumps in substations according to the location and local conditions in the network. Moreover, statements can be made about conditions, when feed-in should be avoided according to network stability and alternating thermal stress of the pipes.
Biographical Note(s): -S. Paulick Research associate at the Professorship of Building Energy Systems and Heat Supply since 2012, projects in the field of district heating and control strategies, main focus on modeling and simulation -K. Rühling Head of the field Heat Supply at the Professorship of Building Energy Systems and Heat Supply, projects e.g. in the field of district heating & CHP, solar thermal, heat storages -S. Guddusch Research associate at the Professorship of Building Energy Systems and Heat Supply since 2017, projects in the field of district heating and solar thermal, main focus on simulation
40 The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling 5. Parallel Sessions The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, 1.B September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
FORECASTING DISTRICT HEATING DEMAND USING MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS
E. Saloux1, J.A. Candanedo1 1CanmetENERGY, Natural Resources Canada, 1615 Boulevard Lionel Boulet, Varennes (QC) J3X 1P7, Canada [email protected]
Keywords: solar community, heating demand prediction, Machine Learning algorithms, weather forecast. ------Abstract
Short-term forecasting of energy demand is becoming increasingly important, especially for district heating and cooling (DHC), as an important piece of information to optimally manage on-site renewable energy generation and the charge and discharge of energy storage devices. As part of a larger study on advanced predictive control for a solar district heating system with 52 homes – the Drake Landing Solar Community (DLSC) – this paper investigates the use of Machine Learning algorithms to predict the aggregated heating load of the community. The original approach to estimate the heating load of the DLSC employed a simple linear regression based on the outdoor temperature. Such an approach yields significant errors, in particular when weather forecasts are used instead of real outdoor temperatures. It has been found that Machine Learning algorithms, such as decision trees, can significantly improve the accuracy of predicted heating loads by incorporating the effect of additional influencing factors (e.g., time of the day, day of the week, solar radiation, etc.). In this study, the predicted heating demand results obtained from different algorithms are compared under two different scenarios; (a) by using actual weather conditions from measured data; (b) by using weather forecasts 48 hours ahead. Finally, the potential implementation of such models for control purposes is discussed.
Biographical Note(s): -E. Saloux is research scientist at CanmetENERGY in Canada. His main research interests include energy systems, exergy assessment and predictive control. In particular, his past and current research deals with the optimization of design and operation of photovoltaic panels, solar collectors, heat pumps, thermal energy storage and organic Rankine cycles. -J. Candanedo is research scientist at CanmetENERGY in Canada. His research interests include advanced control for building mechanical systems, design and operation of building-integrated renewable systems, thermal energy storage, predictive control strategies, modelling and simulation of building and mechanical equipment, net-zero energy buildings (NZEBs), load management and building-grid interaction.
Parallel Sessions 41 5. Parallel Sessions 1.B The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
OPTIMAL TEMPERATURE CONTROL OF LARGE SCALE DISTRICT HEATING NETWORKS
R. Bavière1, M. Vallée1 1CEA, LITEN, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble, France [email protected]
Keywords: High-Temperature DH, Dynamic Simulation, Heat Load Prediction, Model-Predictive Control ------Abstract
Large scale District Heating Network (DHN) operated at a variable supply temperature are installed in several large European cities, and more than 50 % of the heat delivered by French DHN is over 110 °C. Because of their size and complexity, operational optimization of these systems can lead to significant energy and cost savings. The present paper synthetizes four years of research conducted by our team in collaboration with CCIAG, the operating company of the Grenoble large scale DHN. This research focused on the design of a model predictive controller that optimizes the distribution of heat by an appropriate scheduling of supply temperatures and differential pressure at the production level. The controller relies on a heat load prediction covering a 24 h anticipation horizon combined with a constrained optimization problem. More specifically, our research was divided in four topics. First, we proposed and assessed various day-ahead load prediction models. An original feature of our work is to explicitly account for the network storage effect resulting from supply temperature variations. Second, we formulated a linear problem consisting of an objective function reflecting the production costs and a set of constraints representing, inter alia, the heat transport dynamics. In our solution, some of the parameters (e.g. producer-consumer temperature transportation delay) of the optimization program are periodically updated using dynamic simulation. The proposed method leads to high computational efficiency and is suitable for an inline application. Third, a fast fluid-dynamic simulation code based on a reduced model was designed and assessed for this purpose. Finally, the developed models were all implemented and assembled in a decision support software tool called PEGASE. The proposed solution is currently being evaluated by CCIAG, and preliminary results show a potential of 10% in heat loss reductions, amounting to 2 to 6% operational cost savings per year.
Biographical Note(s): -Dr. Roland Bavière is a project manager in the field of decision support software devoted to operational optimization of district heating system. He was formerly implied in the development of thermal-hydraulic system codes for nuclear reactor safety procedures. He received a PhD in fluid mechanics from Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble.
-Dr. Mathieu Vallée is a researcher investigating software architecture and algorithms for the smart management of physical devices. His research applies to several domains, including Internet of Things, smart manufacturing and district energy systems. He received a M.Sc. in artificial intelligence from Université Paris-Sorbonne, and a Ph.D. in computer science.
42 The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling
1.A: Sustainable Urban Energy Systems - Moderator: Heiko Huther 32 Urban energy systems, planning and development Resource efficiency and environmental performance
1.B: Simulation and Control Systems - Moderator: Anton Ianakiev 38 Resource efficiency and environmental performance Key elements in District Heating and Cooling systems
1.C: Optimization of DHC Systems and Elements - Moderator: Andreas Büchau 44 Key elements in District Heating and Cooling systems Open Arena, flexibility and District Heating and Cooling
2.A: Urban Energy Systems and Development - Moderator: Jens Kühne 52 Urban energy systems, planning and development Key elements in District Heating and Cooling systems
2.B: DHC Systems: Operation and Resource Efficiency - Moderator: Juergen Quarg-Vonscheidt 60 Resource efficiency and environmental performance
2.C: Key Elements in DHC Systems - Moderator: Tim Gerlach 68 Key elements in District Heating and Cooling systems
3.A: Digitalization and Marketing - Moderator: Sebastian Grimm 76 Sector coupling Hybrid energy networks and digitalization Customer relations and market issues Urban energy systems, planning and development
3.B: Reliability in DHC - Moderator: Ingo Wolf 84 Open Arena, flexibility and District Heating and Cooling
3.C: Prospective of DHC - Moderator: Stefan Hay 92 Key elements in District Heating and Cooling systems 5. Parallel Sessions 1.C The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
OPTIMAL CONDITIONS FOR ACCELERATED THERMAL AGEING OF DISTRICT HEATING PIPES
A. Vega1, N. Yarahmadi1, I. Jakubowicz1 1RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Gibraltargatan 35, Gothenburg, 412 79, Sweden [email protected]
Keywords: Degradation mechanisms, district heating pipe, rigid polyurethane foam, accelerated ageing ------Abstract
Technical lifetime prediction of polymeric materials is often based on accelerated ageing tests at elevated temperatures. The samples are exposed to high temperatures to accelerate the natural degradation processes. For district heating pipes (DHPs), accelerated thermal ageing is the ordinary method used to determine pipes’ lifetime. According to the Standard EN 253:2009, the DHPs shall be subjected to an accelerated thermal ageing for a long period of time at 160 ˚C or 170 ˚C. The DHP’s lifetime is determined by extrapolation using an Arrhenius relationship. However, papers published recently have questioned this method, especially the high temperatures used for ageing of DHPs and the use of Arrhenius equation to describe the complicated degradation mechanisms, which can result in the erroneous estimation of DHP’s lifetime. First, the degradation mechanisms of rigid polyurethane (PUR) foam material were determined. The key results have already been presented at the DHC2016 in Korea. The main aim of the second part is to understand the degradation mechanisms of PUR in DHPs that have been aged artificially. The ageing effects were studied with respect to the pipes’ mechanical and thermal performances, which are of vital importance for the correct functionality of the district heating network. Non-standard methods were used to measure both thermal and mechanical properties. Another objective is to improve the model used to predict the expected lifetime of the current and future generation of DHPs. Our investigation has shown the complexity of the DHP’s degradation mechanisms. The behaviour of mechanical shear strength at 130 °C in comparison with pipes at higher temperatures, suggests an alteration of the degradation mechanisms at elevated temperatures rather than acceleration of the mechanisms. Accelerated ageing tests should reproduce the proper natural ageing mechanisms. The degradation patterns were confirmed by analyses of PUR’s thermal conductivity and its chemical structure by FTIR.
Biographical Note(s):
-Alberto has worked at RISE with several research projects. In 2015, he started his Ph.D. study in the project “Service life of district heating pipes” at Chalmers University in Sweden. He finished his M.Sc. 2011 in physics and quantum mechanics at Linköping University in Sweden.
-Nazdaneh works at RISE with research and developing of polymeric materials. She works currently as research leader at RISE with projects about degradation, modification and life time prediction of polymers. She has published 15 Peer reviewed papers and 16 scientific conference papers.
-Ignacy is Associate Professor at Chalmers University of Technology and senior researcher at RISE. He has published 28 papers and 47 contributions at international scientific conferences. An essential part of his scientific work comprises degradation, stabilisation and lifetime technology of polymeric materials.
46 The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling 5. Parallel Sessions The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, 1.C September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
ANALYSES OF AXIAL DISPLACEMENT MEASUREMENTS FROM A MONITORED DISTRICT HEATING PIPELINE SYSTEM
S. Hay1, F. A. Villalobos2, I. Weidlich3, I. Wolf4 1AGFW | the energy efficiency association for heat, cold and chp, Stresemannallee 30, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany 2 Catholic University of Concepción, Alonso de Ribera 2850, Concepción, Chile 3 HafenCity University, Überseesallee 16, Hamburg, 20457, Germany 4enercity Netzgesellschaft mbH, Auf der Papenburg 18, Hannover, 30459, Germany [email protected]
Keywords: district heating, buried preinsulated pipes, pipe soil interaction monitoring, axial displacement ------Abstract
The need for understanding the response of district heating piping systems has led to the development of a monitoring programme. This programme includes the design of the connection of an instrumented section of piping within an operating district heating network. The design complies with the current European district heating recommendations and standards. There are different conditions under testing and minor differences in design of the sections causing different friction resistance in the bedding soil. The four sections are schematically shown in figure 1. The pipes´ axial displacements are recorded in six positions along each of the sections of the pipeline.
Figure 1: Sketch of the monitored pipeline sections, showing fixed points, joints and cushions
For the first time axial displacements of four similar buried preinsulated pipes were measured under defined on site conditions. This unique monitored pipeline allowed preliminary results of axial displacements, which are relevant for the district heating design, operation and maintenance. The contribution focusses on the results of the first period of operation, where a defined start-up procedure is used (temperature increase up to 90°C, held constant for 60 days). Afterwards the operating temperature was reduced down to the ambient temperature. The start-up procedure was repeated once before starting the cyclic-operating procedure up to 140°C.
Parallel Sessions 47 The measured maximum pipes´ axial displacements at operating temperature 90°C were around 25 mm in the bows of the monitored pipelines. The measurement results are between estimated values using current recommendation procedures (23 mm) and using commercial computer programs (27 mm). Also residual displacements at ambient temperature level were measured. The impact of unloading-reloading cycles on pipe deformation behaviour will be part of the further monitoring programme. The results of the four sections will be presented in a comparative way and a forecast on the cyclic- operating procedure will be given here.
Biographical Note(s): -Stefan Hay has been working on several research topics in the field of district heating and cooling since 2014. As a Project Manager he is responsible for the national founded Research Project “Technische Gebrauchsdaueranalyse von Wärmenetzen unter Berücksichtigung volatile erneuerbarer Energien”. -Ingo Weidlich has been professor for infrastructural engineering at the HafenCity University since 2016, author of the book “Earth pressure on Pipelines” and has had more than 50 publications. He is a researcher in the field of district heating since 2002. -Ingo Wolf has been working in the field of quality assurance of district heating since 1994. He is a member of standardization committees on the National and European level.
48 The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling 5. Parallel Sessions The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, 1.C September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
POWER GENERATION SYSTEM FOR USING UNUSED ENERGY IN DISTRICT HEATING PIPELINES
Kyung Min KIM1, Mun Sei OH1, Sung Yong PARK1 1Korea District Heating Corp., 92 Gigok-ro, Yongin, Gyeonggi, 17099, KOREA [email protected]
Keywords: Hydroelectric Power, pressure differential, unused energy, thermal grid, district heating system ------Abstract
When the hot water for district heating (DH) is supplied through a thermal grid, a pressure differential control valve (PDCV) in a substation protects the users’ equipment from the high pressure water and helps to supply DH water to long distance. It also controls the constant temperature and adjusts the constant pressure in the thermal grid. However, cavitation occurs in PDCV due to the use of high pressure DH water. It causes frequent failures, many problems and energy losses. It makes a complaint to both the operator and the user. In order to solve these problems, we have introduced the hydroelectric power generation method to replace PDCV with hydraulic turbine, convert the unused differential pressure within a DH pipe into electricity. When a differential pressure power generation system is operated in the user’s substation, power generation of about 10 to 20 MWh and reduction of carbon dioxide emission to about 7 tons can be seen for a year. It is possible to install more than 3,000 out of about 10,000 of the district heating in Korea. It can grow into a new energy business model. It is also calculated that the DH plant has a power saving effect. The cost of the DH pump power can reduce by more than 3%, and the efficiency of CHP plant can increase by more than 0.3% because 10% defective of PDCV is decreased.
Biographical Note(s): -Kyung Min KIM is a principal researcher at Korea District Heating Corp and an alternative member in IEA-DHC. His work focuses on new technologies, such as introducing renewable energy and making new business models, in district energy systems. Mun Sei OH is a head of new technology department of R&D institute at Korea District Heating Corp. He is a national project leader of ‘Development of urban thermal networks model linking unused heat and district heating.’ -Sung Yong PARK is a deputy head of new technology department at Korea District Heating Corp. His main area of interest is the study of a combined heat and power system and its operating and maintenance.
Parallel Sessions 49 5. Parallel Sessions 1.C The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
TECHNO ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THERMOCHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE AND TRANSPORT SYSTEM UTILIZING “ZEOLITE BOILER”: CASE STUDY IN SWEDEN
S. Fujii1, Y. Kanematsu2, Y. Kikuchi2, T. Nakagaki1, J.NW. Chiu3, V. Martin3
1Department of Modern Mechanical Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan 2 Presidential Endowed Chair for “Platinum Society”, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113- 8656, Japan 3 Department of Energy Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden [email protected]
Keywords: Thermochemical energy storage, Zeolite, Techno-Economic analysis, Industrial surplus heat ------Abstract
Thermochemical energy storage and transport system utilizing zeolite steam adsorption and regeneration cycle is one of the methods to resolve the mismatch between industrial surplus heat and heat demands. From the previous study, conceptual design of a heat discharging device called Zeolite boiler employing a moving bed with indirect heat exchanger was introduced to generate pressurized steam, and this zeolite boiler required adsorbed steam generated from an existing boiler. In this study, a new type of zeolite boiler is proposed. It uses humidified air instead of steam to generate hot tap water at around 60 °C. Zeolite are supplied from the top of the chamber and humidified air is injected into the zeolite bed. Zeolite moves down through the chamber adsorbing injected humidified air and adsorption heat is transferred to a primary heat exchanger which is settled in the chamber to heat up supplied water. At the bottom of the chamber, sensible heat of zeolite is recovered via a secondary heat exchanger to heat up the water for a humidifier, and air is humidified and injected from the top of the chamber. A quasi – 2D model solving heat, mass and steam conservation equations was developed, leading to a performance characterization of this zeolite boiler. Based on this calculation, a case study, heat transporting between a steel manufacture and a hotel around Sandviken, about 160 km north to Stockholm, Sweden, was examined and all corresponding cost were fixed. The Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) was evaluated resulting in about 50 to 60 €/MWh and the possibility of competitiveness against conventional pellet boiler was shown. Sensitive analysis showed that the transportation cost is a dominant factor of this case study.
50 The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling 5. Parallel Sessions 1.C
Biographical Note(s):
-S. Fujii is a PhD student in Department of Modern Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Creative Science and Engineering at Waseda University, Japan. His research interests focus on thermochemical energy storage and transport system utilizing zeolite. Y. Kanematsu is a project academic support specialist in presidential endowed chair for “Platinum Society” at The University of Tokyo, Japan. His research interests focus on process systems engineering and life cycle engineering. -Y. Kikuchi is a project associated professor in presidential endowed chair for “Platinum Society” at The University of Tokyo, Japan. His research interests focus on process systems engineering, life cycle engineering, environmental impact assessment, risk analysis and knowledge structuring. -T. Nakagaki is a professor in Department of Modern Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Creative Science and Engineering at Waseda University, Japan. His research interests focus on energy conversion, distributed generation, power generation, thermal management, chemical recuperation and thermal energy storage. -J.N. Chiu is a researcher in Department of Energy Technology, School of Industrial Technology and Management at KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden. His research interests focus on energy systems and efficiency improvement, renewable energy, thermal application, distributed energy systems, district heating and cooling, energy storage. -V. Martin is a professor in Department of Energy Technology, School of Industrial Technology and Management at KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden. Her research interests focus on thermal energy storage (heat and cold) using phase change materials and chemical reactions, solar, and district energy systems.
Parallel Sessions 51
1.A: Sustainable Urban Energy Systems - Moderator: Heiko Huther 32 Urban energy systems, planning and development Resource efficiency and environmental performance
1.B: Simulation and Control Systems - Moderator: Anton Ianakiev 38 Resource efficiency and environmental performance Key elements in District Heating and Cooling systems
1.C: Optimization of DHC Systems and Elements - Moderator: Andreas Büchau 44 Key elements in District Heating and Cooling systems Open Arena, flexibility and District Heating and Cooling
2.A: Urban Energy Systems and Development - Moderator: Jens Kühne 52 Urban energy systems, planning and development Key elements in District Heating and Cooling systems
2.B: DHC Systems: Operation and Resource Efficiency - Moderator: Juergen Quarg-Vonscheidt 60 Resource efficiency and environmental performance
2.C: Key Elements in DHC Systems - Moderator: Tim Gerlach 68 Key elements in District Heating and Cooling systems
3.A: Digitalization and Marketing - Moderator: Sebastian Grimm 76 Sector coupling Hybrid energy networks and digitalization Customer relations and market issues Urban energy systems, planning and development
3.B: Reliability in DHC - Moderator: Ingo Wolf 84 Open Arena, flexibility and District Heating and Cooling
3.C: Prospective of DHC - Moderator: Stefan Hay 92 Key elements in District Heating and Cooling systems 5. Parallel Sessions 2.A The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
THERMAL GRID SYSTEM AND ITS FIELD TEST IN SEVERAL BUILDINGS WITH INDIVIDUAL HEATING AND COOLING FACILITY Masaki. Nakao1,Minako. Nabeshima1, Yoichi. Kobayashi2, Masashi. Ishinada1 1Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimotocho Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka-shi, 558-8585, Japan 2 Yasui Architects & Engineers, Inc. ,2-4-7, Shima-machi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 540-0034, Japany [email protected]
Keywords: Thermal grid, Router, dual loop piping, Optimization, primary energy consumption ------Abstract
While almost all buildings have their individual heating and cooling facility, district heating and cooling network has not been sufficiently developed yet in Japan. Thermal grid system can be added to district buildings to reduce their primary energy consumption. Thermal grid system consists of double loop pipings and routers, which is a facility with a control valve and grid pump that switches the route of water flow. Eight routes of water flow can be selected by the function of the router. In this paper, the function of the router is explained and the optimization method, proposed by Yokoyama, is applied in order to operate the thermal grid system most effectively, in which the heat source units and consumption units are connected with the double loop pipings. In the thermal grid system, mass flow rates and temperatures of water are considered as basic variables to express heat flow rates as well as pressure and heat losses in piping segments. Thermal grid was installed in six buildings of an exhibition district in Osaka, Japan. Double loop pipings with 204.7 mm of inner diameter are connected to units of the six buildings via the routers. The six buildings have fifteen pieces of existing aged heat source units with the total cooling capacity of 28MW. One highly efficient heat source unit which is inverter-turbo-refrigerator with 5% of the total cooling capacity in the existing heat source units is additionally installed to the thermal grid system. Operation was carried out to minimize the primary energy consumption. After the introduction of TGS, CO2 emissions in the summer of 2015 decreased by 42% compared with the summer of 2014 before TGS introduction.
Biographical Note(s): -Prof. Dr.Masaki Nakao is a Professor of Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology at Osaka City University, Japan. The research areas comprise heat recovery system in sewer pipeline, aquifer thermal energy storage systems, thermal grid systems. -Minako NABESHIMA, is an Associate Professor,Urban Engineering Course, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University. -Youichi Kobayashi is a director of air conditioning equipment design department of Yasui Architects & Engineers, Inc.. -Masashi Ishinada is a MSc student of Urban Engineering Course, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University.
54 The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling 5. Parallel Sessions The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, 2.A September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
PREDICTING USER BEHAVIOR FOR DYNAMIC SIMULATION OF DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEMS
Anna Kallert1, Dietrich Schmidt1 1 Fraunhofer Institute for Energy Economics and Energy System Technology Königstor 59, DE-34119 Kassel, Germany [email protected]
Keywords: Simulation and optimization, randomized user profiles, assessment and planning issues, low temperature district supply ------Abstract
Detailed user profiles for different energy demands in buildings are a key element for concurrent analysis of demand and supply. Especially when analysing low-temperature district heating systems, not only the characteristics of the supply system, but also the energy demand of the buildings, caused by the inhabitants and appliances, have an impact on the overall demand. In an early stage of planning or if measured data are not available, prediction of user behaviour using randomized user profiles offers opportunities for the analysis or design of energy systems. For the analysis of energy systems using these profiles, it is significant to indicate how many residents are at home and how many of them are active at which time. Furthermore, it is important at which time and how long electricity is required for which appliances. In addition, it has to be considered how much thermal energy for space heating and domestic hot water is demanded at which time. All aspects must be taken into account simultaneously for the analysis of complex energy systems since they are influencing each other as well as the energy demand. In literature, approaches are found mainly focusing on one or two of the aspects mentioned above. Hence a VBA tool was developed which enables the creation of stochastic user profiles by considering all aspects simultaneously. The tool generates profiles of the presence and activity of the inhabitants as well as electricity and DHW profiles automatically. The profiles are high-resolution and are ready for use in almost any simulation environment. To demonstrate the performance and the added value of the tool, examples of applications are shown. In future research, high-resolution profiles for electricity and heat taking into account behaviour of residents will become increasingly important to investigate sector coupling and demand-side management or assessing hybrid energy networks.
Biographical Note(s): -Anna Kallert is PhD student at Fraunhofer Institute for Energy Economics and Energy System Technology in Kassel (Germany) and the Technical University of Munich. Her research is dealing with low temperature district heating supply, modeling and simulation of energy systems, exergy- based assessment and safe supply of domestic hot water.
-Dr. Dietrich Schmidt is head of the Power-Heat-Systems department at Fraunhofer Institute for Energy Economics and Energy System Technology in Kassel (Germany). His research include innovative district heating supply, sector coupling and hybrid energy networks. Dietrich Schmidt was operating agent of the first task shared Annex in IEA DHC program
Parallel Sessions 55 5. Parallel Sessions 2.A The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
A STUDY OF SOLAR THERMAL INTEGRATION AT MULTIPLE LOCATIONS WITHIN DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEMS
Wang Danhong 1, Orehounig Kristina 2, Carmeliet Jan 1 1Chair of Building Physics ETH Zurich, Stefano Franscini Platz 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland 2Urban Energy Systems Laboratory Empa, Überlandstrasse 129 , Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland [email protected]
Keywords: district heating, decentralized integration, bi-directional flow ------Abstract
The integration of solar energy technologies into district heating networks can be realized by feeding in energy both at centralized or at multiple decentralized locations from the consumer side. As distribution networks serve as thermal transmission grids, the interaction between the energy feed in (i.e. production) and withdrawal (i.e. consumption) at multiple locations within distribution networks should be incorporated. This paper aims to deepen the knowledge in this research area by developing a modelling framework for design and simulating district-heating networks with different system configurations under such scheme. Quantitative comparisons are made on the system performances, by addressing technical constraints of thermal networks and temperature dynamics of energy sources.
A comprehensive simulation model is built to assess different scenarios of solar district heating system designs. Design variations include the comparison between decentralized solar thermal feed- in on distributed building rooftops and centralized solar feed-in from a solar thermal field. The simulation model framework is setup in Matlab, with hourly time step. The distribution network model is formulated as a thermal hydraulic model representing detailed information on thermal and hydraulic losses on each pipe. It enables bidirectional flow from multiple sources integrated into the district heating network. Energy conversion technologies (solar thermal collectors) and heat demand are connected with the network model as source and sink. The design and simulation framework is applied to an artificial case study, composing of 20 buildings with mixed building stocks including office and residential buildings. Annual solar fraction and system costs for both investment and operation are key performance indicators. Results show qualitatively the benefits for decentralized solar energy integration by improving the total system solar fraction. System performance is highly dependent on the scale of district by verified load density and load patterns with different building stocks.
Biographical Note(s): -Wang Danhong is currently a PhD student, researching under the scope of distributed energy system design and optimization. Her particular research topic is focusing on district heating systems design with renewable energy technologies. -Dr. Orehounig Kristina’s research interests include sustainable passive strategies in building design and operation, thermal comfort, urban energy flows and the urban microclimate. Her professional affiliations include membership in IBPSA (International Building Performance Simulation Association) and ISIAQ (International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate). -Professor Carmeliet Jan’s research interests concern multiscale behaviour of porous and granular materials, heat-air- moisture flow in the urban environment and energy systems at building and urban scale. Research is based on advanced computational modelling (atomistic, discrete element, lattice Boltzmann, CFD, FEM) and advanced experimental techniques (X-ray and Neutron Tomography) and time-resolved imaging in wind and water tunnels (PIV).
56 The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling 5. Parallel Sessions
The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, 2.A September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
IMPACT OF DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSMISSION INVESTMENT COSTS OF DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEMS ON DISTRICT HEATING POTENTIAL
Mostafa Fallahnejad1, Sara Fritz1, Michael Hartner1, Lukas Kranzl1 1Institute of Energy Systems and Electrical Drives Energy Economics Group, Technische Universität Wien Gusshausstrasse 25-29, 370, 1040 Vienna, Austria [email protected]
Keywords: District heating potential, Grid investment costs, Heat density, Plot ratio ------Abstract
The competitiveness of district heating (DH) systems in suburban areas, in contrast to dense city areas, is often lower due to higher distribution costs and heat losses. Therefore, the expansion and extension of the DH systems in suburban areas are accompanied with higher economic uncertainties. In this paper, we use a heat density map and a plot ratio map to propose a GIS-based method for determining economically profitable urban and suburban areas for deploying DH systems. The impact of the distribution and transmission costs on DH potential is analysed. The method is applied to the case study of Vienna. The input data are depreciation time, interest rate, expected maximum market shares of district heating, expected accumulated energy savings through future renovation activities, and investment cost ceiling for additional grid infrastructure. The DH areas are determined via performing sensitivity analyses on the heat density map and considering the predefined upper bound of the average distribution costs in the region. The approach also allows for estimation of the transmission line length and its associated costs. As an output, areas that are economically viable for construction of DH and their potential will be illustrated in GIS layers. Thanks to the flexibility of the approach, the method can be applied to any urban or rural area. The impact of the various parameters such as investment period, distribution capital costs ceiling and market share on potential, expansion and extension of the DH systems can be studied. In addition, the method shows to which extent the market share targets at the end of a certain investment period can be met.
Biographical Note: Mostafa Fallahnejad is a PhD candidate at the Energy Economics Group (EEG) in TU Wien. He is involved in the field of energy system modeling as well as heating and cooling planning. His research interest is mathematical modeling within the energy sector.
Parallel Sessions 57 5. Parallel Sessions 2.A The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
IMPACT OF DIFFERENT DESIGN GUIDELINES ON THE TOTAL DISTRIBUTION COSTS OF 4TH GENERATION DISTRICT HEATING NETWORKS I. Best1, J. Orozaliev1, Klaus Vajen1 1University of Kassel, Kurt-Wolters-Str.3, Kassel, 34125, Germany [email protected]
Keywords: Ultra-Low-Temperature District Heating, Heat Distribution Costs, Small District Heating Networks ------Abstract
In future smart energy systems district heating will play an important role to ensure renewable energy integration. When it comes to the design of new district heating networks, different design guidelines of different countries and pipe manufactures occur. All guidelines are aiming to restrict the specific pressure drop per meter pipe length to avoid uneconomic network operation. This paper evaluates the impact of different design guidelines from Sweden, Germany and Austria, as well as pipe manufacture recommendations on the total distribution costs. The analysis was conducted for a 4th generation district heating network for a new housing development (3 km trench length, various linear heat demand densities). The resulting district heating networks with their diameter distribution were compared in terms of distribution costs including capital costs, pressure loss costs, heat loss costs, and maintenance costs. It will be shown that for the investigated small district heating network the pressure loss costs play an insignificant role. The results state that designing small networks at maximum heat load with the maximum system supply temperature by allowing high specific pressure drops of 300 Pa/m shows the most economic results in terms of capital costs and variable costs. Compared to 70 to 100 Pa/m recommendations, 5 – 7 % capital costs can be saved designing the network with 300 Pa/m pressure drops of short duration. Regarding distribution heat loss costs, the smaller the average diameter of the network the lower the heat distribution losses. Allowing for the network design higher specific pressure drops, the more energy efficient the network will be due to smaller pipe diameters. Applying the pipe manufactures maximum flow velocities for network design leads to a 10 % heat loss capacity reduction for the whole network. This reduces equally the distribution heat loss costs. Furthermore, the paper compares total costs of the networks designed for 70°C and 40°C supply temperature using optimal design guidelines. At lower temperatures and temperature differences between supply and return higher mass flow rates and larger diameters of transportation pipes are needed. On the other hand, the heat loss costs are reduced. In terms of total distribution costs, both networks are very similar, which shows that ultra-low temperature networks have no economic disadvantages compared to state of the art 70°C networks, as often believed.
Biographical Note(s): -Isabelle Best is in her third year of PhD studies at the Institute of Thermal Engineering, Department of Solar and Systems Engineering at the University of Kassel, Germany. Her focus is on low-temperature district heating and solar heat integration. She is conducting system modelling and dynamic simulation for system design and optimization. -Dr. Janybek Orozaliev is a PostDoc at the Institute of Thermal Engineering at the University of Kassel, Germany. He is leading the research groups with the focus on solar thermal systems and district heating. -Prof. Dr. Klaus Vajen is professor for Solar and Systems Engineering at the University of Kassel and supervisor of around 20 PhD students and researchers. The research areas comprise solar thermal, renewable process heat, sorption technologies and district heating.
58 The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling
1.A: Sustainable Urban Energy Systems - Moderator: Heiko Huther 32 Urban energy systems, planning and development Resource efficiency and environmental performance
1.B: Simulation and Control Systems - Moderator: Anton Ianakiev 38 Resource efficiency and environmental performance Key elements in District Heating and Cooling systems
1.C: Optimization of DHC Systems and Elements - Moderator: Andreas Büchau 44 Key elements in District Heating and Cooling systems Open Arena, flexibility and District Heating and Cooling
2.A: Urban Energy Systems and Development - Moderator: Jens Kühne 52 Urban energy systems, planning and development Key elements in District Heating and Cooling systems
2.B: DHC Systems: Operation and Resource Efficiency - Moderator: Juergen Quarg-Vonscheidt 60 Resource efficiency and environmental performance
2.C: Key Elements in DHC Systems - Moderator: Tim Gerlach 68 Key elements in District Heating and Cooling systems
3.A: Digitalization and Marketing - Moderator: Sebastian Grimm 76 Sector coupling Hybrid energy networks and digitalization Customer relations and market issues Urban energy systems, planning and development
3.B: Reliability in DHC - Moderator: Ingo Wolf 84 Open Arena, flexibility and District Heating and Cooling
3.C: Prospective of DHC - Moderator: Stefan Hay 92 Key elements in District Heating and Cooling systems 5. Parallel Sessions 2.B The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACT OF MOSCOW DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEM ON URBAN ENVIRONMENT G.G. Alexandrov, A.S. Ginzburg A.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics RAS Pyzhevsky per., 3, Moscow, Russia [email protected]
Keywords: district heating, carbon and thermal emission. ------Abstract
Moscow City district heating system is the largest in the world and understanding of its anthropogenic impact on environment, such as carbon and thermal emissions, is important for understanding and managing possibilities for increasing energy demand efficiency within large urban agglomerations. Moscow heating system is unique in terms of its scale and is generally comparable to individual EU nations in terms of major characteristics. For example, in 2012, the total length of pipelines in Moscow was 16,3 km and the associated contractual thermal load was 19 GW, which exceeds the corresponding aggregate figures for Finland (roughly 13,600 km and 18.5 GW, respectively). In this study authors presents the analysis, based on official Moscow City authority data of energy use for district heating, which is intended to show “end-user” CO2 and thermal emissions, that represent the consumers and not producers. This research estimates and analyze CO2 emissions and thermal emissions of the Moscow district heating system at the Moscow Administrative Districts level and shows that CO2 emissions for districts vary from 1.15 to 6.76 Mt CO2/yr and thermal emissions vary from 23 to 76 W/m2. This study has aim to help Moscow City authority and heating supply industry to undertake necessary measures and actions to decrease negative impact on environment caused by district heating system and to analyze possible consequences of the current and projected regional climate changes on energy demand in Russian megalopolises. The investigation supported by Russian Scientific Foundation (project no. 16-17-00114).
Biographical Notes: -G.G. Alexandrov: urban carbon and thermal emission. -A.S. Ginzburg: radiative transfer, global, regional and urban climate.
62 The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling 5. Parallel Sessions
The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, 2.B September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
DISTRICT HEATING PIPES BURIED IN TEMPORARILY FLOWABLE BACKFILL MATERIALS
D. Wolfrum, T. Neidhart Technical University of Eastern Bavaria at Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany [email protected]
Keywords: district heating, pipe static, Temporarily Flowable Backfill Material ------Abstract
In district heating systems, it is state of the art to use sand as backfill material for district heating pipes (DHP). In conventional pipeline construction, Temporarily Flowable Backfill Materials (TFB) have been already used for backfilling the pipe zone. TFB consists of the excavated material, cement, water and optionally bentonite. Environmental and economic advantages are that the excavated material can be reused and that TFB requires no compaction. In order to embed district heating pipes in TFB, soil mechanical parameters of the TFB are required. Above all, the resistance to temperature-induced axial displacement should be well-known in order to estimate the displacements of the DHP, as well as the stress distribution along the DHP. Compared to sand, as a non-cohesive backfill, TFB have remarkable adhesive contact stresses which result in considerable resistance forces. Consequently, the contact behavior of TFB differs from that of sand and the assumptions which were used in EN 13941 and AGFW FW 401 are inapplicable for TFB. It is essential to understand the contact-working-resistance-line (CWRL) at the DHP/ TFB interface in order to estimate the deformations and stresses of DHP. Since the resistance depends on the normal stress at the DHP-surface, the influence of the radial temperature expansion on the normal stress must be understood and taken into account. In this article, the contact behavior between TFB and DHP is described, as well as the effect on the DHP statics. Therefore, the results of various laboratory and full-scale tests are summarized and presented to understand the CRWL of the DHP/ TFB interface. Then, the deduced CRWL was implemented in a computer program for some comparative calculations with sand and TFB. Finally, the results of cyclic loading are presented and discussed.
Biographical Note(s): -Dominik Wolfrum has been scientific assistant in geotechnics at the Technical University of Eastern Bavaria at Regensburg since 2015. His research projects focused on pipes buried in TFB and the effect on pipe statics. -Thomas Neidhart is professor for geotechnics at the Technical University of Eastern Bavaria at Regensburg since 1998. His is academically engaged on soil-structure interaction problems of soil mechanics and soil dynamics as well. Prof. Neidhart is chairman of the committee for soil columns and rigid inclusions of the German geotechnical Society.
Parallel Sessions 63 5. Parallel Sessions 2.B The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
MEASUREMENT-BASED MODELLING OF LARGE ATMOSPHERIC HEAT STORAGE TANKS
A. Herwig1, L. Umbreit1, K. Rühling1 1Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Power Engineering, Professorship of Building Energy Systems and Heat Supply, 01062 Dresden, Germany [email protected]
Keywords: atmospheric heat storage tanks, modelling, distributed temperature sensing ------Abstract
In order to investigate their physical behaviour under real operation conditions four one-zone and two two- zone heat storage tanks at scales between 2,000 m3 and 43,000 m3 had been equipped with a distributed temperature sensing (DTS) measurement system. The DTS-measurement principle gains precise information about the temperature distribution both in space and in time along one single glass fiber cable. Due to realizing an adapted measurement concept for each of the monitored heat storage tanks and developing appropriate analysis algorithms more detailed information can be revealed. Hence, different physical effects on the thermal stratification inside the heat storage tank can be proven. The measurement setup presented in this paper (see Fig. 1) evaluates the rotational symmetry of the tem- perature field of a one-zone heat storage tank. More- over, as a second focus, its radial homogeneity is in- vestigated. First results show that the thermal strati- fication stays close to both rotational symmetry and radial homogeneity. Thus, the vertical direction dominates the description of the temperature field. This can reduce the modeling effort for this type of heat storage tanks significantly to a 1D model. In addition, DTS- measurements in the foundation allow the validation of numerical calculations for heat loss towards the ground.
Fig. 1: Measurement setup of a one-zone heat storage tank R1-4: Four linear radial measurement positions U1-3: Three linear circumferential measurement positions
64 The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling 5. Parallel Sessions 2.B
Due to constructive measures of two-zone heat storage tanks (see Fig. 2) heat can be stored at higher temperature levels in the lower zone as in one-zone heat storage tanks. Hence, capacity increases regarding equal size of one-zone and two-zone heat storage tanks. Furthermore, heat can be supplied at two independent temperature levels. Using animated visualizations of the DTS-measurement data different cases of charging and discharging can be depicted and help to understand the interaction between the two zones. This knowledge had been used to improve the operation management of the two-zone heat storage tank. Moreover, detailed information of the inner temperature profiles are discussed concerning: • radial symmetry for each zone, • assessment of thermal stratification, • thermal conduction between the two zones.
Fig. 2: Two-zone heat storage tank with a total inner volume of 18,000 m3
Biographical Notes: - A. Herwig Research associate at the Professorship of Building Energy Systems and Heat Sup- ply since 2010, projects in the field of heat storages, main focus on DTS- measurement technology and numerical simulation - L. Umbreit Research associate at the Professorship of Building Energy Systems and Heat Sup- ply since 2015, projects in the field of energy consumption monitoring and heat storages, main focus on DTS-measurement technology and data post-processing - K. Rühling Head of the field Heat Supply at the Professorship of Building Energy Systems and Heat Supply, projects e.g. in the field of district heating & CHP, solar thermal, heat storages
Parallel Sessions 65 5. Parallel Sessions 2.B The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
IMPROVING OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY OF POWER PLANTS THROUGH ON-SITE CALIBRATION OF FLOW SENSORS
Ulrich Müller1, Michael Dues2, Waldemar Hübert1, Christoph Rautenberg1 1OPTOLUTION Messtechnik GmbH, Gewerbestr. 18, Lörrach, 79539, Germany 2ILA R&D GmbH, Karl-Heinz-Beckurts-Straße 13, Jülich, 52428, Germany [email protected]
Keywords: flow measurement, innovative calibration technology, on-site calibration of flow sensors ------Abstract
A lot of operations and efficiency calculations for thermal power plants are based on measurements of large flow meters and therefore strongly depend on precise volume flow measuring data. These meters are often used continuously for decades after an initial calibration at external test benches under optimized conditions. An accredited recalibration of these meters under actual operation conditions was not possible so far. In the best case scenario those flow meters are unmounted and recalibrated on an external test bench. A large drawback of this procedure is the interruption of supply in addition to its already high costs. Furthermore, calibration conditions on test benches can differ greatly from actual operation conditions. So even if calibrated, the measurement uncertainty of the flow meter in operation remains fairly unknown. More precisely measured values of flow sensors may uncover hidden saving potentials and allow more precise performance indicators, improving energy efficiency as well as day-to-day operations. These reasons pushed the development of a technology for the calibration of large flow sensors on site in their mounted state, without the need to interrupt supply and under its actual operation conditions. The patented measurement technology is based on the optical measurement principle of Laser Doppler Velocimetry. With this measurement technology, local flow velocities are measured across one or multiple pipe diameter paths. By integration of this measured cross section velocity profile(s) the volume flow is calculated to recalibrate the flow meter. In the case of non-symmetrical flow conditions, which are quite prevalent within flow conditions of flow sensors in industrial applications, a flow-condition based class-model to estimate the measurement uncertainties based on key figures derived in extensive measurement campaigns and CFD simulations was developed. This model was one of the requirements for the successful accreditation according to the standard ISO/IEC 17025.
Biographical Note(s):
- Ulrich Müller: General Manager of OPTOLUTION Messtechnik GmbH, Head of calibration laboratory, development and design of laser optical flow measurement, flow measuring technologies, calibration of flow meters - Michael Dues: General Manager of ILA R&D GmbH, laser optical flow measurement, development and design of measuring systems, flow measuring technologies - Waldemar Hübert: Applications and Project Engineer, laser optical flow measurement, measurement uncertainties, software development, flow measuring technologies - Christoph Rautenberg: Product Manager and Deputy Head of calibration laboratory, laser optical flow measurement, services, calibration of flow meters
66 The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling
1.A: Sustainable Urban Energy Systems - Moderator: Heiko Huther 32 Urban energy systems, planning and development Resource efficiency and environmental performance
1.B: Simulation and Control Systems - Moderator: Anton Ianakiev 38 Resource efficiency and environmental performance Key elements in District Heating and Cooling systems
1.C: Optimization of DHC Systems and Elements - Moderator: Andreas Büchau 44 Key elements in District Heating and Cooling systems Open Arena, flexibility and District Heating and Cooling
2.A: Urban Energy Systems and Development - Moderator: Jens Kühne 52 Urban energy systems, planning and development Key elements in District Heating and Cooling systems
2.B: DHC Systems: Operation and Resource Efficiency - Moderator: Juergen Quarg-Vonscheidt 60 Resource efficiency and environmental performance
2.C: Key Elements in DHC Systems - Moderator: Tim Gerlach 68 Key elements in District Heating and Cooling systems
3.A: Digitalization and Marketing - Moderator: Sebastian Grimm 76 Sector coupling Hybrid energy networks and digitalization Customer relations and market issues Urban energy systems, planning and development
3.B: Reliability in DHC - Moderator: Ingo Wolf 84 Open Arena, flexibility and District Heating and Cooling
3.C: Prospective of DHC - Moderator: Stefan Hay 92 Key elements in District Heating and Cooling systems 5. Parallel Sessions 2.C The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
FIELD EXPERIENCE WITH ULTDH BOOSTER SUBSTATION FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDING
J.E. Thorsen1, T. Ommen2 1Danfoss A/S, Nordborgvej 81, 6430 Nordborg, Denmark 2Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Allé, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800,Denmark [email protected]
Keywords: Ultra low temperature District Heating, DH consumer unit, Domestic hot water, Domestic hot water circulation, Booster substation
------Abstract
In this paper we present the first field experiences of an ultra-low temperature district heating (ULTDH) consumer unit for multi-family houses with an integrated heat pump for domestic hot water preparation and circulation.
In order to achieve the goal of 100 % renewable (RE) heat and power supply, increased energy efficiency and utilization of available RE resources are important. In this context the benefits of ULTDH are multiple. First, heat losses from the district heating network can be reduced, which also becomes increasingly important in the future heat supply to low energy buildings. Second, ULTDH enables the use of low temperature renewable energy resources such as solar, geothermal, industrial waste heat and increase in efficiency of central heat pumps. Moreover, ULTDH in local networks opens for possibility to connect new users to existing DH systems without large additional capacity investments.
The viability of Low temperature district heating (LTDH) consumer with around 55 °C supply temperature has been proven and demonstrated in Denmark. Here it is possible to prepare domestic hot water of 50 °C without any additional energy source for boosting the temperature. However, the lower temperature energy resources and DH supply at 40-45 °C, which to a high share of the heating season is sufficient for space heating, cannot be utilized in such system due to hot water requirements. We present a heat pump of high efficiency integrated in the consumer DH unit to boost the temperature of the district heating water for domestic hot water preparation and circulation. We describe the proposed system and present the first experience from the test installation in Copenhagen, as part of the EnergyLabNordhavn project. Parameters in focus is obtained DH return temperature level, system efficiency, e.g. cop for heat pumps.
Biographical Note(s): - Jan Eric Thorsen’s background is MSc. in mechanical and energy engineering. Main focus is on positioning the District Heating Technology in the future energy system. Research and development work is made regarding District Heating and District Cooling systems. Several governmentally funded projects have been made regarding Low Temperature District Heating and 4th generation district heating. - Torben Ommen is an expert on modelling and optimization of energy systems as well as detailed design, optimization and experimental analysis of specific thermal energy technologies, such as cogeneration plants, heat pumps, refrigeration systems and district heating/cooling.
70 The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling 5. Parallel Sessions The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, 2.C September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
EVALUATION OF THE NETWORK RETURN TEMPERATURE REDUCTION POTENTIAL OF OPTIMIZED SUBSTATION CONTROL
T. Van Oevelen1,2, D. Vanhoudt1,2, R. Salenbien1,2 1VITO nv, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium 2EnergyVille, Thor Park 8310, 3600 Genk, Belgium [email protected]
Keywords: Low-temperature district heating, substation control ------Abstract
Network temperatures play a major role in the overall efficiency of district heating networks. Low network temperatures are generally desired, because they allow high heat production efficiency and low network heat losses. Also, low network temperatures benefit the injection of low-temperature renewable and waste heat sources. Furthermore, a high temperature difference between supply and return pipes is desired to reduce the overall network flow rate. This reduces pumping costs and increases the network capacity. This paper therefore focuses on the reduction of the network return temperature by considering the space heating control of district heating substations. Optimal heating control curves exist for the secondary-side supply temperature and flow rate that minimize the network return temperature of indirect substations [1,2]. The goal is to investigate the impact of optimized control curves on the network return temperature. Using a steady-state model of an indirect substation connected to a radiator system, we calculate the optimal control strategy and compare its performance to that of the standard control using outdoor- temperature compensation. The results show that the biggest impact occurs in partial-load conditions, with a potential for reducing the network return temperature by up to 4°C and primary flow rate reduction up to 8%. In the paper, we present a parametric analysis to evaluate the impact of network supply temperature, outdoor temperature and heating system dimensioning. We conclude that the use of optimized space heating control in substations could significantly reduce the network return temperature and primary flow rate. This would benefit the overall system performance of district heating grid. This improvement is achievable by upgrades to the substation hardware and control boxes only, without requiring any other heating system modifications, which supports the cost-effectiveness of the approach.
References: 1. Frederiksen S. and Wollerstrand J., “Performance of District Heating House Station in Altered Operational Modes,” The 23rd UNICHAL- Congress, Berlin, 1987, 15 pages. 2. Lauenburg P. and Wollerstrand J., “Adaptive Control of Radiator Systems for a Lowest Possible District Heating Return Temperature.” Energy and Buildings 72, 2014, pages 132–140.
Biographical Note(s): - The authors perform research in the unit Energy Technology at VITO/EnergyVille. Tijs Van Oevelen’s research interests include design, modeling and optimization of thermal systems. Dirk Vanhoudt is interested in developing future low-temperature DHC technologies, including network control, digitalization and substations. Robbe Salenbien’s research interests include district heating and cooling, thermal energy storage and thermal energy conversion systems.
Parallel Sessions 71 5. Parallel Sessions 2.C The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF A DISTRICT HEATING PIPELINE
G. Banushi1, I. Weidlich 1HafenCity University, Überseesallee 16, Hamburg, 20457, Germany [email protected]
Keywords: Seismic analysis, Transient Ground Deformation, Permanent Ground Deformation, District Heating Pipeline ------Abstract
The effect of seismic loading is not contemplated in any of the current design standards of District Heating and Cooling (DHC) networks, since this technology has been originally adopted in northern Europe, characterised by low earthquake vulnerability. Nevertheless, an increasing number of countries, including those in seismic areas like Italy, Turkey, China, Japan, and Chile are using DHC solutions due to the higher energy efficiency, compared to individual heating systems. Seismic regions are one of the most hostile environments for buried pipelines due to the effects of Transient Ground Deformation (TGD) caused by seismic wave propagation, and Permanent Ground Deformation (PGD), like faulting, landsliding, lateral spreading and buoyancy due to liquefaction. Most of research publications on the seismic analysis and design of buried steel pipelines have been motivated by the need of safeguarding the integrity of hydrocarbon pipelines, and there are no actual studies on the seismic vulnerability of DHC pipelines. This highlights the need to carefully evaluate the seismic performance of DHC pipelines, considering their typical composite cross- section and soil-pipe interaction under service loading. The present paper analyses the effect of diverse earthquake hazards on an operating District Heating (DH) pipe bend, usually susceptible to stress concentrations due to the greater flexibility, as well as the ability to accommodate thermal expansions, and absorb other externally-induced loading. The response of the operating DH pipeline subjected to different seismic loading is evaluated taking into account the geometric and mechanical properties of the system, including the soil-pipeline interaction. In conclusion, the obtained results give a better understanding on the seismic behaviour of DH pipelines, highlighting important research ground for assessing their earthquake performance in operating conditions.
Biographical Note(s): - Gersena Banushi has been a postdoctoral research associate at the Hafencity University since 2017, after finishing her PhD on the topic of “Seismic design of buried steel pipelines”, within the joint International Doctorate in Civil and Environmental Engineering between the University of Florence and the Technical University of Braunschweig. - Ingo Weidlich has been professor for infrastructural engineering at the HafenCity University since 2016, author of the book “Earth pressure on Pipelines” and has had more than 50 publications. He is a researcher in the field of district heating since 2002.
72 The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling 5. Parallel Sessions The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, 2.C September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
A MACHINE LEARNING APPROACH TO FAULT DETECTION IN DISTRICT HEATING SUBSTATIONS
S. Månsson1,2, M. Thern1, P.-O. Johansson Kallioniemi1, D. Vanhoudt2, R. Salenbien2 1Department of Energy Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden 2 VITO, Boeretang 200, BE-2400 MOL, Belgium [email protected]
Keywords: District heating substations, fault detection, machine learning ------Abstract
District heating systems of today contain a number of issues that lead to increased system temperatures. One abundant issue is poorly performing customer substations, which cause decreased cooling of the water in the primary supply system. The poor cooling leads to return temperatures that are higher than theoretically needed, which is detrimental to the system performance. The most significant disadvantage of higher return temperatures is that they prevent the district heating distributors from decreasing the supply temperatures of the system. Reduced supply temperatures benefit the system performance in a number of aspects, including less distribution losses, more power generated in CHP plants at the same heat demand, and the possibility to utilize excess heat from industrial sites or a wider variety of renewable sources. Therefore, it is of great importance to identify issues related to high return temperatures. This includes the poorly performing substations, which need to be identified and corrected in order to enable increased system cooling and decreased system temperatures.
This study presents a fault detection method using a machine learning approach to identify faulty behaviour in district heating substations. The method uses data from real substations located in a district heating system in Sweden. To make the method suitable for fault detection, a number of different input parameters were tested, to be able to decide which parameters were the most significant ones when detecting different errors. Results show that the fault detection method is able to distinguish between data sets containing well performing substations, and data sets containing poorly performing substations.
Biographical Note(s): - Sara Månsson: Main research interest is the interface between data and reality in the district heating sector. Specifically, the focus of the research is to identify and handle issues in the district heating systems by combining results from data analytics with knowledge of district heating substations, system operation and buildings. - Marcus Thern: Main research interests are engineering thermodynamics and cycle analysis, by for example design and modelling of different thermal cycles by means of Heat and Mass Balance Programs (HMBPs) and evaluation of gas turbine performance with these heat balance programs. - Per-Olof J Kallioniemi: Main research interests are district heating components and district heating development, including indoor heating systems and district heating system performance. Per-Olof has a special interest in the connection between functionality of heating system within the building, district heating substations and the district heating network. - Dirk Vanhoudt is interested in developing future low-temperature DHC technologies, including network control, digitalization and substations. - Robbe Salenbien’s research interests include district heating and cooling, thermal energy storage and thermal energy conversion systems
Parallel Sessions 73 5. Parallel Sessions 2.C The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
TOWARDS UNDERSTANDING THE QUALITY OF DISTRICT HEATING SUBSTATION CONFIGURATIONS
Shiraz Farouq1, Stefan Byttner1, Anita Sant’Anna1, Slawomir Nowaczyk1 1Halmstad University, Halmstad, 301 18, Sweden [email protected]
Keywords: district heating, substation configuration, power consumption response ------Abstract
According to [1], bad correlation between power consumption and ambient temperature may be a consequence of poor substation control. However, correlation per se is not sufficient to give clarity about a particular substation or to compare different substations in the network. Therefore, we propose that a better way to understand the quality of substation configuration is to measure the response of power consumption to ambient temperature changes. Thus, we use a linear regression model based on first differences. The slope α of this regression is the parameter of primary interest here and its optimal value will depend on a number of variables, for instance, the time constant of a building, its envelope and its power consumption requirements. Since there is no established range on what a good α should be, one has to rely on the most common observed range. To further facilitate understanding, we propose to visually correlate α ’s with other substation related variables: for instance, visualising α ’s together with return temperatures and augmenting it with features like volume, energy and building age (where available) using different color-coded schemes. We applied the proposed methodology to the data provided to us by Öresundskraft1. We observed that, for certain substations, a high power consumption response was associated with high volume and return temperatures. This may indicate suboptimal substation configuration or problems with the building insulation. For certain other substations, while the power response was low, the volumes were high and return temperature was close to the supply temperature. One possible explanation is that the set- point temperature on the secondary side is set higher than the supply temperature from the district heating network [2]. Summarizing, we believe that following our proposed methodology, district heating companies will be able to visualize, compare and quantify not only the behaviour of the substations but also the quality of their configuration.
References [1]S. Werner H. Gadd. Fault detection in district heating substations. Appl Energy, 157:51-59, 2015. [2]S. Werner S. Frederiksen. District heating and cooling, studentlitteratur, Lund, 2013.
1 Öresundskraft provides district heating services to around 13,500 customers in Helsingborg and Ängelholm (Sweden).
74 The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling
1.A: Sustainable Urban Energy Systems - Moderator: Heiko Huther 32 Urban energy systems, planning and development Resource efficiency and environmental performance
1.B: Simulation and Control Systems - Moderator: Anton Ianakiev 38 Resource efficiency and environmental performance Key elements in District Heating and Cooling systems
1.C: Optimization of DHC Systems and Elements - Moderator: Andreas Büchau 44 Key elements in District Heating and Cooling systems Open Arena, flexibility and District Heating and Cooling
2.A: Urban Energy Systems and Development - Moderator: Jens Kühne 52 Urban energy systems, planning and development Key elements in District Heating and Cooling systems
2.B: DHC Systems: Operation and Resource Efficiency - Moderator: Juergen Quarg-Vonscheidt 60 Resource efficiency and environmental performance
2.C: Key Elements in DHC Systems - Moderator: Tim Gerlach 68 Key elements in District Heating and Cooling systems
3.A: Digitalization and Marketing - Moderator: Sebastian Grimm 76 Sector coupling Hybrid energy networks and digitalization Customer relations and market issues Urban energy systems, planning and development
3.B: Reliability in DHC - Moderator: Ingo Wolf 84 Open Arena, flexibility and District Heating and Cooling
3.C: Prospective of DHC - Moderator: Stefan Hay 92 Key elements in District Heating and Cooling systems 5. Parallel Sessions 3.A The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
REAL-TIME GRID OPTIMISATION THROUGH DIGITALISATION – RESULTS OF THE STORM PROJECT
C. Johansson1, D. Vanhoudt2 3, T. Van Oevelen2 3 1, Biblioteksgatan 4, Karlshamn, 374 35, Sweden 2EnergyVille, Thor Park 8310, Genk, 3600, Belgium 3VITO, Boeretang 200, Mol, 2400, Belgium [email protected]
Keywords: digitalisation, demand side management, demonstration ------Abstract
The STORM project was started in March 2015 as part of the EU Horizon 2020 research framework, with the purpose of developing a smart controller for grid optimisation in 3rd as well as 4th generation district heating and cooling networks. The controller has been developed using state- of-the-art digitalisation solutions based on machine learning and applied artificial intelligence, and it has already spawned results now being used in commercial smart heat grid projects.
The STORM controller is a complete platform for operational demand side management. The primary modules of the controller is the Forecast, Planner and Tracker modules. The Forecaster uses self-learning model generation to create models used for forecasting heat demand and available thermal flexibility in the buildings. These forecasts are then used as input by the Planner when it performs optimisation calculations to create a grid level control plan for the near future. This plan is then dispatched among all the buildings by the Tracker, using a realtime coordination algorithm. This whole process is re-iterated continuously to create a proactive grid controller that synchronises supply and demand for the benefit of building owners as well grid operators, while simultaneously enabling an increased level of renewables.
The STORM controller has been tested at two different demonstration sites. One of these was a traditional 3rd generation district heating network, while the other was a highly innovative low temperature 4th generation network using both heating and cooling. This paper explores results from the nearly finished STORM project, including research relating to all the parts of the controller such as forecasting, operational optimisation and realtime demand side coordination. The results show significant benefits relating to peak load management, distribution balancing and price-driven optimisation in combination with, for example, combined heat and power or marginal production cost analysis.
Biographical Note(s): - Christian Johansson has a background in computer science and has published a long range of scientific publications on smart district heating that set the foundation for the Smart Heat Grid technology. Christian is CTO at NODA Intelligent Systems. - Dirk Vanhoudt is senior researcher in the Energy Technology Unit of VITO. His main research topic is the development of next generation district heating grids. Besides scientific research another part of his job is consists of energy consulting for companies. - Tijs Van Oevelen is a researcher on thermal energy systems in the unit Energy Technology at VITO/EnergyVille. His research interests include design, modeling and optimization of thermal systems.”
78 The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling 5. Parallel Sessions The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, 3.A September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
PROMOTION OF DISTRIBUTED ENERGY SYSTEMS INTEGRATED WITH DISTRICT COOLING SYSTEMS CONSIDERING UNCERTAINTIES IN ENERGY MARKETS
Qianzhou Du, Jiaqi Yuan, Chengliao Cui, Ying Zhang, Wenjie Gang* 1Deparment of Building Environment and Energy Application Engineering, Wuhan, 430074, China *Corresponding and presenting author: [email protected]
Keywords: Distributed energy system, district cooling system, uncertainty, energy market ------Abstract
The distributed energy system has attracted increasing attentions due to its high efficiency and low pollution emissions. The Chinese government has planned to promote the application of distributed energy systems using natural gas to address the atmospheric pollution problem. However, considerable uncertainties exist in energy markets, which would significantly affect the economic performance of distributed energy systems and make the promotion challenging. Therefore, this study attempts to investigate the impacts of energy market uncertainties by evaluating the economic performance of a distributed energy system integrated with a district cooling system serving a campus in the subtropical area. The following uncertainties are taken into account: the natural gas price, the electricity price from the grid, the incentive from the government, the carbon tax, and the price for surplus electricity sold to the grid. The payback period of the distributed energy system under various uncertainties is analysed. Results show that the economic performance of the distributed energy system is not satisfactory under current energy market, since the payback period is more than 10 years. Several strategies are proposed to promote the application of the distributed energy systems from the economic perspective.
Biographical Note(s): - Dr. Wenjie Gang: distributed energy system, district cooling system, robust design, uncertainty analysis, building energy efficiency.
Parallel Sessions 79 5. Parallel Sessions 3.A The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
COMBINING DYNAMIC SIMULATION TOOL AND MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION AIDING ALGORITHM FOR IMPROVING EXISTING DISTRICT HEATING. M. T. Mabrouk1,3, P. Haurant1, V. Dessarthe2, P. Meyer2, B. Lacarrière1
1 IMT Atlantique, Department of Energy Systems and Environment, GEPEA, UBL, 4, rue Alfred Kastler, F-44307 Nantes, France 2 IMT Atlantique, Lab-STICC, UBL, Technopôle Brest-Iroise CS 83818, F-29238 Brest, France 3 ARMINES, 60, boulevard Saint-Michel, F-75 272 Paris cedex 6 [email protected]
Keywords: District heating, modelling, Return pipe, Multicriteria decision aiding ------Abstract
The work aims to identify the potential of using the heat from the return pipe of existing district heating (DH), by combining a DH simulation tool and a multi-criteria decision aiding algorithm. The methodology is based on the analysis of the measured return temperatures at each sub-station in order to identify those with high potential of efficiency gains by using the primary return flow (with support of the primary supply pipe when needed). The candidate substations are determined based on the compatibility between the heat resource time series and the load profiles. The set of eligible substations is used to define scenarios of connexion to the return pipe. The impacts of each scenario on the DH operational performance and the energy savings are evaluated with a dynamic hydro-thermal model. In this simulation tool, all the substations are detailed regarding the temperatures and mass flow rates at the heat exchangers as well as the inertia of heat transport in the pipes due to heat losses. The technical parameters and the energy efficiency are not the only points of view in the decision making process for the selection of the scenarios “of best compromise”. We propose to implement a complex decision aiding process, involving multiple criteria, dealing with different points of view (financial, economic, environmental, energy, technical…) and several stakeholders. The parameters of the multi-criteria decision aiding algorithm are elicited through a consultation process including the operator, the consumers and the municipality. The evaluations of the scenarios on the criteria are summed up in a so-called performance table and aggregated by an outranking model (MR-Sort) to identify relevant scenarios. This methodology is illustrated by the example of a part of the DH in Nantes (France). The base line of the actual configuration of the DH is analysed and compared with the selected scenarios.
Biographical Note(s): - Mohamed Tahar Mabrouk is a research engineer at ARMINES. His research activities focus on energy systems modeling and optimization. He is developing, currently, software tools to optimize district heating networks by combining simulation, optimization and decision aiding tools. He holds a PhD from the university of Lorraine. - Pierrick Haurant is associated professor at IMT-Atlantique and researcher at GEPEA laboratory. His research activities are focused on energy systems modelling. He works on district heating and cooling system and multi-carrier (electricity – gas – heat) networks. Vincent Dessarthe is a research and development engineer at IMT Atlantique. He is specialized in information technology especially object-oriented programming, Web and databases. He currently implements graphical user interfaces for multi-criteria decision aiding algorithms. - Patrick Meyer is a professor at IMT Atlantique and researcher at the Lab-STICC laboratory. His area of expertise is Multi-Criteria Decision Aiding. He develops algorithms to elicit preferences, and participates in the development of software tools to support the decision aiding process. - Bruno Lacarrière is a Professor at IMT Atlantique. His research field deals with District Heating systems. In his works, both the demand and the supply sides are studied thanks to simulation and optimization tools, covering the demand forecasting, the energy systems modelling, the DHs simulation and their optimization.
80 The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling 5. Parallel Sessions The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, 3.A September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
ANALYSIS OF POSSIBILITIES TO UTILIZE EXCESS HEAT OF SUPERMARKETS AS HEAT SOURCE FOR DISTRICT HEATING B. Zühlsdorf1, A. Riis Christiansen2, F. Müller Holm2, T. Funder-Kristensen3, B. Elmegaard1
1Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Alle, Building 403, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark 2Viegand Maagøe AS, Nørre Farimagsgade 37, 1364 Copenhagen, Denmark 3Danfoss A/S, Albuen 29, 6000 Kolding, Denmark [email protected]
Keywords: CO2, Supermarket Refrigeration System, Heat Recovery, Heat Pump ------Abstract
CO2-refrigeration systems are becoming a preferred option for supermarket applications. While such systems have many advantages they often imply irreversibilities associated to the high pressure side and the heat rejection process. Dependent on the ambient temperatures, a relatively large amount of heat is rejected at temperatures significantly above the ambient temperature during desuperheating or in transcritical operation. Different approaches aim to directly use this heat for purposes, such as space heating. Since the gas cooler pressure depends on the ambient temperatures and therefore causes variations in the available heat, there is often a mismatch between the temperatures and the availability of the recoverable and the required heat, causing only a certain amount of heat being actually recovered. The presented work analysed the possibilities to recover the complete amount of rejected heat from CO2 refrigeration systems for the supply to district heating networks. The solution focused on using a heat pump to recover the heat, which is rejected at a temperature below being suitable for direct heat transfer to the district heating network. Different pure and mixed working fluids were considered for the heat pump and compared to the solution, in which the CO2 system operates at high enough pressure to transfer the complete amount of heat directly to the DH system. The study concluded with an economical assessment of the suggested solutions. It was found that utilizing a heat pump shows the best performance with expected COPs between 4.3 and 4.8, which outperforms operating the CO2 system at an increased heat rejection pressure. The heat pump solution offers additionally the advantage, to decrease the gas cooler pressure of the CO2 system by employing a minor additional work in the heat pump. Despite the promising thermodynamic performance, it requires favourable economic boundary conditions to compensate the additional investment cost.
Biographical Note(s): - Benjamin Zühlsdorf is a PhD student at the Section of Thermal Energy at the Technical University of Denmark with a focus on the development of high-performance heat pump cycles with pure and mixed working fluids for efficient heat recovery. - Andreas Riis Christiansen is a MSc graduate from the Technical University of Denmark employed at Viegand Maagøe A/S as a junior project manager. Andreas works with utilization of excess heat from industry for both internal and external use. - Fridolin Müller Holm is the head manager of the section for industry at Viegand Maagøe A/S. Fridolin has a wide range of experience with excess heat utilisation in the industry covering many different types of production lines & applications. - Torben Funder-Kristensen is the Head of Public and Industry Affairs at Danfoss Cooling Segment and an expert on supermarket refrigeration systems. - Brian Elmegaard is a professor and the Heat of Section at the Section of Thermal Energy at the Technical University of Denmark with a research focus on district heating systems and the integration of renewable heat sources.
Parallel Sessions 81 5. Parallel Sessions 3.A The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
TECHNO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF INTEGRATED ENERGY SYSTEMS AT URBAN DISTRICT LEVEL - A SWEDISH CASE STUDY Monica Arnaudo1, Osama Ali Zaalouk2, Monika Topel1, Björn Laumert1
1Royal Institute of Technology, Brinellvägen 68, Stockholm, 11428, Stockholm 2Europe Power Solutions, Brinellvägen 68, Stockholm, 11428, Stockholm [email protected]
Keywords: district heating, heat pumps, levelized cost of energy, distributed generation ------Abstract
Within the Nordic countries, domestic scale heat pumps (HPs) are considered as a competitor heat supply technology against district heating (DH) networks [1]. HPs and DH can provide flexibility within the next generation integrated energy systems. There is thus a growing interest from city planners and operators in assessing the optimal energy infrastructure at urban district level. In literature, different criteria and performance indicators are used for assessing an optimal integrated energy system. Four types of approaches are often implemented: techno-economic [2], [3], [4], [5], thermo-economic [6], [7], [8], [9], coefficient of performance [10], [11], and primary energy factor [12], [13]. These four approaches are here discussed in terms of the following aspects: possibility to be generalized to different technologies and country contexts, capability of including cost related information, complexity, transparency, available information and dissemination status. The techno- economic analysis is selected as an effective option, given the above mentioned features. Within this framework, the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) indicator should be calculated for each proposed system. The general definition of LCOE is described by the following equation [2]:
By a chosen time step t, the total cost C is compared to the energy E supplied by the system itself, over a specific time range T. The parameter r represents the interest rate estimated in accordance with t. When heat and power supply generation technologies are specifically considered, the levelized cost of heat (LCOH) is applied. A case study is proposed where the residential area of the neighborhood of Hammarby Sjöstad (Stockholm, Sweden), is analyzed. A base scenario is compared to an alternative system configuration. The former involves the current energy infrastructure, which includes a DH sub-network of 133 substations, 14800 m of pipes and an installed heat capacity of 50 MW. The system is simplified by considering a cogeneration plan as the only heat supply unit. In the alternative scenario, a decentralized configuration is implemented, where the DH substations are progressively substituted with domestic scale heat pumps and thermal energy storage units. Increasing levels of penetration of the latter are tested in order to minimize the LCOH of the system at neighbourhood level.
82 The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling 5. Parallel Sessions 3.A
[1] IEA, “Nordic Energy Technology Perspectives 2016,” Energy Technol. Policy Div., no. April, p. 269, 2016. [2] F. Mauthner and S. Herkel, “Technical Report Subtask C – Part C1,” no. January, pp. 1–31, 2016. [3] K. F. Beckers, M. Z. Lukawski, B. J. Anderson, M. C. Moore, J. W. Tester, K. F. Beckers, M. Z. Lukawski, and B. J. Anderson, “Levelized costs of electricity and direct-use heat from Enhanced Geothermal Systems Levelized costs of electricity and direct-use heat from Enhanced Geothermal Systems,” vol. 13141, no. 2014, 2014. [4] H. Li, F. Wallin, and J. Song, A dynamic pricing mechanism for district heating. 2017. [5] V. Nian, Q. Sun, Z. Ma, and H. Li, “A Comparative Cost Assessment of Energy Production from Central Heating Plant or Combined Heat and Power Plant,” Energy Procedia, vol. 104, pp. 556–561, 2016. [6] Y. M. El Sayed, The thermoeconomics of energy conversion. 2003. [7] C. Torres Cuadra and A. Valero Capilla, “Thermoeconomics,” Centro de Investigaciòn de Recursos y Consumos Energéticos, 2005. [8] V. Verda, R. Borchiellini, and M. Cali, “A thermoeconomic approach for the analysis of district heating systems,” Int. J. Appl. Thermodyn., vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 183–190, 2001. [9] A. Krona, “Exergetic and thermoeconomic approach for optimal planning of district energy systems,” Politecnico di Torino, 2013. [10] S. Frederiksen and S. Werner, District Heating and Cooling, First Edit. Lund: Dimograf, 2013. [11] R. Lowe, “Combined heat and power considered as a virtual steam cycle heat pump,” Energy Policy, vol. 39, no. 9, pp. 5528–5534, 2011. [12] A. Esser and F. Sensfuss, “Final report Evaluation of primary energy factor calcula- tion options for electricity,” Karlsruhe (Germany), 2016. [13] B. Vidrih, A. Kitanovski, and A. Poredo, “Eligibility of a Heat Pump Based on the Primary Energy Factor,” pp. 1–13, 2017.
Biographical Note(s): The objective of the research is to provide a techno-economic analysis of different energy flexibility scenarios. The use of district heating with flexible cogeneration plants will be compared to the use of demand response based domestic heat pumps. Energy use, investment and operational cost will be considered as evaluation parameters.
Parallel Sessions 83
1.A: Sustainable Urban Energy Systems - Moderator: Heiko Huther 32 Urban energy systems, planning and development Resource efficiency and environmental performance
1.B: Simulation and Control Systems - Moderator: Anton Ianakiev 38 Resource efficiency and environmental performance Key elements in District Heating and Cooling systems
1.C: Optimization of DHC Systems and Elements - Moderator: Andreas Büchau 44 Key elements in District Heating and Cooling systems Open Arena, flexibility and District Heating and Cooling
2.A: Urban Energy Systems and Development - Moderator: Jens Kühne 52 Urban energy systems, planning and development Key elements in District Heating and Cooling systems
2.B: DHC Systems: Operation and Resource Efficiency - Moderator: Juergen Quarg-Vonscheidt 60 Resource efficiency and environmental performance
2.C: Key Elements in DHC Systems - Moderator: Tim Gerlach 68 Key elements in District Heating and Cooling systems
3.A: Digitalization and Marketing - Moderator: Sebastian Grimm 76 Sector coupling Hybrid energy networks and digitalization Customer relations and market issues Urban energy systems, planning and development
3.B: Reliability in DHC - Moderator: Ingo Wolf 84 Open Arena, flexibility and District Heating and Cooling
3.C: Prospective of DHC - Moderator: Stefan Hay 92 Key elements in District Heating and Cooling systems 5. Parallel Sessions 3.B The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
DISTRICT HEATING LEAKAGE MEASUREMENT: DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS
By ing. E. Filippini1, ing. I. Marini1, ing. M. Ongari1 and ing. E. Pedretti1 1A2A Calore e Servizi S.r.l., via Lamarmora 230, Brescia, 25124, Italy [email protected]
Keywords: District Heating, Network, Leakage measurement ------Abstract
A2A Calore & Servizi (ACS) is a district heating (DH) company managing the DH networks of Brescia, Bergamo and Milan. The network in Brescia is widely developed: it is almost 670 km long (trench length) and has been operating since 1972 thus, it is very important to perform a careful maintenance programme. One of the main activities included in this programme is leak detection. This process consists of different elements: leak identification, its localization and estimation of water loss in order to schedule an effective repair programme. Although leak detection can be achieved using different methods, the estimation of water loss is more complex. ACS developed a first method to assess leaks magnitude in 2013. It consisted of an indirect estimation of water loss magnitude based on pressure measurements and on the application of the orifice flow equation, whose results could be obtained after calculations. This procedure was presented at the 14th International Symposium on DHC in Stockholm in the paper “Method for the quantification of a leakage in a district heating network”.
This method has evolved in an instantaneous direct measurement of water loss by portable flow metering devices. Recently, a new method has been tested; fixed metering devices have been installed on supply and return pipes in particular areas. The mass flow is measured in both directions. According to the law of mass conservation, the mass difference is a calculation of the water lost in the area. These tools operate only during summer periods due to operating features.
The first installed device monitors about 100 km of pipes, while the second around 105 km. A third device is under construction and it should start functioning during summer 2018.
The presented procedure allows reliable leak estimations, simplifying operational activities and giving immediate results on field.
Biographical Note(s): - E. Filippini main research interests: DH design, operation and maintenance - I. Marini main research interests: DH maintenance and analysis - M. Ongari main research interests: DH operation and maintenance - E. Pedretti main research interests: DH hydraulic modelling and analysis
86 The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling 5. Parallel Sessions The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, 3.B September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
PROSPECTS FOR ABSORPTION CHILLERS IN FINNISH ENERGY SYSTEMS
H. Saastamoinen1, S. Paiho
1VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland [email protected]
Keywords: absorption chillers, energy systems, buildings, Finland ------Abstract
Increasing trend in space cooling together with demand of CO2 emission reduction in energy production directs towards environmentally friendlier cooling options. Absorption chillers utilize waste heat in cold production and could, therefore, fit to this need. Finland has a well established district heating system and growing district cooling markets. The trend is towards renewable options in both heat and electricity production. In this study, after introducing basics of absorption chillers, cooling trends in Finland are discussed and prospects of absorption chillers in Finnish district and building energy systems are defined. A number of potential applications are identified and discussed. After an extensive review of literature, the authors conclude that solar driven absorption chiller applications have not been widely examined in Finnish conditions. Particularly absorption systems in trigeneration systems could be feasible also in Finland. Still, further technical and economic analyses for all potential applications are needed.
Parallel Sessions 87 5. Parallel Sessions 3.B The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
ELECTRICITY ADJUSTMENT BY AGGREGATION CONTROL OF MULTIPLE DISTRICT HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS
Kohei Tomita1, Masakazu Ito2, Yasuhiro Hayashi1, Takahiro Yagi3, Tatsuya Tsukada3
1Department of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan 2Advanced Collaborative Research Organization for Smart Society, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan 3Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd., 1-5-20 Kaigan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8527, Japan [email protected]
Keywords: Aggregation Control, Electricity Adjustment, Multiple District Heating and Cooling Systems, Combined Heat and Power ------Abstract
Introduction of wind energy is proceeding all over the world. However, output fluctuation due to inherent intermittency reduce stability of the power grid. Therefore, electricity-adjustment auction was introduced in Japan recently. In this auction, power grid companies make a one-year contract with various power generation companies and procure electric power at the time of supply-demand tightness. One candidate for the auction is a District Heating and Cooling system (DHC) with a Combined Heat and Power (CHP). To investigate the usefulness of using DHCs for electricity- adjustment, two operations are defined in this paper: normal operation and electricity-adjustment capacity (EAC) provision operation. The EAC provision operation always keeps EAC so that it can provide electricity-adjustment according to directives from the power grid company. In the previous study, the usefulness of electricity-adjustment by a single DHC was evaluated. In order to realize more efficient electricity-adjustment, aggregation control of multiple DHCs is proposed. For this control, the EACs by each DHC are combined to ensure the EAC. At first, two DHCs are modeled assuming actual DHCs. Using these models, the running costs of the normal operation and the EAC provision operation of each DHC are calculated by the particle swarm optimization. Furthermore, an additional cost for the EAC provision operation are estimated by calculating the difference between the running costs of the two operations. The EACs by each DHC are determined so that the sum of the additional costs of each DHC is minimized. Finally, compared to the conventional single control, the total additional cost was reduced. For example, when the EAC is 5,000 kW, maximum reduced cost rate was 87.8%. By using this proposed method, the operator can more efficiently operate DHCs for EAC provision operation, and further stability of the power grid can be expected.
Biographical Note(s): - Kohei Tomita: He is a bachelor at the Waseda University. He is mainly studying the contribution of district heating and cooling system to electric power system. - Masakazu Ito: He is an associate professor at the Waseda University. He is studying the smart grid technologies, especially those with PV systems, wind power systems and energy storages, the Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) and remote sensing for Very Large Scale Photovoltaic Systems. - Yasuhiro Hayashi: He is a Professor at Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Bioscience, Waseda University. His research interests include the optimization of distribution system operation and forecasting, planning, and control concerned with renewable energy sources and demand response. He is a Regular Member of CIGRE SC C6 (Distribution Systems and Dispersed Generation). - Takahiro Yagi: He is an employee of Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd. He is mainly engaging in electrical engineering utilizing CHP. - Tatsuya Tsukada: He is an employee of Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd. He is mainly engaging in electrical engineering utilizing CHP.
88 The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling 5. Parallel Sessions
The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany 3.B
DIFFERENTIAL IMPACTS OF ADDITIONAL CONSUMERS ON DH-SYSTEMS – ANALYSIS FOR ABSORPTION CHILLERS
F. Panitz, V. Volmer, K. Rühling Institute of Power Engineering, Professorship of Building Energy Systems and Heat Supply Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany [email protected] absorption chiller, CHCP, trigeneration, heat losses, hydraulic losses, pumping energy
------Abstract
The purpose of this paper is the evaluation of absorption chillers (ACh) acting as additional heat consumers in district heating (DH) networks. The focus is on the ACh-effects on an upstream DH-system shown in Figure
1: network (heat losses QQ1, electricity demand of pumps PPel,pu) and heat generator (heat generation QQDH, electricity generation PPel,CHP, fuel demand QQfuel).
Figure 1: Influence of an additional ACh integrated in a DH-system
The following aspects are considered:
- the influence of the ACh return temperaturett re,ACh, - the ACh’s special load pattern (maximum load in summertime)
- the increase of the network’s supply temperature ttsu in order to operate the ACh
Parallel Sessions 89 5. Parallel Sessions 3.B
Simulations for DH-systems with different network topologies are performed both without ACh (reference case) and with ACh. Additional efforts, i.e. differences between both cases (e.g. in heat losses and the demand for electricity of the pumps), are allocated to the ACh. For evaluation purposes, the ACh’s effort is related to its heat demand (specific efforts). Results for additional heat losses in the return line of an existing DH system are shown in Table 1. Even if the ACh return temperature is high, the ACh’s specific heat losses are small relative to the heat losses of the reference case.
Table 1: Additional heat losses caused by the ACh (heat load 100 kW, return temperature 70 °C) in an existing DH-system (return temperature of all substations 60 °C) compared to the reference case
The additional electricity demand caused by the ACh is examined in the case of a highly meshed network (see Table 2). The ACh-specific values are higher than the ones in the reference case, thus the ACh’s impact is not negligible. The results highly depend on the ACh return temperature and its reduction can lead to significant electrical energy savings.
Table 2: Specific electricity demand caused by the ACh in an existing DH-system compared to the reference case
Further aspects and the global evaluation of the ACh, even in consideration of its local electricity demand, will be presented in the paper.
90 The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling
1.A: Sustainable Urban Energy Systems - Moderator: Heiko Huther 32 Urban energy systems, planning and development Resource efficiency and environmental performance
1.B: Simulation and Control Systems - Moderator: Anton Ianakiev 38 Resource efficiency and environmental performance Key elements in District Heating and Cooling systems
1.C: Optimization of DHC Systems and Elements - Moderator: Andreas Büchau 44 Key elements in District Heating and Cooling systems Open Arena, flexibility and District Heating and Cooling
2.A: Urban Energy Systems and Development - Moderator: Jens Kühne 52 Urban energy systems, planning and development Key elements in District Heating and Cooling systems
2.B: DHC Systems: Operation and Resource Efficiency - Moderator: Juergen Quarg-Vonscheidt 60 Resource efficiency and environmental performance
2.C: Key Elements in DHC Systems - Moderator: Tim Gerlach 68 Key elements in District Heating and Cooling systems
3.A: Digitalization and Marketing - Moderator: Sebastian Grimm 76 Sector coupling Hybrid energy networks and digitalization Customer relations and market issues Urban energy systems, planning and development
3.B: Reliability in DHC - Moderator: Ingo Wolf 84 Open Arena, flexibility and District Heating and Cooling
3.C: Prospective of DHC - Moderator: Stefan Hay 92 Key elements in District Heating and Cooling systems 5. Parallel Sessions 3.C The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
TECHNICAL IMPROVEMENT POTENTIAL OF LARGE DISTRICT HEATING NETWORK: APPLICATION TO THE CASE OF TALLINN, ESTONIA
Eduard Latõšov1, Anna Volkova1, Aleksandr Hlebnikov2, Andres Siirde1 1Tallinn University of Technology, Department of Energy Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, Tallinn, 19086, Estonia [email protected] 2AS Utilitas Tallinn, Punane 36, 13619 Tallinn, Estonia
Keywords: heat losses, pipelines, district heating network, district heating system ------Abstract
District heating operators should relentlessly improve district heating(DH) networks for staying competitive in the energy market and for offering better service to consumers in comparison to local heating. Tallinn DH network started providing heat to consumers from the year 1959 and evolves according to external condition. There are huge changes in about 420 km DH network, due to rapid Tallinn city development and implementation of DH operator development strategy starting from the beginning of 1990s. In order to maintain an appropriate technical state of the DH network and decrease heating losses in DH networks pipelines are renovated constantly. The improvement of large DH network and its influence on DH network parameters is analysed in the paper. Future technically possible development scenarios and improvement potential for Tallinn DH network are presented. Evaluations are performed for replacement of existing pipelines with the same internal diameter size and with optimised diameter pre-insulated pipes.
Biographical Note(s): - Eduard Latõšov, PhD, assistant professor. He defended PhD thesis in 2011, in Tallinn University of Technology. Starting from 2015 he works in the Department of Energy Technology, Tallinn University of Technology (Estonia). The main research topics are district heating, CHP, primary energy and energy efficiency. - Anna Volkova, Dr.sc.ing. is senior researcher. She defended PhD thesis in 2008, in Riga Technical University (Latvia). Starting from 2009 she works in Department of Energy Technology, Tallinn University of Technology. The main research topics are 4th generation district heating, thermal energy storage, CHP. - Aleksandr Hlebnikov, PhD, is a head of the research department in district heating company Utilitas Tallinn. He has a diploma of thermal engineering (1994), master of science degree in thermal engineering (2000), PhD in engineering (2011). The main research area is district heating networks and energy efficiency. - Andres Siirde, PhD, professor, Director of Department of Energy Technology of the Tallinn University of Technology. He received Industrial Thermal Power Engineer Diploma (1980) and doctoral degree (1984). A. Siirde has been a part of academic staff of TUT since 1984. The main research areas are oil shale, cogeneration, SEG emissions, and energy efficiency.
94 The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling 5. Parallel Sessions The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, 3.C September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
RANKING ABNORMAL SUBSTATIONS BY POWER SIGNATURE DISPERSION
Ece Calikus1, Slawomir Nowaczyk1, Anita Sant’Anna1, Stefan Byttner1 1Halmstad University, Halmstad, SE 302 67, Sweden [email protected]
Keywords: District Heating, Anomaly Ranking, Power Signature, Robust Rank Aggregation ------Abstract
Relation between heat demand and outdoor temperature (heat power signature) is a typical feature analysed to diagnose abnormal heat demand. The prior work is mainly based on setting thresholds either statistically or manually in order to identify outliers in the power signature.
However, setting a correct threshold is a difficult task since heat demand is unique for each building. Too loose thresholds may allow outliers to go unspotted, while too tight thresholds can cause too many false alarms. The common strategy to limit false alarms is adjusting thresholds according to dispersion. This may result in detecting similar number of outliers, although power signatures of substations have different dispersion level. It is a problem because overdispersion in the power signature indicates weak correlation between heat demand and outdoor temperature. Therefore, it should be considered while modelling abnormal heat demand.
In this work, we present a novel method for ranking substations by measuring both dispersion and outliers in the power signature. We use robust regression to estimate those measures. Observations that fall outside of the prediction interval of the regression model are considered as outliers. Dispersion is determined with coefficient of determination (R^2), which is a statistical measure of how close the data are to the fitted regression line.
Our method first produces two different lists by ranking substations using number of outliers and dispersion separately. Then, we merge the two lists into one using Robust Rank Aggregation (RRA). Substations appearing on the top of the list should indicate higher abnormality in heat demand compared to the ones on the bottom.
We applied our model on data from 13,000 substations connected to the district heating networks in south of Sweden. Three different approaches i.e. outlier-based, dispersion-based and aggregated methods are compared with the rankings based on return temperature and heat load patterns.
Biographical Note(s): This work is part of SeMI (Self Monitoring for Innovation) project, which aims to develop methods for automatically detecting faults and malfunctioning substations by comparing load demands among different groups of customers in district heating networks.
Parallel Sessions 95 5. Parallel Sessions 3.C The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
HEAT PUMPS WITH DISTRICT HEATING FOR THE UK’S DOMESTIC HEATING SECTOR THROUGH DIFFERENT TOPOLOGIES: INDIVIDUAL, DISTRICT LEVEL, BOTH, OR NEITHER?
Zhikun Wang1
1 University College London, UCL Energy Institute, Central House, 14 Upper Woburn Place, London, London WC1H 0NN, United Kingdom [email protected]
Keywords: Heat deamnd diversities, heat pumps, district heating ------Abstract
The UK has set ambitious targets to reduce carbon emissions, improve energy efficiency and affordability, encourage renewable energy generation, and reduce dependency on imported fossil fuels. Heating is the most important component of the UK’s current residential energy consumption, and is mostly supplied through the direct burning of natural gas. With constantly changing market conditions and political regulatory frameworks, technology assessments and cost-effective planning strategies are critical for long-term energy and environmental policy designing. Electric heat pumps with decarbonised electricity are proposed as promising technologies that could replace gas heating and contribute to the UK’s future low-carbon heat mix. District heating networks have been transforming over several generations to meet heating demand. Both technologies have been well developed, with abundant scientific research and industrial experiences in some European countries over the past few decades. However, the market shares of heat pumps and district heating networks are low in the UK, and there are technical, social, and economic challenges for their deployment. The aim of this project is to better understand heat demand diversities in the UK’s domestic buildings empirically, and the role of heat pumps and district heating by assessing the topological configurations of heat pumps, district heating networks, and thermal storage solutions for various types of buildings on different scales. This study investigates heat pumps in individual households versus district heating networks through techno-economic models, to further explore their comparative advantages based on different aspects, including technical performance, carbon emissions, financial practicability, and policy uncertainties.
Biographical Note(s): I am a PhD student at the UCL Energy Institute, University College London. My research interests lie in the fields of energy and environmental policies, business and sustainability, low carbon technologies and decarbonisation in power and heating sectors.
96 The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling 5. Parallel Sessions The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, 3.C September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
CONCEPT, MEASUREMENT RESULTS AND SIMULATION STUDY OF TWO DECENTRALIZED SOLAR FEED-IN SUBSTATIONS
T. Rosemann1, M. Heymann1, K. Rühling1, B. Hafner2 1Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Institute of Power Engineering, Professorship of Building Energy Systems and Heat Supply, 01062, Germany 2Viessmann Werke GmbH & Co. KG [email protected]
Keywords: decentralized feed-in, pilot plant , solar thermal system, simulation ------Abstract
This paper presents measurement results of two pilot plants of substations for decentralized feed-in of solar thermal yields into district heating networks. A simulation study of varying control strategies for one substation concept substantiates the measurement results. System 1 is a NETWORK FEED-IN SUBSTATION connected to a 2nd generation district heating network in Dresden. Ambitious conditions for both, target temperature level and pressure difference, are fulfilled by a return to supply line feed-in (RL/SL) design. The design peak performance results in 30 kW. The use of water as solar liquid requires an active frost protection using district heating water of the return line. The measurement results include two feed-in and frost protection seasons. System 2 is a pilot plant of a PROSUMER SUBSTATION for a multifamily house connected to a 4th generation DH network in Berlin. The local consumer has a design heat load of 95 kW for space heating and domestic hot water production. The available space on the roof allows a gross collector area of 108 m² which is used for evacuated tube collectors resulting in a design peak performance of 40 kW. A passive frost protection concept is implemented using water-glycol mixture as heat transfer medium. The measurement results include almost one summer season. The measurement data of the two systems is used to design and validate a simulation model of the feed-in substation of system 1. The solar thermal system and the district heating network are represented via dynamic boundary conditions based on measurements. The original state machine used for the control of system 1 is directly connected to the simulation model. Variations of the state machine and the used parameters are tested in the simulation under identical conditions to compare the solar thermal output, auxiliary power consumption as well as the general operation behavior. The project objective is to derive general statements and preferred solutions for the hydraulic circuit and the control strategy in order to reduce the costs of future engineering and construction of decentralized feed-in substations.
Biographical Note(s): T. Rosemann Research associate at the Professorship of Building Energy Systems and Heat Supply since 2013, projects in the field of solar thermal systems and district heating, main focus on test rig automatization M. Heymann Research associate at the Professorship of Building Energy Systems and Heat Supply since 2009, projects in the field of solar thermal systems and district heating, main focus on simulation and measurement data management Dr.-Ing. K. Rühling Head of the field Heat Supply at the Professorship of Building Energy Systems and Heat Supply, projects e.g. in the field of district heating & CHP, solar thermal, heat storages, project manager SOLSTAND (concerning Technische Universität Dresden) Dr.-Ing. B. Hafner R&D systems technology of Viessmann Werke GmbH, project manager SOLSTAND (concerning Viessmann Werke GmbH)
Parallel Sessions 97 DHCth 2018 The 16 International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling September 9th - September 12th. 2018, Hamburg, Germany 6. PANEL DISCUSSION
Buying and Selling Energy Grids
Speakers
Tobias Gwisdalla (STEAG GmbH) 100
Ramazan Korkmaz (BUE) 100
Jens Libbe (DIFU) 101
Lavina Steinfort (TNI) 101
Moderators
Maria Grajcar (HafenCity University) 102
Alessandro Provaggi (Euroheat & Power) 102 6. Panel Discussion Buying and Selling Energy Grids - Speakers
Tobias Gwisdalla - STEAG GmbH
Tobias Gwisdalla has more than 12 years of M&A experience. He worked as a transaction consultant as well as for corporate M&A teams in the chemical, the building and infrastructure as well as the energy industry. Since 2016 he is part of the corporate development team of STEAG GmbH and was i.a. responsible for the sale of a 49% stake of the company’s district heating business to a financial investor in 2017.
Ramazan Korkmaz - BUE
Ramazan Korkmaz is a Policy Officer for Energy and General Affairs in the Department of Nature Conservation, Green Spaces and Energy of the Ministry of Environment and Energy of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg. Since 2009, he has been responsible for general affairs in the area of energy policy and the energy sector and has been accompanying the remunicipalisation activities of the City of Hamburg. In addition, he contributes to the strategic development of the municipal energy companies and works on energy related regulatory topics, general affairs regarding the energy transition in Hamburg and political projects.
102 The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling 6. Panel Discussion Buying and Selling Energy Grids - Speakers
Jens Libbe - DIFU
Dr. Jens Libbe is Head of the Department for “Infrastructure, Economy and Finances” at the German Institute of Urban Affairs. His work focuses on Urban transformation and Infrastructure Systems, Services of General Interest, Institutional Change of Public Services and Governance of Public Utilities, Accompanying Research and Evaluation. Jens Libbe has a long standing experience with transdisciplinary research projects together with national and international partners. He is a member of the German Academy of Urban Development and Land use Planning.
Lavinia Steinfort - TNI
Lavinia Steinfort is a researcher at the Transnational Institute (TNI), an Amsterdam-based international research and advocacy institute. At TNI she focuses on systemic alternatives, such as energy democracy, (re)municipalisation of public services and the potential of public finance.
Panel Discussion103 6. Panel Discussion Buying and Selling Energy Grids - Moderators
Maria Grajcar - HafenCity University
Maria Grajcar is a researcher and a lecturer at the HafenCity University since 2017. She graduated in diplomacy and IR, Middle East Energy Studies, and in Gas and District Heating Engineering. During her eight- year working experience, she gave lectures on energy statistics and policy issues (district heating and cooling) in more than 18 countries in Europe and in South Korea. Maria Grajcar is a member of the Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society.
Alessandro Provaggi - Euroheat & Power
Alessandro Provaggi leads the DHC+ Technology Platform / Euroheat & Power - the European hub for R&D in District Heating and Cooling. Alessandro has more than 10 years of experience in EU policy, project management and communications, mostly in energy. Before joining Euroheat & Power, he worked for EUREC as the Coordinator of the European Technology Platform on Renewable Heating and Cooling, and previously for the European Commission (EuropeAid) and the European Parliament. He is a former Visiting Scholar at Stanford University and he studied at Bologna University, Madrid Complutense, Solvay Brussels School and Boston University.
104The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling
DHCth 2018 The 16 International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling September 9th - September 12th. 2018, Hamburg, Germany 7. POSTER SESSIONS
Poster Sessions (Alphabetical order) 108 7. Poster Sessions Poster The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
HEATING SEASONS LENGTH AND DEGREE DAYS TRENDS IN RUSSIAN CITIES DURING LAST HALF CENTURY
I.N. Belova, A.S. Ginzburg, L.A. Krivenok A.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, RAS, Pyzhevsky per., 3, Moscow, 119017 Russia [email protected]
Keywords: heating season length, heating degree days. ------Abstract
An analysis of the completeness and compatibility of data from different sources on the energy consumption of Russian cities was conducted. Data obtained from Russian Federal Services and from some cities’ authority. Sufficient plenitude and high quality of these data were established. Based on these data and meteorological data from open sources, the trends in the characteristics of the heating seasons studied for largest Russian cities in different climatic zones. During the period from 1965 to 2016, it was next average length of heating seasons for selected cities: Moscow — 201, St. Petersburg — 210, Krasnodar — 143, Samara — 198, Novosibirsk — 223, Vladivostok — 193 days. Most of these cities showed the decreasing of heating period length and energy consumption for heating, especially during last decades. Despite the differences in the heating seasons trends of these cities, the cities as Moscow, Krasnodar, Samara, Novosibirsk showed a much faster decreasing in the heating seasons length the period of 1990-2016, than during previous decades. Such dependence is also right for heating degree days (HDD) trends for the Russian cities in continental climate zone. The similar behavior of heating seasons characteristics trends is well-known for many EU cities. It makes possible to develop the common projections of heating seasons trends for EU and Russian large cities. This investigation supported by Russian Science Foundation (project No 16-17-00114).
Biographical Notes: - I.N. Belova: mathematical ecology, urban climate. - A.S. Ginzburg: radiative transfer, global, regional and urban climate. - L.A. Krivenok: soil physics, carbon emission.
110 The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling 7. Poster Sessions The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, Poster September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR BOTTLENECK MEASURES IN SWEDISH DISTRICT HEATING NETWORKS
L. Brange1, P. Lauenburg1, M. Thern1, J. Englund2, K. Sernhed1
1Lund University, Faculty of Engineering, Energy Sciences Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden 2E.ON Värme Sverige AB, Flintrännegatan 19, 211 24 Malmö, Sweden [email protected]
Keywords: District heating development, Bottlenecks, Optimization ------Abstract
Bottlenecks in district heating (DH) networks are described as pipes with too low a pipe diameter to keep a sufficient differential pressure in the areas beyond the pipe. This is in Sweden traditionally regulated by increasing the supply temperature, which causes the DH network to work in a non- optimised way. This have consequences for the operation, economy and environmental performance of the DH network. There is however other measures possible to use to eliminate bottlenecks. This study focuses on Swedish companies’ different ways to eliminate bottlenecks in DH networks, and the risks and opportunities coupled to each measure. Also the companies’ view of the bottleneck measure economy was investigated. The results were developed through a qualitative, semi structured interview study. In total, six Swedish DH companies were interviewed. The interviewee companies selected were of various sizes, had different owner structures and had used different bottleneck measures, to cover as wide a range of responses as possible. The results showed that there are very different views among Swedish DH companies on bottlenecks and their risks, opportunities and economy. Some interesting aspects that affected which bottleneck measure that was chosen were the ownership structure of the substations and how much time and interest the responsible person or organisation had. Noteworthy was also that even if all companies considered the economy to be the most important factor affecting the choice of bottleneck measure, different bottleneck measures were used. The results in this study may help question routine solutions to bottleneck problems and highlight more effective measures. These may furthermore have other positive side effects such as a redundancy increase or improved customer relationships. The results may also contribute to an increase of the competitiveness and improvement of the environmental performance of DH.
Biographical Note(s): - Lisa Brange: Main research interest is the environmental aspect of district heating. More specifically, the research focus lies on district heating network optimisation and introduction of new techniques, such as prosumers. An often-used tool is district heating network simulations. - Patrick Lauenburg: Main research interests are district heating components and district heating development, including indoor heating systems and prosumer systems. - Marcus Thern: Main research interests are engineering thermodynamics and cycle analysis, by for example design and modelling of different thermal cycles by means of Heat and Mass Balance Programs (HMBPs) and evaluation of gas turbine performance with these heat balance programs. - Jessica Englund: Works with district heating network development and optimisation. Special research interests concerns these areas and also digitalisation of the district heating system. - Kerstin Sernhed: Kerstin Sernhed has a broad research interest in district heating and the development of energy- efficient systems, demand side management, marketing strategies for district heating and electricity, development of energy services, as well as maintenance and status assessment of district heating networks.
Poster Sessions 111 7. Poster Sessions Poster The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF A MULTI-SOURCE HEAT PRODUCTION SYSTEM WITH STORAGE FOR DISTRICT HEATING
M.N.Descamps1, M.Vallée1, C.Paulus1 1CEA, LITEN, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble, France [email protected]
Keywords: Hybrid District Heating, Power to Heat, Dynamic Simulation ------Abstract
In the PENTAGON EU project, a multi-vector flexibility management platform will be delivered, combining electric, heat and gas optimisation at district level. The multi-vector flexibility management platform will be validated both experimentally and by simulation, on a set of demonstration scenarios. Each scenario refers to an eco-district topology with a given distribution network of energy, some consumers and a multi-source heat production plant, consisting of a gas boiler, a solar collector, a biomass boiler and a heat pump. In addition, a thermal storage in the form of a water tank is connected to the network. A key aspect of the project is the ability to optimise such a system at district level, with the performance of the individual components depending on operating temperatures and environmental conditions, and varying primary energy prices. By simulating the distribution network with a dynamic model, the non-linear influence of various parameters on the system can be investigated. In particular, the current study focuses on the operation of the multi-source heat production system and thermal storage. A 1D model of the multi-source heat production (gas, biomass, solar and heat pump), the thermal storage, and a global consumer is performed using the equation-based object- oriented language Modelica along with the simulation platform Dymola. The model is run with standard controls from district heating provider, i.e. constant or linear controls. For given energy costs and a given consumer load, a set of key performance indicators (KPI) are used to assess the performance of the system, e.g. energy share from renewables and storage utilization rate. The sensitivity to the model’s input is analysed as well. The results can be used as reference to apply optimal control schemes and study the influence on the corresponding KPIs.
Biographical Note(s):
- Dr. Michael Descamps is currently a research engineer in the field of district heating. His research interests include computational fluid dynamics, thermal analysis and district energy systems. He received a M.Sc in fluid mechanics from INP-Grenoble (France) and a PhD in applied physics from TU Delft (the Netherlands). - Dr. Mathieu Vallée is a researcher investigating software architecture and algorithms for the smart management of physical devices. His research applies to several domains, including Internet of Things, smart manufacturing and district energy systems. He received a M.Sc. in artificial intelligence from Université Paris-Sorbonne, and a Ph.D. in computer science. - Mr. Cédric Paulus is a senior expert in the field of solar thermal energy and efficient systems for heating and cooling using renewable energy, and has worked as a research engineer at CEA since 2007. He participates in international research groups (IEA SHC Task44 and Task45) and many European projects.
112 The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling 7. Poster Sessions The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, Poster September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
METHOD FOR ALLOCATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS FROM WASTE INCINERATION WHICH INCLUDES ENERGY RECYCLING
D. Djuric Ilic1, L. Ödlund (former Trygg)2 1Division of Energy Systems, Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden [email protected]
Keywords: District heating, waste incineration, allocation method ------Abstract
At present, waste is regarded as any other fuel in the district heating (DH) plants where it is treated in combination with energy recovering. As a consequence, all carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions which occur during the waste treatment are allocated to DH producers, despite the fact that two simultaneous services are provided, waste treatment and energy recovering. As the focus today is on phasing out fossil fuels from DH sectors, energy recovering from waste turns out as bad compared to biofuel and renewable electricity. This article aims to discuss whether the existing allocation method of CO2 emissions is contributing to sustainable development and in case if it do not, to recommend a new method that will do so. For that purposes principles from a framework called “Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development” were applied. The existing method do not take into account the problem of waste generation. By using this method the responsibility is shifted from waste producers to DH customers. In order to prevent this “burden shifting” a broader system perspective and an upstream approach should be applied. In connection with this, the allocation method should be designed in ways that would give incentives to responsible stakeholders to act properly. The complexity of this action is to discover what the reasons are for the waste not being material recycled and to find a way to apply the allocation. Considering resource efficiency, waste treatment through combustion should always include energy recovering. In order to encourage the energy recovering, the produced heat should not be burdened with CO2 emissions. The plants which provide the energy recovering can be regarded as “flexible platforms” in the way to the sustainability, because if the amount of the waste which need to be combusted decline in the future, the biomass can be used as the fuel.
Biographical Notes:
- Danica Djuric Ilic is a post-doctor and university lecturer in Energy Systems at Linköping University, Sweden. Her research area concerns district heating and waste generation and management by applying system approach and considering economic and environmental factors. - Louise Ödlund (former Trygg) is a professor in Energy Systems at Linköping University, Sweden. Her research area concerns sustainable energy systems with a focus on system perspective on energy use and supply, and is performed in close cooperation with different actor as for example energy utilities, industries, property owners, and governments.
Poster Sessions 113 7. Poster Sessions Poster The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
ANALYSING LARGE-SCALE DISTRICT HEATING POTENTIAL WITH LINEAR HEAT DENSITY. A CASE STUDY FROM HAMBURG.
Ivan Dochev1, Irene Peters1, Hannes Seller1, Georg K. Schuchardt2 1HafenCity University, Überseeallee 16, Hamburg, 20457, Germany 2Klimaschutz- und Energieagentur Niedersachsen, Osterstr. 60, Hannover, 30159, Germany [email protected]
Keywords: Heat Demand, Graph Theory, Linear Heat Density, District Heating Expansion Potential ------Abstract
District heating (DH) can play a key role for a sustainable urban energy supply, especially in the presence of a building stock with high heat demands and several decades of useful life ahead. The economic viability of DH depends, among other things, on the distances between heat generators and customers and hence is not automatically given for each urban context. Many decision support tools for energy planning are currently being developed, which, though differing in complexity, always contain some kind of heat atlas, or heat cadastre – a thematic map representing spatially disaggregated heat demand. We propose extending this approach, combining built environment and urban space layout so that heat demands can be connected to heat infrastructure. Specifically, we analyse linear heat density – the annual heat demand per metre of grid pipe – at large scale in order to inform strategic heat planning. We use a heat demand atlas, the street layout of the city of Hamburg and a graph theory algorithm to group buildings based on their closest street segment and generate hypothetical heating grid layouts, which connect all buildings within a group. These hypothetical grids represent potential small heating grids or likely modules of a grid. We then transfer the heat demand information from the heat demand atlas to these hypothetical heating grids. That way, we create a dataset containing aggregated groups of buildings, their heat demand and a plausible assumption as to the grid layout and length required to connect them. We then use this dataset to analyse (i) the location of potential expansions of the current DH grids (ii) how does the linear heat density of the city change with grid expansion and (iii) the limits of expansion if a certain average density is to be preserved.
Biographical Note(s): - Ivan Dochev has a M.Sc. in urban planning from HafenCity University Hamburg and is currently a PhD student with the topic “Energy policy analysis with a building stock model based on spatial interpolation and microsimulation”. His interests and expertise lie in building simulation, GIS and energy efficiency. - Prof. Irene Peters is an economist with experience in regulation and policy evaluation for technical urban infrastructures. At Tellus Institute (Boston, USA) she worked on energy, transportation and solid waste management; at EAWAG (Switzerland) on urban water; at TUHH/HCU (Hamburg, Germany) on all of these and heat planning in particular. - Hannes Seller studied urban planning and “Resource Efficiency in Architecture in Planning” at HafenCity University and is currently a research assistant. His focus is on statistics and energy efficiency. - Dr. Georg K. Schuchardt is a researcher in the field of district heating since 2011. He has been the scientific head of Fernwärme Forschungsinstitut Hannover e.V., (2016), has a doctorate in the field of district heating simulation and won the “Award for research excellence in district heating and cooling” at DHC15.
114 The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling 7. Poster Sessions The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, Poster September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
OPTIMIZING EFFICIENCY OF BIOMASS-FIRED ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE WITH CONCENTRATED SOLAR POWER IN DENMARK
Jes Donneborg1 and Jelica Matoricz2 1 Aalborg CSP A/S: Jes Donneborg, MSc Economics and Business Administration, Executive Vice President, Aalborg CSP A/S, Address: Hjulmagervej 55, 9000-Aalborg (Denmark), phone: +45 40 15 27 36, email: [email protected] 2 Aalborg CSP A/S Jelica Matoricz, MSc International Marketing, International Marketing Manager, phone: +45 52 73 37 96
Keywords: Concentrated Solar Power, Organic Rankine Cycle ------Abstract
1. Concentrated Solar Power in Denmark
Figure 1: CSP surpasses performance of flat panels in Danish climate
Concentrated solar power (CSP) plants have so far mainly been built to produce electricity for export to the grid, however, numerous advantages have been identified in industrial setting as well. Due to the technology’s flexibility to produce high and mid temperature heat, it provides an ideal solar-thermal solution for industrial purposes. Parabolic trough CSP plants are typically found in countries around the solar belt, but economic viability has also been proven in a place with limited solar resources, in Denmark, where efficiency of the system was monitored and compared with flat solar-thermal panels. The report concluded that CSP produces more energy above 50 °C, provides a better economy over the system’s 25-years lifetime and ensures a year-round energy production even in Nordic climate conditions compared to flat panel systems [1].
Poster Sessions 115 7. Poster Sessions Poster
2. CSP as a flexible add-on to a biomass-fired ORC
In December 2016, a world first CSP plant went into operation in the northern part of Denmark (town of Brønderslev). The plant’s uniqueness lies in the facts that it was designed to be integrated with a biomass-fired Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) which is currently still under construction and is expected to go online in Spring 2018. This combined solution will be the first large-scale system in the world to demonstrate how CSP, with an integrated energy system design can optimize efficiency of ORC even in areas with less sunshine, in this case Denmark.
Figure 2: Image of the concentrated solar power plant in Brønderslev, Denmark
Figure 3: Engineering drawing of the solar field
The solar energy plant was delivered by Danish renewable energy specialist Aalborg CSP, and it is based on the company’s own CSP parabolic trough technology. The plant consists of 40 rows of 125m U-shaped mirrors with an aperture area of 26,929m2.These mirrors collect the sunrays throughout the day and reflect them onto a receiver pipe, which sums up to 5 kilometre receiver tubes. This receiver pipe is surrounded by a special glass vacuum tube and inside this runs - only heated by the sun - thermal oil with temperatures up to 330 °C. This high temperature is able to drive an electric turbine to produce electricity, but the flexibility of the system also allows production of lower temperatures for district heating purposes. The solar heating system can thus alternate between providing heat and power or deliver heat exclusively. To maximize yield of energy, the waste heat is utilized and sent to the district heating circuit whereas electrical power is generated at peak price periods.
116 The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling 7. Poster Sessions Poster
The achievement of the world’s first CSP system combined with a biomass-ORC plant is supported by the Danish Government’s Energy Technology Develop- ment and Demonstration Programme (EUDP).
Figure 4: Aalborg CSP’s parabolic trough
3. Conclusion: monitoring performance during the first solar season
The peak performance of the plant is set to reach 16.6 MWth and the annual yield is expected to be 16,000 MWh of thermal energy. Since the CSP-plant went into operation in the end of 2016, it has been meeting the expected operational goals.
21 January: 14 MWh 21 April: 138 MWh Heat calculated:132,6 MWh Heat delivered: 130,1 MWh 21 July: 180 MWh 21 October: 41 MWh Figure 3: Daily production data from each season of 2017 Figure 6: Daily production data from 1 May, 2017
References
[1] B. Perers, S. Furbo and D. Janne , “Thermal performance of concentrating tracking solar collectors,” Technical Univeristy of Denmark (DTU) Civil Engineering Report R-292 (UK) Department of Civil Engineering, Denmark, 2013.
Poster Sessions 117 7. Poster Sessions Poster The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
LOWEXTRA – FEASIBILITY OF A MULTI-LEVEL DISTRICT HEATING GRID SYSTEM
Dr. E. Dunkelberg1, A. Schneller3, M.Bachmann2, Prof. Dr.-Ing. M. Kriegel2
1 Institute for Ecological Economy Research, Potsdamer Strasse 105, Berlin, 10785, Germany 2 Technische Universität Berlin, Marchstrasse 4, Berlin, 10587, Berlin, Germany 3 adelphi research Berlin, Alt-Moabit 91, Berlin, 10559, Germany [email protected]
Keywords: Low temperature district heating, decentral feed-in, renewable energy, waste heat utilisation ------
Abstract
Finding ways to decarbonise the heating supply is one of the biggest challenges of the energy transformation. District heating (DH) systems can be a promising technology for a low-carbon future if the share of renewable heat and waste heat will be increased. However, the level of integration from low temperature heat sources is currently limited by the system temperatures of the heating grid. Therefore, many research projects in the past put effort to reduce these temperatures. Unfortunately, this approach is restricted by the consumer with the highest temperature demand in the supply area. This situation strictly limits the temperature reduction possibilities and respectively the integration of renewable low-temperature heat sources especially in built- up districts. To develop novel and innovative solutions for this challenge, a multi-level DH-grid approach was developed and investigated from technical and economic perspectives. For technical and economical investigations a test area of a built-in district in Berlin was selected. Regarding to dynamic grid and plant simulations a share of over 40 percent renewable heat in the test area could be reached, if the full potential of available low-temperature heat sources and solar heat is utilised. Economic investigations show that the grid concept can be competitive compared to building individual heating concepts. However, in Germany, due to the currently low natural gas price, gas boilers are often still the option with the lowest heat production costs for the existing building stock. Therefore, political action is needed to increase the feasibility for a successful low-carbon transition and to overcome obstacles for innovative low-temperature (LowEx) DH-systemsthe feasibility of all named fields.
Biographical Note(s): Dr. E. Dunkelberg: Renewable energy, ecological reviews, economical analyses A. Schneller: energy policy M. Bachmann: low temperatur DHC-grids Prof. Dr.-Ing. M. Kriegel: Chair of Hermann-Rietschel-Institut
118 The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling 7. Poster Sessions The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, Poster September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON DISTRICT HEATING PIPELINES UNDER COMBINED AXIAL AND LATERAL LOADING
Tim Gerlach1, Martin Achmus1, Mauricio Terceros1 1Institute for Geotechnical Engineering, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, 30167 Hanover, Germany [email protected]
Keywords: Soil-structure interaction, numerical modeling, buried pipelines, combined loading ------Abstract
Within the design process of district heating networks, the soil resistances in axial and lateral pipeline direction are commonly treated independently as friction resistance and bedding pressure. However, at curved segments or near ellbows, these resistances occur simultaneously and affect each other. The state of knowledge regarding this topic is summarized, and it is shown that only limited information exists for this case of loading. Therefore, a three-dimensional finite element model was developed, using the sophisticated concept of hypoplasticity as an advanced constitutive model for the bedding material. This soil model is able to account for dilatancy, barotropy and pycnotropy of granular soils. For model validation, results gained from the numerical model are compared to experimental data, which are reported in the literature. Subsequently, numerous variations of geometric properties and loading direction were performed. The investigations give a good insight into the behavior of district heating pipelines under combined loading, showing the interdependency of skin friction resistance and bedding pressure. These investigations were also extended to different relative densities of the soil. Finally, we present a design approach which incorporates interaction terms, derived from the presented investigations. Using the academic district heating network design tool IGtH-Heat, we demonstrate that both, the distribution of soil reaction and the pipeline’s displacement significantly change when these effects are taken into account.
Biographical Note(s): - Tim Gerlach: Research assistant at the Institute for Geotechnical Engineering (LUH); main research interests are the numerical modelling of pipe- soil interaction in the context of district heating networks, bearing behaviour of offshore foundations, material modelling of granular soil and numerical modelling of installation processes using meshfree methods. - Martin Achmus: Prof. for Geotechnical Engineering and member of the board of directors of the District Heating Research Institute (FFI) in Hannover; one of several research interests is pipe-soil interaction and in particular the interaction of earth-buried district heating pipelines with the surrounding soil. - Mauricio Terceros: Research assistant at the Institute for Geotechnical Engineering (LUH); main research interests are the pipe-soil interaction by means of a self-developed program, analysis of bearing capacity of laterally loaded piles.
Poster Sessions 119 7. Poster Sessions Poster The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
THE ROLE OF DISTRICT HEATING IN COUPLING OF THE ENERGY SECTORS
Oddgeir Gudmundsson1, Jan Eric Thorsen and Marek Brand 1Danfoss Heating Segment – Application Center, Nordborgvej 81, Nordborg, 6430, Denmark [email protected]
Keywords: Key words: district heating; power; cost efficient, renewables, energy efficiency ------Abstract
For the last decades energy efficiency initiatives have avoided enormous amounts of energy consumption, to the favor of the environment and consumer expenditures. Although there is still a big potential for further energy efficiency improvements it is time to move further and start preparing the whole energy system for the challenge of oversupply from intermittent renewable energy sources, particularly in the power sector. In 2015 the maximum one-hour power oversupply from wind turbines alone in Denmark happened the 26th of June, peaking at around 900 MW and the oversupply over a 15-hour period was 10 GWh. Known solutions to make use of oversupply in the power sector are power export, energy storage and halting the power generation. The power export needs to rely on sufficient capacity at local interconnectors, power demand in the importing country and there is an economic gain in the export. Energy storages can range from storing of power in batteries, pumped hydro, synthetic fuels to fuel displacing at other energy sectors. The last option is stopping the turbines, which should be avoided. The optimum energy storage would have large capacity, high recovery efficiency and low cost. Scoring high on all criteria’s can be difficult when focusing on a single energy sector. By widening the perspective and start taking advantages of synergies between the energy sectors there is a possibility to score high on all three criteria’s. In this paper the potential of utilizing synergies between the power and heat sectors will be explored by considering the projections for the Danish energy system in 2025. The result of the analysis shows the optimum energy storage of renewable power is achieved through fuel displacement in the heating sector in combination with utility sized heat pumps, electric boilers and large thermal storages.
Biographical Note(s): - Oddgeir Gudmundsson, PhD – director at Danfoss Heating Segment – Application Center. Focus on further development of district energy (DE) concepts, low-temperature district heating (DH), role of DE in the future smart energy system and DH project development and implementations. The Application Center has the role as internal and external consultants in the field of market and project support, district energy technology and product development. We are partner in the projects 4GDH, CITERS, EnergyLabNordhavn and SEforAll. - Marek Brand, PhD – application specialist at Danfoss Heating Segment - Application Center. Focus on further development and real cases implementation of low-temperature district heating, development of IOT, development and use of numerical simulations. - Jan Eric Thorsen, MSc- Focus on activities within the field of conceptual development of energy technologies, covering development of components and systems and their interaction in smart energy systems.
120 The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling 7. Poster Sessions The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, Poster September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
IMPROVING DISTRICT HEAT SUSTAINABILITY AND COMPETITIVENESS WITH HEAT PUMPS IN THE FUTURE NORDIC ENERGY SYSTEM K. Helin, S. Syri, B. Zakeri Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University, Otakaari 4, 02150 Espoo, Finland [email protected]
Keywords: CHP, heat pump, energy system modelling, variable renewable energy ------Abstract
In the Nordic countries, district heating (DH) largely relies on efficient, large-scale combined heat and power (CHP) production. Production of CHP, in turn, is dependent on a sufficient market price of electricity. Currently, variable renewable energy is increasing, lowering electricity prices so that CHP utilisation is decreasing, and the prices may fall even further in the coming decade [1]. In that case, DH production with heat-only boilers (HOBs) is expected to increase, thus decreasing the level of coupling between electricity and heat in the energy system. Signs of this are already visible in Finland, e.g. [2]. Increasing heat pump (HP) capacity to partially replace the removed CHP heating capacity would be beneficial to the overall structure of the energy system in two ways. First, the coupling of the heat and power sectors would allow DH production with non-thermal electricity in the future. Second, electricity use in HPs could reduce variation in the residual demand in the electric system. Diminishing the peak-valley difference would allow maintaining a relatively higher amount of low- emission baseload power. The use of significant HP capacities during times of sufficiently low electricity prices would also help to maintain the price competitiveness of DH against individual heating technologies. In this paper, we investigate the effects of large amounts of HP capacity added to the Nordic countries’ DH networks by 2030. We use the Enerallt electricity market model to assess the effect this has on the price level on the Nordpool market, and the total CO2 emissions from DH and electricity production. Enerallt is a model for simulating multinational electricity and heating markets with an hourly resolution [3]. We show that the addition of the HPs counteracts the possible electricity market price decrease and also decreases the total emissions relative to the base case, where no HPs are installed.
References: [1] Helin K., Zakeri B., Syri S. Role of CHP plants and district heating in a Nordic electricity market with a high share of VRE. 2016. 2016 Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems – SDEWES. [2] ÅF. Selvitys keinoista sähkötehon riittävyyden varmistamiseksi kulutushuipuissa [Report on ways to ensure the adequacy of electric power capacity in demand peaks]. 2016. [3] Zakeri B., Virasjoki V., Syri S., Connolly D., Mathiesen B. V., Welsch M. Impact of Germany’s energy transition on the Nordic power market – A market- based multi-region energy system model. 2016. Energy 115, Part 3. 1640– 1662. Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems.
Biographical Notes: - Kristo Helin is a doctoral student at Aalto University School of Engineering. His research interests relate to the outlooks of energy markets and emerging technologies during the transition towards a sustainable energy system. - Sanna Syri is professor of Energy technology and Energy economics at Aalto University School of Engineering. Her research interests include efficient climate change mitigation in large energy systems, at electricity markets and in district heat systems. - Behnam Zakeri is a Postdoctoral Researcher in the field of energy systems analysis at Aalto University School of Engineering. His research area revolves around the role of emerging technologies, new market designs, and systems integration in achieving a low-carbon energy system.
Poster Sessions 121 7. Poster Sessions Poster The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
“NECKARPARK STUTTGART”: DISTRICT HEAT FROM WASTE WATER
H. Erhorn1, J. Görres2, M. Illner1, N. Schäfer2, A. Bergmann1 1Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics, Nobelstraße 12, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany 2Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart Amt für Umweltschutz, Gaisburgstraße 4, Stuttgart, 70182, Germany [email protected]
Keywords: wastewater heat recovery, heat pumps, cogeneration units, district ------Abstract
The 22-hectare area is currently Stuttgart’s largest urban development project. In addition to commercial and service areas, around 850 residential units are to be built on a total of 220,000 m²NFA. The energy concept includes heat recovery from wastewater with a capacity of 2.1 megawatts and is therefore a factor of 10 larger than comparable plants in Germany. The heat required for the district is extracted from a nearby sewer. In order to assess its energy potential, a two-year measurement phase was carried out.
A low-temperature four-pipe heating network provides heat to the buildings, which have been constructed to at least meet the KfW 55 energy efficiency. Heat pumps will provide the necessary temperature level for heating while cogeneration units will raise the temperature level for the hot water supply.
The heat demand of the Neckarpark is estimated at 13 MW and 11 GWh/a based on a type building approach within the scope of the research project. Wastewater heat is mainly intended to cover the demand. The remaining portion is covered by cogeneration units. Power peaks are intercepted by gas boilers. The heat generated is distributed to the connected buildings via the local low- temperature heating network. Photovoltaic is used to compensate for the required auxiliary energy.
According to the calculations performed by the City of Stuttgart, the heat provided by the system is with 11 cents/kWh slightly cheaper than the district heating price in Stuttgart. This calculation takes all capital, operating and energy costs into account.
The project in the Neckarpark district shows that the predominant supply of heat from waste water to a highly efficient urban district is possible on economic terms. With its size, the district provides a practical example for other cities.
Biographical Note(s): - H. Erhorn: Climate neutral districts - J. Görres: Climate neutral districts and cities - M. Illner: Energy concepts and their demonstration in buildings, districts and cities - N. Schäfer: Climate neutral districts and cities - A. Bergmann: Plus-energy buildings in the context of cities and districts
122 The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling 7. Poster Sessions The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, Poster September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
TRANSFORMATION OF AN EXISTING INTO A FOURTH GENERATION HEATING NETWORK
B. Kleinertz1, N. Reinhold1, S. Fischhaber1, S. Greif1, J. Conrad1, C. Pellinger1, S. Roon1 1FfE, Am Blütenanger 71, 80995 Munich, Germany [email protected]
Keywords: District heating network, Sector coupling, Virtual power plant, Variable temperatures ------Abstract
A feasibility study concerning the transformation of an existing into a fourth generation district heating network is carried out. Various heat supply concepts, mainly based on renewable energies, are compared technically and economically. Considered heat generation technologies include solar thermal system, biomass- gasification with combined heat and power (CHP), different heat pump (HP) systems and supply from primary heating network. Additionally, financial benefits from the integration of the units into a virtual power plant are estimated and the required network monitoring concept is derived. To reduce thermal losses, a decrease in supply temperatures and intra-day variation of network supply temperature in summer are assessed. For electricity-led heat generation of HP and CHP, short term increases in network temperature are considered. In order to determine capacities and economic efficiency depending on overall system configuration and generation prioritization, a calculation tool was developed. Several scenarios for hourly future electricity prices are taken from the FfE energy system model and different scenarios for the development of the thermal energy demand are applied. These scenarios serve as basis for estimating economic sensitivity. In the considered network general decrease of supply temperature and intra-day variation of supply temperatures, decreases losses and energy demand. Caused by high required flow temperatures in buildings, the transformation to a low temperature network with individual HPs is less economical compared to a heat network of 70 °C with central HP. Taking into account current energy prices and tax structures, leading to low variations in electricity prices, a combination of HP and CHP is not viable. Under the same circumstances neither the CHP nor HP become economically viable compared to natural gas boiler systems. Still, all heat supply systems allow vast reductions in CO2- emissions and primary energy demand.
Figure 1: Current separated energy supply for heating and domestic hot water (DHW)
Poster Sessions 123 7. Poster Sessions Poster
Figure 2: Possible combined energy supply for heating and domestic hot water by a combination of all considered heat supply technologies
Biographical Note(s): - B. Kleinertz: Innovative district heating and cooling including sector coupling - N. Reinhold: Efficient energy supply focused on residential and non-residential buildings - S. Fischhaber: Electromobility, electrical storage systems and power supply markets - S. Greif: Futures heat supply and markets including virtual power plants - J. Conrad: Combined Heat and Power, Power-to Heat and relevant markets for their integration in the energy supply - C. Pellinger: Energy system analysis and the role of storage systems in a renewable based energy supply - S. Roon: Efficient and renewable based energy supply as well as required market developments
124 The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling 7. Poster Sessions The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, Poster September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
TRANSITION TO THE 4TH GENERATION DISTRICT HEATING - POSSIBILITY, BOTTLENECK, AND CHALLENGES
Haoran Li 1, Natasa Nord 1 1Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Kolbjørn Hejes v 1B, Trondheim, NO-7491, Norway [email protected]
Keywords: 4th generation district heating, DH transition, renewable energy sources, prosumers ------Abstract
Characterized by low temperature, various sources, thermal storage, intelligent management, and integration with smart energy system, 4th generation district heating (DH) will be available in the coming year. However, the transition from the current 2nd generation DH or 3rd generation DH to the future 4th generation DH is a challenging task. This article reviews the technical issues associated with the transition to the future DH. The following technical issues and challenges are discussed in detail: the possibility of suppling low temperature to existing buildings and new buildings, the possibility of integrating various heat sources including renewable sources and recycled sources, the possibility of different thermal storage technologies, and the possibility of smart DH system as well as smart energy system. In addition, the bottlenecks of the mentioned issues are presented together with the potentials solutions. During the transition, some challenges related to energy supply should be solved appropriately, such as improving the proportion of renewable sources, energy security of a system with various sources, and integrating prosumers into a bidirectional flow network. Further, challenges related to the DH distribution such as upgrading current network into a low temperature distribution system, coping with decreasing heat demand due to energy efficiency improvement of buildings are discussed. Finally, transforming current space heating and hot water system in the buildings into low temperature systems, achieving smart DH by advanced control and management, and integrating the smart thermal system with smart energy system were analyzed. The conclusion was that even enjoying the developing trend of 4th generation DH, the transformation should be conducted carefully and gradually. Comprehensive consideration must be took into, focus on the energy structure, the condition of existing systems and the operation custom in different areas or countries. In addition, the technologies for the future system need further development, and the operation as well as the management strategies should be innovated.
Biographical Note(s): - Haoran Li is PhD candidate since 2017, before PhD study he was engineer for design of DH systems and HVAC systems. His research field is within: building energy supply, and district heating. - Dr. Natasa Nord is Associate Professor since 2012 and teaches in building energy supply courses and Thermodynamics - 1. Her research field is within: building energy supply, energy planning, district heating, lifetime commissioning, zero emission building, building energy monitoring, simulation of buildings and HVAC systems, and energy analysis.
Poster Sessions 125 7. Poster Sessions Poster The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
DESIGN OF A SMART THERMAL GRID IN THE WILHELMSBURG DISTRICT OF HAMBURG: CHALLENGES AND APPROACHES
Peter Lorenzen1,2, Philipp Janßen1, Michael Winkel2, Dörte Klose2, Paul Kernstock1, Joel Schrage2, Franz Schubert3 1Hamburg University for Applied Sciences, C4DSI, Am Schleusengraben 24, Hamburg, 21029, Germany 2Hamburg Energie GmbH, Billhorner Deich 2, Hamburg, 20539, Germany 3Hamburg University for Applied Sciences, Berliner Tor 7, Hamburg, 20099, Germany [email protected]
Keywords: Smart Thermal Grid, Renewable Heat Generation, Flexible Operation, Efficiency ------Abstract
Reducing the primary energy demand in district heating systems (DHS) has to be undergone in three different sectors: the generation process (efficiency, renewable heat and integrated energy), the distribution process (efficiency) and the demand side (reduction). 4th generation DHS work with lower temperature levels and an increasing number of small-scale generation plants, yielding both a higher level of decentralization and demand for flexibility and further a higher level of complexity. As a result, only holistic solutions taking into account all three sectors seem to be promising. These challenges can be addressed by the concept of smart thermal grids (STG). The paper presents the design of a STG in the Wilhelmsburg district of Hamburg. It emphasizes how technical and economical concepts are cross-linked in a STG and how DHS are able to become more flexible and efficient, including the focus on the whole lifecycle process from customer acquisition over implementation up to operation. The concepts are simulated and implemented as prototypes in the research project “Smart Heat Grid Hamburg“, founded by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy. First key results show the interdependencies between technological approaches, information infrastructure, general standardization, profitability analysis and customer interaction. Some of these innovative technological and constructional concepts are introduced in the paper and already in the process of implementation, e.g. a three-pipe-connection, flexible customers and a prototype for a smart substation. First outcomes concerning profitability analysis and customer models show that efficiency in general is not incentivized in the current market framework with divergent interests of building owners, residents and suppliers. For example there are no explicit legal requirements with reference to temperature levels of newly built houses linked to DHS. Derived from the first results, the paper points out these and other obstacles and recommends different approaches for the legal framework.
Biographical Note(s):
Peter Lorenzen has focused on simulations of DHS since his master degree and is now doing his PhD. He is also working part-time at the municipal energy supplier Hamburg Energie as a development engineer for new district heating concepts. Since 2017, he’s leading the research project “Smart Heat Grid Hamburg“.
Philipp Janßen worked in an engineering bureau after his master’s degree in 2015 analyzing operation behavior of heating systems as well as supporting HVAC planning. In 2017 he joined the research project “Smart Heat Grid Hamburg” for his PhD studies, working on operation analytics in district heating systems.
126 The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling 7. Poster Sessions Poster
Michael Winkel has finished his PhD in mechanical engineering at Fraunhofer UMSICHT in 2015. Since 2017, he has been working at Hamburg Energie as a development engineer in the research project “Smart Heat Grid Hamburg”, focusing on schedule optimization and profitability analysis of energy systems.
Dörte Klose worked as a controller, key account manager and project manager in a research company for residential fuel cell technologies after having graduated in economics in 2004. Since 2017 she is part of the research project “Smart Heat Grid Hamburg” at the municipal energy supplier Hamburg Energie.
Paul Kernstock graduated from Hamburg University of Technology with a Master’s degree in process engineering with a focus on thermo- and fluid dynamics and technical simulation. Since 2017 he is contributing to distributed simulation of flexible district heating grids as part of the research project “Smart Heat Grid Hamburg”.
Joel Schrage has worked as a Project Manager in the Production/Contracting department of Hamburg Energie since 2011. He develops and manages innovative projects in the field of power and heat supply for quarters within the city of Hamburg. Joel has studied Energy and Environmental Management, International Management and Leadership/International Marketing.
Franz Schubert is a Full Professor in the Hamburg University of Applied Sciences. He leads a research group dealing with Grid Coupling and Energy Management. His research focuses on Smart Energy grids including renewables and demand integration. He managed multiple research projects with many publications.
Poster Sessions 127 7. Poster Sessions Poster The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
COMBINED OPTIMIZATION OF DISTRICT HEATING AND ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS
Jona Maurer1, Christoph Elsner1, Stefan Krebs1, Sören Hohmann1 1Institute of Control Systems (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), Wilhelm-Jordan-Weg, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany [email protected]
Keywords: Optimization, District Heating Networks, Multi-Carrier Energy Systems, Model Predictive Control ------Abstract
The strong increase of volatile renewable energy sources (RES) raise the need for flexibility options in electric power systems (EPS) and district heating networks (DHN). Nowadays EPS and DHN are already physically coupled. The increased usage of heat pumps, electric boilers and combined heat and power plants (CHP) enhances this development. Nevertheless, both networks are operated separately these days neglecting synergy effects as the possibility to use the DHN and the thermal inertia of buildings as flexibility options for the EPS. The main contribution of this work is the development of a network operation approach for integrated EPS and DHN based on social welfare optimization. Thereby demand-side management and economic dispatch are obtained simultaneously by taking into account consumers, producers and both networks. Therefore, bidding models of energy producers and consumers connected to one or both energy networks are developed. The model of the EPS is based on the power flow equations whereas the district heating network is modeled by the node method comprising a stationary hydraulic and a dynamic thermal model. In addition, models for energy converters, as heat pumps and CHP, between the EPS and DHN are presented based on efficiency coefficients. A nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) approach is utilized to optimize the social welfare of all energy producers and consumers. In NMPC the control values are determined by the optimization of a nonlinear cost function. Besides the nonlinear system model serves as a constraint together with relevant boundary values for reliable system operation. These relevant values are e.g. temperature, mass flow and voltage limits. The optimization problem solved here is a nonlinear programming problem. Simulations are run to show that reliable operation of the integrated DHN and EPS is achieved while the social welfare is optimized.
Biographical Note(s): - Jona Maurer is a research assistant at the Institute of Control Systems (IRS) at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT). His research interests are modeling of district heating networks, optimal control and energy management of multi-carrier energy systems. Besides he is interested in aggregation approaches for networks and distributed optimization. - Christoph Elsner is finishing his M. Sc. Degree in electrical engineering at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. His research interests include modeling, analysis and control of multi-carrier energy systems. His focus is especially on optimal network operation of district heating and power systems. - Stefan Krebs is leading the research group for alternative energy systems at the Institute of Control Systems at the KIT. His research interests include interval methods and the control of multi-carrier energy systems. - Prof. Sören Hohmann is head of the Institute of Control Systems at the KIT and director at the FZI Research Center for Information Technology. His research interests include modeling, state estimation and control of multi-carrier energy systems, cooperative control in human-machine interaction and systems with guarantees.
128 The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling 7. Poster Sessions The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, Poster September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
ESTIMATION OF ENERGY SAVING EFFECT BY INTRODUCING SINGLE LOOP PIPING OF HEAT SOURCE WATER NETWORK SYSTEM UTILIZING HOT SPRING UNUSED THERMAL ENERGY
M. Nabeshima1, M. Nakao1, M. Nishioka1, N. Koh1, M. Mike2, K. Sawabe2, A. Michikawa2, S. Sawada2 1Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimotocho Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka-shi, 558-8585, Japan 2 Sogo Setsubi Consulting Co.,Ltd., 1-34-14, Hatagaya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-0072, Japan [email protected]
Keywords: Hot spring, hot water supply, exhaust heat recovery, primary energy consumption ------Abstract
Effective using of hot spring heat in accommodation facilities is one of important challenges in Japan. The heat source water network system using hot spring and drainage in hot spring area can contribute to energy reduction for hot water demand. This paper analyzes a relationship between temperature of the heat source water and the energy efficiency of heat pump water heater introduced in hot spring accommodations which connect to the single loop of heat source water network. From a viewpoint of primary energy consumption, energy saving effect of the heat source water network system is compared with the heat source plant system which is a similar regional heat supply system. In order to achieve our purpose, two kinds of model for the dynamic system simulation on accommodation facilities in the typical hot spring area were constructed. The model of pipe considers convective heat transfer with heat source water and heat loss derived from the heat capacity. Especially the model reproducibility of heat pump water heater was checked by comparison of the characteristics of a real heat pump water heater. Through simulation study with this model, the heat source water network system has about 17.6% reduction in power consumption compared to the heat source plant system.
Biographical Note(s): In this paper, dynamic system simulation is run using data based on actual surveys and the breakdown of energy consumption is clarified for hot water and hot spring water surpply system.
Poster Sessions 129 7. Poster Sessions Poster The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
RENEWABLES, STORAGE, INTELLIGENT CONTROL: HOW TO ADDRESS COMPLEXITY AND DYNAMICS IN SMART DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEMS? Keith O´Donovan1, Basak Falay1, Carles Ribas Tugores1, Gerald Schweiger1, Ingo Leusbrock1 1 AEE - Institute for Sustainable Technologies, Department of Thermal Energy Technologies and hybrid Systems, Group of “On-Grid Energy Supply and System Analysis”, Feldgasse 19, 8200 Gleisdorf, Austria [email protected]
Keywords: district heating, simulation, optimization, storage, 4GDH ------Abstract
A higher share of renewables and added flexibility measures such as storage and heat pumps represent a major challenge for future district heating systems, forboth planners and operators. To design such systems that integrate large shares of fluctuating renewable energy sources while improving the overall efficiency and flexibility of district heating systems requires sophisticated simulation, optimization and control methods and tools. Several options exist for increasing energy system flexibility, including combining different energy domains, increasing supply and demand flexibility, integrating energy storage technologies and increasing the transmission capacity of the national grid as well as interconnections to other countries. In order to investigate these challenges and opportunities for future systems, standard simulation tools and methods are unsuitable, because they often rely on simplified models, static relationships and single-domain approaches [1]. One consequence of this is among others that they are frequently unable to capture the dynamic behavior of such complex systems. Recent advances in object-oriented, physical modeling of energy systems has led to potential for developing novel tools for system planning and operation control that focus specifically on these new challenges [2]. We will showcase a case study where we upgrade an existing network to a 4th generation district heating system. Furthermore, we will show how aggregation methods can help to reduce complexity of the system and simulation time without losing information. The impacts of e.g. large-scale solar units, prosumers, decentralized renewables, Power-2-Heat units, etc. on the system performance and the related challenges in simulation are presented. For our investigations, we will use Modelica. We will thus highlight the differences between standard tools for planning and design of the systems with our approach and show the added value in terms of accuracy and representation of dynamics, which will become a vital feature of future DH systems. References [1] J. Allegrini, et al. 2015: “A review of modelling approaches and tools for the simulation of district-scale energy systems” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 52, 1391-1404. [2] Schweiger, G., Ribas Tugores, C. et al. 2017: “District heating and cooling systems – framework for Modelica- based simulation and dynamic optimization, Energy, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.05.115.
Biographical Note(s): The research group of “On-Grid Energy Supply and System Analysis” at AEE INTEC focusses on the efficient and effective application and integration of renewable energy sources in urban and regional energy supply systems. Development, simulation, analysis and optimization of on-grid heat and cold supply systems, development of intelligent and hybrid energy supply concepts as well as holistic approaches for spatial and temporal analysis and evaluation of energy and resource cycles for urban and regional settings are the current scope of its activities.
130The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling 7. Poster Sessions The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, Poster September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
IMPROVING THE OPERATION OF A DISTRICT HEATING AND A DISTRICT COOLING NETWORK
Johannes Oltmanns1,2, Martin Freystein3, Frank Dammel1,2, Peter Stephan1,2 1Institute for Technical Thermodynamics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany 2Darmstadt Graduate School of Excellence Energy Science and Engineering, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Otto-Berndt-Str. 3, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany 3ENTEGA AG, Frankfurter Str. 110, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany [email protected]
Keywords: District heating operation improvement, combined heat and power, heat demand forecast, peak load reduction, thermal energy storage, network temperature reduction ------Abstract
Ongoing research activities at TU Darmstadt aim at improving the energy efficiency of campus “Lichtwiese”. In accordance with the national climate protection goals, CO2 emissions shall be reduced by 80 percent until 2050 compared to the level of 1990. The district heating and cooling networks and the combined heat and power (CHP) generation play a key role in the university’s energy efficiency strategy. The following measures are considered and evaluated: (1) The cooling supply is switched from compression to absorption chillers, supplied with CHP heat, in order to increase the operating time of the CHP plants, especially in the summer. (2) Thermal energy storage is implemented to increase the flexibility of the energy supply. This allows to operate the CHP plants depending closer on the current power demand instead of the heat demand. It also makes it possible to decrease load peaks and their associated costs. (3) With the help of a regression model and weather forecast data, the building heat demand is predicted in order to improve the operation and, in particular, to benefit as much as possible from thermal energy storage. (4) The district heating network temperatures, currently depending solely on outdoor temperatures, can be reduced considering the real building temperature demand. This increases the efficiency of the heat distribution and makes it easier to integrate alternative heat sources in the future. The presented measures are analyzed regarding their reduction potential for CO2 emissions and primary energy demand compared to the current operation strategy. These measures can generate significant efficiency gains at reasonable cost and make a contribution to reach the university’s goals.
Biographical Note(s):
- Johannes Oltmanns is researcher and PhD candidate at the Institute for Technical Thermodynamics / Technische Universität Darmstadt. Main research interests: District Heating and Cooling, Combined Heat and Power, Network Temperature Reduction, Data Center Waste Heat Usage, Energy System Optimization - Dr. Frank Dammel is head of the research group “Analysis of Thermal Energy Systems” at the Institute for Technical Thermodynamics / Technische Universität Darmstadt. Main research interests: Exergy Analysis, Thermal Energy Supply of Communities, (Low Temperature) District Heating Systems, Pumped Heat Electricity Storage (PHES), Energy Efficient Production. - Prof. Dr. Peter Stephan is head of the Institute for Technical Thermodynamics / Technische Universität Darmstadt. Main research interests: Thermal System Analysis, Boiling and Evaporation, Spray and Film Cooling, Microscale Heat Transfer, Interfacial Heat and Mass Transfer, Heat and Mass Transfer in Micro-Gravity.
Poster Sessions 131 7. Poster Sessions Poster The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
METHODOLOGY FOR THE INTRODUCTION OF THE 4TH GENERATION DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEM. MUNICIPALITY PILOT CASE STUDY Ieva Pakere*, Francesco Romagnoli, Dagnija Blumberga Institute of Energy Systems and Environment, Riga Technical University Address: Azenes street 12/1, Riga, LV-1048, Latvia; E-mail: [email protected]
Keywords: 4th Generation District Heating System ------Abstract
Introduction of 4th Generation District Heating (4GDH) System with lower heat transfer media temperature and integrated renewable energy sources is one of the key solutions for sustainable development of existing district heating (DH) systems. Increased energy efficiency in buildings and reduced thermal energy consumption requires innovative solutions and appropriate system development planning process. Municipalities are one of stakeholders who has important role in DH transformation course. Therefore, DH system development strategy can be significant changing point to create the energy efficient energy supply system. The article describes the methodology for development of strategy to transform the existing DH system to 4GDH system. The main focus group is municipality who has the opportunities to support innovative solutions. The methodology includes several modules, which allows identifying most suitable development scenarios. The particular scenarios are compared with the existing DH system scenario (Base scenario) in order to evaluate the economic feasibility. The methodology is applied and tested on particular DH system in Latvia. The onsite measures, input data analyses and mathematical model development are the main methods used. As a result, several transformation scenarios are identified. The technical solutions include replacement of boiler, heating network reconstruction, heat supply temperature lowering and solar panel installation. Further economic analyses is carried out for system development evaluation and strategy implementation.
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The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, Poster September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
METHODOLOGY TO EVALUATE AND MAP THE POTENTIAL OF WASTE HEAT FROM SEWAGE WATER BY USING INTERNATIONALLY AVAILABLE OPEN DATA
Pelda J., M. Eng.1, Prof. Dr.-Ing. Holler S.2 1, 2University of Applied Sciences and Arts Hildesheim/Holzminden/Göttingen, Rudolf-Diesel-Str. 12, Göttingen, 37075, Germany [email protected]
Keywords: waste heat, sewage water, district heating system, open data ------Abstract
The integration of waste heat is one of the major research areas identified by the EU strategy on heating and cooling. In this paper first results of the research project MEMPHIS are presented. The project MEMPHIS focusses on the potential and feasibility of supplying urban areas with low-grade waste heat from industry and commercial sector as well as from sewage. MEMPHIS addresses this issue through the analysis of low-grade and spatially distributed heat potential from small and medium industries and the service sector as well as from sewage water systems. This paper presents a new methodology for analysing the waste heat potential from wastewater systems by using internationally available open data. How accurate can a methodology based on open data assess the waste heat potential from municipal wastewater flows? How accurate and meaningful are the locations of heat extraction suggested by this methodology? Based on previous studies, especially the dynamics of wastewater flows and temperature fluctuations determine the most suitable locations for wastewater heat extraction combined with a given DH system. Open data combined with key figures, temperature profiles and ambient temperature fluctuations as well as heat losses in the sewage system will determine the sewage heat potential on a city district level. OpenStreetMap data will shape the sewer system, intelligent algorithm find the best way from each sewage disposal to the wastewater treatment plant and accumulate wastewater flows along these paths. This graph, with quantified wastewater flows for each edge, is matched with the local district heating system to determine locations with high potential of waste heat from sewage. Results are checked for plausibility by top-down approach taking data from water supply and sewage plant records.
The MEMPHIS project is funded by the IEA Implementing Agreement on District Heating and Cooling including Combined Heat and Power within the Annex XII work programme.
Biographical Note(s):
How accurate can a methodology based on open data assess the waste heat potential from municipal wastewater flows? How accurate and meaningful are the locations of heat extraction suggested by this methodology? Simulation results show that feasible locations to exploit sewage heat can contribute to a decarbonisation of district heating systems. Utilising heat pumps to generate needed temperature levels out of the low-grade waste heat from sewage can afford linkage between electricity and heat markets. Furthermore, using renewable energy to power heat pumps can supply the district heating system with CO2-neutral heat.
Poster Sessions 133 7. Poster Sessions Poster The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT BACK-UP TECHNOLOGIES FOR SOLAR DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEMS WITH LONG-TERM THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE
A. Rosato, G. Ciampi, A. Ciervo, S. Sibilio University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Department of Architecture and Industrial Design, via San Lorenzo, Aversa, 81031, Italy [email protected]
Keywords: Solar energy, Seasonal thermal energy storage, District heating, Borehole thermal energy storage, TRNSYS. ------Abstract
The Renewable Energy Directive 2009/28/EC establishes an overall policy for the promotion of energy from renewable sources in the EU; it requires the EU to fulfil at least 20% of its total energy needs with renewables by 2020. Solar energy, as a pollution-free, inexhaustible and affordable energy resource, is one of the most attractive options to achieve the EU targets and the city of Naples (central Italy) is characterized by a relevant global solar horizontal irradiation (around 1600 kWh/m2/year). One of the barriers to solar energy technology lies in the misalignment between energy supply during summer and consumption during winter: long-term thermal energy storages represent a key technology to address this issue. In this paper the performance of a centralized solar heating plant devoted to satisfy the heating demand of an Italian district composed of 6 typical single-family houses and 3 typical schools under the climatic conditions of Naples is investigated by means of the dynamic simulation software TRNSYS over a 5-year period. The proposed system is composed of a solar collectors array, a short-term thermal energy storage, a long- term double U-pipe vertical borehole thermal energy storage and a heat distribution network. A back-up system is also included in the system in order to take into account the intermittent nature of solar source. In particular, three different technologies are investigated as back-up devices: (i) a natural gas-fired boiler, (ii) an electric vapor-compression heat pump and (iii) a natural gas-fuelled internal combustion engine-based micro-cogeneration unit. The simulation results are compared with those associated to a conventional heating system in terms of primary energy consumption, carbon dioxide equivalent emissions, operating costs as well as simple pay-back period to identify the best option in terms of back-up system and assess the potential energy, environmental and economic benefits.
Biographical Note(s):
- Antonio Rosato. His main research activities are: dynamic simulation of district heating systems using seasonal thermal storages; experimental analysis and modeling of micro-cogeneration systems and vapor compression heat pumps; energy, environmental and economic analyses of building-integrated micro-polygeneration systems. - Giovanni Ciampi. His main research activities are: dynamic simulation of district heating and cooling systems using seasonal and short-term thermal storages; energy, environmental and economic analyses of building-integrated micro- polygeneration systems; experimental analysis and modeling of electrotropic windows. - Ciervo Antonio. His main research activities are: modeling of solar collectors; dynamic simulation of district heating systems; energy, environmental and economic analyses of building-integrated micro-polygeneration systems. - Sergio Sibilio. His main research activities are: dynamic simulation of district heating systems; energy, environmental and economic analyses of building-integrated micro-polygeneration systems; daylight; artificial indoor and outdoor lighting systems as well as luminaires using LED.
134 The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling 7. Poster Sessions The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, Poster September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
ONLINE LEAKAGE ATTRIBUTION TO EXCLUSION AREAS – PROTOTYPE APPLICATION
Bernd Rüger1, Dennis Pierl2, Marina Guber3, Jun Yin4, Frank Klawonn4, Kai Michels2, Heinz Eberhard1 1SWM Services GmbH, Emmy-Noether-Straße 2, München, 80992, Germany 2Institut für Automatisierungstechnik (Universität Bremen), Otto-Hahn-Allee 1, Bremen, 28359, Germany 3Munich University of Applied Sciences, Lothstraße 34, München, 80335, Germany 4Institut für Information Engineering (Ostfalia Hochschule Wolfenbüttel), Salzdahlumer Straße 46/48, Wolfenbüttel, 38302, Germany [email protected]
Keywords: District Heating, Leakage, Model-based ------Abstract
Localisation of leakages within district heating networks is a challenging but highly essential task. In case of a leakage, especially in sudden cases, there occur miscellaneous adverse effects. In any case the lost medium must be fed back to the network. If the amount of lost medium is too large, it is inevitable to shut down the network. This can be prevented by the use of exclusion areas if these can separate the damaged parts of the network. However, in order to effectively use these exclusion areas, the leakage must be attributed to one or more exclusion areas as quickly as possible. One possible approach is based on the propagation of the pressure wave, which may arise as an initial reaction to the occurrence of a leakage. The first step of the prototype is to recognise leakage entry based on the measurement data. Subsequently, all pressure measurement data are evaluated to find the point in time at which these pressures drop due to leakage. It is not possible to deduct leakage position on the basis of these times directly as the data quality meets the operational requirements but is far too low. The prototype can use these time points despite their big errors. For all possible leakage positions, the theoretical wave propagation is calculated taking into account the valve states. The leakage is attributed to the exclusion area where the theoretical wave propagation fits best. Leakages within a real district heating network were simulated to test and evaluate the prototype. For example, five percent of the transport medium of the network was replenished within a time span of one and a half hours. We present the results of the prototype based on this real data.
Biographical Note(s):
Dr.-Ing. Bernd Rüger: 1998 – 2004: Studies in Electrical Engineering and Information Technology (University of Karlsruhe) 2004 – 2009: Research associate at Institute of Materials for Electrical and Electronic Engineering (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology) Since 2010: Process Engineering, SWM Services GmbH
Dipl.-Ing. Dennis Pierl: 2008 – 2014: Studies in Electrical Engineering and Information Technology (University of Bremen) Since 2014: Research associate at Institute of Automation (University of Bremen) Fields of research: Control Systems Engineering, System Dynamics, Mathematical Modelling, Nonlinear State Estimation, Nonlinear Optimisation
Specialist: Matematik Marina Guber: 2004 – 2010: Studies in Mathematics (Tomsk State University, Russia)
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Since 2013: Studies in Scientific Computing (Munich University of Applied Sciences) Fields of research: Computer Security
M.Sc. Jun Yin: 2011 – 2015: Studies in Business Informatics (B.Sc) (Leipzig University of Telecommunications) 2015 – 2017: Studies in Business Informatics (M.Sc) (Technical University of Braunschweig) Since 2018: Junior- IT Specialist, IBM Client Innovation Center Germany GmbH
Prof. Dr. Frank Klawonn: 1988 – 2002: Research Associate (Technical Unversity of Braunschweig) 1997 – 2002: Professor for Computer Science (Emden University of Applied Sciences) Since 2002: Professor for Data Analytics (Ostfalia University of Applied Sciences)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Kai Michels: 1997 – 2002: Siemens Power Generation, Erlangen, Germany 2002 – 2010: Fichtner Consulting Engineers, Stuttgart, Germany Since 2010: Director of the Institute of Automation (University of Bremen) Fields of research: Making modern control theory available for process plants
Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Heinz Eberhard: 1984 – 1988: Studies in Supply Engineering, main emphasis District Heating (University of Applied Sciences Munich) 1988 – 1998: Varied position as engineer in pipeline construction companies 1998 – 2004: Project manager Munich airport Terminal 2 Since 2005: Executive manager for planning and construction district heating, SWM Services GmbH
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The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, Poster September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
STATE OF THE ART REVIEW OF LARGE-SCALE PIT AND AQUIFER THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE FOR DISTRICT HEATING AND COOLING
Thomas Schmidt1, Aart Snijders2, Per Alex Sorensen3, Thomas Pauschinger1, Reda Djebbar4, Raymond Boulter4 1 Solites, Meitnerstr. 8, Stuttgart, 70563, Germany 2 IFTech, De Gewanten 8, Arnhem, 6836 EB, Netherlands 3 PlanEnergi, Jyllandsgade 1, Skørping, 9520, Country 4 NRCan-CanmetENERGY, 1 Haanel Drive, Ottawa, K1A 1M1, Canada [email protected]
Keywords: seasonal storage, pit thermal energy storage, aquifer thermal energy storage ------Abstract
As part of the International Energy Agency Technology Collaboration Programme on District Heating and Cooling (IEA-DHC) a research project to address general technical issues on large- scale seasonal thermal energy storage applications has been initiated. These issues include the lack of reliable up-to-date data and information, in particular proven concepts, cost data, technology suppliers and experiences from realized projects. Expertise and concrete projects in the field of seasonal thermal energy storage is limited internationally and there is currently a lack of reliable and adequate analysis tools to assess the technical- economic potential of aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) or pit thermal energy storage (PTES) integration in DHC systems. The first deliverable of this IEA-DHC funded project is the development of a state of the art review report for ATES and PTES technologies including up-to-date cost data and cost functions showing the cost of larger scale ATES and PTES systems versus storage system size. In countries such as Denmark and the Netherlands, cost-effective concepts for ATES and PTES have been developed in the past decade and realized in numerous local DHC projects. These TES technologies have been demonstrated within the frame of national R&D programs and more recently as non-subsidized projects by industry. In the state of the art review report to be introduced and presented in this paper the following information will be compiled and summarized: • Design concepts for ATES and PTES • Description of typical application cases for ATES and PTES, including functional criteria and restrictions • Overview of built DHC projects with ATES and PTES in the partner countries, including concepts and integration details of heat and cold sources • Detailed cost analysis of some realized projects
This knowledge will be useful for operators of DHC systems and other stakeholders interested in transforming their systems to smart DHC systems incorporating seasonal storage.
Biographical Note(s): - T. Schmidt, T. Pauschinger and PA. Sorensen are recognized experts in the area of large-scale pit thermal energy storage. - A. Snijders is a recognized expert in the area of large-scale aquifer thermal energy storage. - R. Djebbar and R. Boulter are recognized experts in the area of district heating systems with integrated large-scale seasonal storage.
Poster Sessions 137 7. Poster Sessions Poster The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
LOW TEMPERATURE DISTRICT HEATING FOR FUTURE ENERGY SYSTEMS
Dietrich Schmidt1 1Fraunhofer Institute for Energy Economics and Energy System Technology Königstor 59, DE-34119 Kassel, Germany dietrich.schmidt@iee. fraunhofer.de
Keywords: Low Exergy Communities; Low Temperature Supply Structures and District Heating ------Abstract
The building sector is responsible for more than one third of the end energy consumption of societies and produces the largest amount of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) of all sectors. This is due to the utilisation of combustion processes of mainly fossil fuels to satisfy the heating demand of the building stock. Especially Low Temperature District Heating can contribute significantly to a more efficient use of energy resources as well as better integration of renewable energy into the heating sector (e.g. geothermal heat, solar heat and biomass from waste), and surplus heat (e.g. industrial waste heat). Low temperature district heating offers prospects for both the demand side (community building structure) and the generation side (properties of the networks as well as energy sources). Especially in connection with buildings that demand only low supply temperatures for space heating. The utilisation of lower temperatures reduces distribution losses in pipelines and may increase the overall efficiency of the total energy chains used in district heating. Low temperature district heating is a heat supply technology for efficient, environmental friendly and cost effective community supply. The paper presents and discusses the final output of the international co-operative work in the framework of the International Energy Agency (IEA), the District Heating and Cooling including Combined Heat and Power (DHC|CHP) Annex TS1. The material collected and summarized in the recently published guidebook show that low temperature district heating is a key enabling technology to increase the integration of renewable and waste energy for heating and cooling. Low temperature district heating is one of the most cost efficient technology solutions to achieve 100 % renewable and GHG emission-free energy systems on a community level.
Biographical Note(s): Dr. Dietrich Schmidt is head of the Power-Heat-Systems department at Fraunhofer Institute for Energy Economics and Energy System Technology in Kassel (Germany). His research includes innovative district heating supply, sector coupling and hybrid energy networks. Dietrich Schmidt was operating agent/coordinator of the first task shared Annex in IEA DHC programme.
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The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, Poster September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
THERMAL AND HYDRAULIC INVESTIGATION OF LARGE-SCALE SOLAR COLLECTOR FIELD
Nirendra Lal Shresthaa*, Thomas Oppelta, Thorsten Urbanecka, Ophelia Frotschera, Bernd Platzera, Thomas Göschelb, Ulf Uhligb, Holger Freyb a Chemnitz University of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Professorship Technical Thermodynamics, 09107 Chemnitz b inetz GmbH, Netzbetrieb Wasser/Wärme/Abwasser, Augustusburger Straße 1, 09111 Chemnitz
Keywords: large-scale district heating system, flat plate collectors, Frost protection, performance, yield, operation ------Abstract
In the SolFW Project [1], monitoring of the Brühl solar district heating system at Chemnitz [2] is carried out. This system comprises of two flat plate collector fields (north and south field) with a total aperture area of 2093 m². Figure 1 shows that water is used as a heat transfer fluid from the collector to the house without using heat exchangers. As a result, loss of temperature along the supply line decreases and the collector efficiency increases. In the collector (Figure 2), the heat transfer is also improved due to the thermo- physical properties of water. From a practical point of view, the venting is facilitated leading to a simple and efficient operation. A cost reduction can be achieved by eliminating large heat exchangers, by avoiding water-glycol mixtures, by eliminating pumps, valves on the secondary side, etc. However, the construction of an active antifreeze or safety technology is necessary. The system has been in operation for over one year and meets the expectations. Results on the following topics will be presented: • comparison of the performance with the guaranteed values (application of the method from the IEA SHC Task 45), • the solar yield of the collector fields, • calculation of the field hydraulics and measurement of the temperature distribution, • behavior with active frost protection.
Figure 1: Structure of the transfer station (supply center)
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Figure 2: View of the transfer station with the south field and the two-zone storage
Acknowledgements The project underlying this report is funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy under the code 0325871 following a decision by the German parliament. Special thanks also go to the Project Management Jülich for supporting the project. The sole responsibility for the report’s contents lies with the authors.
References [1] Urbaneck, T.: Project website www.solfw.de. 02.02.2018 [2] Urbaneck, T., Oppelt, T., Shrestha, N. L., Platzer, B., Göschel, T., Uhlig, U., Fry, H.: Brühl Solar District Heating in Chemnitz - The technical implementation. 24. Symposium Nutzung regenerativer Energiequellen und Wasserstofftechnik; Luschtinetz, T.; Lehmann, J. (Hrsg.), Stralsund, 2017, conference proceedings, pp. 133-141. – ISBN 978-3-9817740-3-0
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The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, Poster September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
DEMONSTRATION OF AN OVERGROUND HOT WATER STORE IN SEGMENTAL CONSTRUCTION FOR DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEMS
Jan Markus Mücke1, Thorsten Urbaneck1*, Fabian Findeisen1, Bernd Platzer1, Markus Gensbaur2, Stephan Lang2, Dominik Bestenlehner2, Harald Drück2, Timo Herrmann3, Robert Beyer3 1 Chemnitz University of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Mechanics and Thermodynamics, Professorship Technical Thermodynamics, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany 2 University of Stuttgart, Institute of Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineering, Research and Testing Centre for Thermal Solar Systems, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany 3 farmatic Anlagenbau GmbH, Kolberger Str. 13, 24589 Nortdorf, Germany *[email protected]
Keywords: district heating; floating ceiling; heat supply; hot water storage tank; segmental construction; solar thermal application; thermal energy storage; thermal stratification ------Abstract
Thermal energy stores can significantly improve the efficiency and environment-friendliness of the heat supply by storing heat surpluses and supply heat to the consumer if necessary. Therefore, a high demand for cost-effective storage technologies with low energy losses exists. For hot water storage tanks using the displacement principle significant optimization potentials exists regarding currently at the market available storage technologies, in particular pressure vessels and flat-bottom tanks. A new tank design eliminates disadvantages and offers numerous benefits. A demonstrator of the new design was already built in cooperation with scientific and industrial partners as part of the OBSERW project in Nortorf (Germany). The demonstrator is a small-scale tank with a volume of approx. 100 m³. It allows numerous tests with low energy and time effort. The main novelty of the construction is an indoor floating ceiling, with the loading device (e. g. a radial diffuser) attached directly to it. A flexible connection allows the free movement of the floating ceiling between a top and bottom dead centre. This work describes the function of the storage tank and presents first operation experiences. Experiments with various volume rates and temperature differences underline the advantageous behaviour regarding stratification and heat losses. The radial diffuser fulfils its function very well and offers a narrow stratification layer and thus a high usable volume. Also a thermal stratification device for use e. g. in solar thermal applications was investigated successfully. Both devices are applicable in large hot water storage tanks. Also tests with high temperatures (< 95 °C) were carried out in order to investigate the temperature durability of the used materials. Further investigations are in progress to identify optimisation potentials e. g. regarding the reduction of thermal bridges. The project is part of the energy storage initiative of the Federal Government of Germany (funding reference: 03ET1230 A/B/C). The authors gratefully acknowledge this support.
Biographical Note(s): M. Sc. Jan Markus Mücke (1986) is a research associate at the Professorship of Technical Thermodynamics at the Chemnitz University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering. Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Thorsten Urbaneck (1969) is head of the division Thermal Energy Storage at the Professorship of Technical Thermodynamics,
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Chemnitz University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering. M. Sc. Fabian Findeisen (1987) is a research associate at the Professorship of Technical Thermodynamics at the Chemnitz University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering. Prof. Dr. -Ing. habil. Bernd Platzer (1952) is head of the Professorship of Technical Thermodynamics at the Chemnitz University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering. M. Sc. Markus Gensbaur (1986) is a research associate at Research and Testing Centre for Thermal Solar Systems of the Institute of Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineering, University of Stuttgart. M. Sc. Stephan Lang (1983) is a research associate at Research and Testing Centre for Thermal Solar Systems of the Institute of Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineering, University of Stuttgart. Dipl.-Ing. Dominik Bestenlehner (1979) is a research associate at Research and Testing Centre for Thermal Solar Systems of the Institute of Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineering, University of Stuttgart. Dr.-Ing. Harald Drück (1966) is head of the Research and Testing Centre for Thermal Solar Systems at the Institute of Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineering, University of Stuttgart. Dipl.-Ing. Robert Beyer (1967) is head of sales at the farmatic tank system branch of Fechtelkord & Eggersmann GmbH Timo Herrmann (1976) is process technician at MB Anlagentechnologie GmbH & Co. KG
142 The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling 7. Poster Sessions
The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, Poster September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
THE EFFECT OF DISCRETIZATION ON THE ACCURACY OF TWO DISTRICT HEATING NETWORK MODELS BASED ON FINITE-DIFFERENCE METHODS
J. Vivian1, P. Monsalvete Álvarez de Uribarri2, U. Eicker2, A. Zarrella1 1University of Padova, Dip.to di Ingegneria Industriale, via Venezia 1, Padova, 35131, Italy 2University of Applied Sciences Stuttgart, Center for Sustainable Energy Technology (zafh.net), Schellingstrasse 24, Stuttgart, 70174, Germany [email protected]
Keywords: District heating and cooling, models, finite-difference, accuracy ------Abstract
District heating and cooling (DHC) networks play a fundamental role in the transition towards a sustainable supply of heating and cooling, due to their ability to integrate any available source of thermal energy and to distribute it to the buildings. However, the introduction of renewable non- constant sources together with the variable heat demand of the buildings creates instable operating conditions with pronounced transient regimes. In order to analyse the hydraulic and thermal balances and the dynamics occurring within these networks, several physical models based on different methods were proposed by previous researchers. Numerical models based on finite difference methods (FDM) were pointed out to suffer from artificial diffusion when simulating the propagation of heat through the network. However, due to a wide and well-known literature on these methods, the latter are still used by many researchers and are therefore worth being investigated. The present paper analyses the effects of artificial diffusion using two models based on two different first-order approximation schemes. An ideal temperature wave and a dataset from a real DHC network were used to evaluate the accuracy of the models using different discretization levels in time and space. As a result, the paper provides a framework to set a proper discretization when simulating a DHC network with FDM-based models considering both the expected accuracy and the computation time as criteria.
Poster Sessions 143 7. Poster Sessions Poster The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, September 9-12 , 2018, Hamburg, Germany
DISTRICT HEATING NETWORK AND PLANNING BY USING GIS-SUPPORTED OPTIMIZATION
Stanislav Chicherin1, Anna Volkova2,Eduard Latõšov2 1Omsk State Transport University, 35, Marx avenue, Omsk, 644046, Russian Federation 2Tallinn University of Technology, Deparment of Energy Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, Tallinn, 19086, Estonia [email protected]
Keywords: multicriteria analysis, decision support, optimization, urban, planning, energy, GIS. ------Abstract
The geographical characteristics of district heating (DH) networks make geographical information system (GIS)-supported tools attractive for the structural planning of local energy systems. The improvement of DH network is a complex task with many parameters and it is possible to reach it only if sufficient data are available. Increasing an efficiency of data acquisition supports the decision-making processes as well. GIS-based model of DH network is proposed to improve pipe routing and energy efficiency simultaneously. A simple scenario- based formulation is used for combinations of heat investment decisions under a few uncertainties over specific planning horizons. One of the early stages of methodology is design through the introduction of a circular decision supported optimisation process. The optimization is done under two types of constrains: the spatial (geographical) constraints and consumption profiles. The application of this method is demonstrated using the example of the Omsk DH network analysis. It has been proved that the simulation of the DH network is possible to be coupled with an optimization algorithm in order to illustrate several alternatives in real time. Through the evaluation of energy consumption and the optimization of DH networks by means of a GIS- based model a feedback was provided to the local DH company. The analysis and visualization methods for awareness-building and decision support has been demonstrated. The paper highlights the advantages of coupling a GIS application and energy demand forecasting model to build up a tool aimed to support decision-making. Biographical Note(s): Stanislav Chicherin started his PhD research in 2015 in Omsk State Transport University. The main goal of the research is the analysis of district heating (DH) system dynamics. Currently he contributes to Low-Temperature DH along with optimization model applicable to existing High-Temperature distribution networks. Anna Volkova, Dr.sc.ing. is senior researcher. She defended PhD thesis in 2008, in Riga Technical University (Latvia). Starting from 2009 she works in Department of Energy Technology, Tallinn University of Technology. The main research topics are 4th generation district heating, thermal energy storage, CHP. Eduard Latõšov, PhD, assistant professor. He defended PhD thesis in 2011, in Tallinn University of Technology. Starting from 2015 he works in the Department of Energy Technology, Tallinn University of Technology (Estonia). The main research topics are district heating, CHP, primary energy and energy efficiency.
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DHCth 2018 The 16 International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling September 9th - September 12th. 2018, Hamburg, Germany 8. TECHNICAL TOURS
Combined Heat and Power Plant BHKW Schwentnerring 148
Moorburg Thermal Power Station 149 8. TECHNICAL TOURS Combined Heat and Power Plant BHKW Schwentnerring
During the visit to the High Efficiency Power Generation Plant in Wilhelmsburg, participants will be able to see two CHP units and two boilers of 9 MW each.
Location Schedule
BHKW Schwentnerring 1 in 21109 12.09.2018 Supported by Hamburg Wilhelmsburg From 10:00 to 11:30 HanseWerk Natur Contact Distance from HCU
Julianna Webel 14.7 km [email protected]
150The 16th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling 8. TECHNICAL TOUR Moorburg Thermal Power Station
This tour will take participants on a visit to the Moorburg cogeneration plant, visitors will be able to see one of the biggest CHP plants in Germany with a possible production of up to eleven billion kWh.
Location Schedule
Moorburger Schanze 2, 21079 12.09.2018 Hamburg From 10:00 to 13:30 Supported by Vattenfall Contact Distance from HCU
Julianna Webel 10.2 km [email protected]
Technical Tour 151 DHCth 2018 The 16 International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling September 9th - September 12th. 2018, Hamburg, Germany