Fenologia Da Videira Na Serra Gaúcha1

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Fenologia Da Videira Na Serra Gaúcha1 FENOLOGIA DA VIDEIRA NA SERRA GAÚCHA1 FRANCISCO MANDELLI2, MOACIR ANTONIO BERLATO3, JORGE TONIETTO2 E HOMERO BERGAMASCHI3 RESUMO - Dados experimentais de uma série de dez anos foram utilizados para caracterizar o padrão fenológico de doze cultivares de videira na região da Serra Gaúcha, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram analisadas as fases fenológicas de brotação, floração, mudança de cor das bagas, maturação e queda das folhas para determinar o número de dias médios para cada subperíodo. Considerando a data média de brotação, os cultivares puderam ser classificados em precoces (Chardonnay, Niágara Branca, Pinot Noir, Ives, Riesling Itálico e Concord), médios (Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Isabel Sport e Cabernet Sauvignon) e tardios (Trebbiano e Moscato Branco). O Chardonnay apresentou a data de colheita mais precoce, enquanto o Moscato Branco a mais tardia. O ciclo vegetativo médio dos cultivares foi de 266 dias, sendo os valores extremos de 245 dias no cv. Concord e 280 dias no cv. Pinot Noir. Palavras-chave: uva, brotação, floração, maturação, ciclo vegetativo PHENOLOGY OF WINE GRAPES IN THE SERRA GAÚCHA REGION ABSTRACT - Field experimental data from a ten-year period were utilized to characterize the phenological pattern of twelve cultivars of wine grapes in the Serra Gaúcha region, located in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The phenological phases of budbreak, flowering, veraison, maturation and leaf fall were analyzed in order to describe the phenology and to determine the average number of days for each subperiod. Considering the average date of budbreak, the cultivars could be classified as early (Chardonnay, White Niagara, Pinot Noir, Ives, Riesling Itálico and Concord), medium (Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Isabel Sport and Cabernet Sauvignon) and late (Trebbiano and White Moscato). The cv. Chardonnay had the earliest maturation date, while the cv. White Moscato had the latest one. The vegetative cycle had an average duration of 266 days for the whole set of cultivars, ranging from 245 days for the cv. Concord to 280 days for the cv. Pinot Noir. Key words: grape, budbreak, flowering, maturation, vegetative cycle 1 Parte da tese de doutorado do primeiro autor apresentada à Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFGRS. 2 Eng. Agrônomo, Dr., EMBRAPA Uva e Vinho, Caixa Postal 130, CEP 95700-000- Bento Gonçalves, RS, e-mail: [email protected] 3 Eng. Agrônomo, Dr., Professor do Dep. Plantas Forrageiras e Agrometeorologia - UFRGS, bolsistas do CNPq. Recebido para publicação em 30-12-2003 PESQ. AGROP. GAÚCHA, v. 9, n. 1-2, p. 129-144, 2003 129 PAG_penultimo2.pmd 129 14/1/2005, 10:24 FRANCISCO MANDELLI, MOACIR ANTONIO BERLATO, JORGE TONIETTO e HOMERO BERGAMASCHI INTRODUÇÃO tivares. O conhecimento dos estádios fenológicos é A videira cultivada em regiões de clima tem- uma exigência da viticultura moderna, uma vez que perado apresenta ciclos vegetativos sucessivos in- possibilita a racionalização e otimização de práti- tercalados por períodos de repouso. O ciclo cas culturais, que são indispensáveis para o cultivo vegetativo da videira é subdividido em vários perí- da videira. Por exemplo, a data da brotação possi- odos: o que inicia na brotação e vai até o fim do bilita a organização e racionalização da poda e a crescimento, chamado de período de crescimento; determinação da data do tratamento fitossanitário o que inicia na floração e se estende até a de inverno. A data da floração é fundamental para maturação dos frutos, chamado de período o monitoramento e controle das podridões do ca- reprodutivo; o da parada do crescimento à cho e a data da maturação das uvas possibilita a maturação dos ramos, chamado de período de organização dos trabalhos de campo (colheita e amadurecimento dos tecidos. Esses períodos vão- transporte) e da indústria (recebimento e uso de se sucedendo, existindo uma interdependência en- equipamentos enológicos). tre si, sendo que o desenrolar de um depende da- Por esses motivos, estudos que envolvam ca- quele que o precede (GALET, 1983). racterizar o comportamento da videira são necessá- As etapas por que passam as gemas desde rios para o planejamento de seu cultivo, especial- sua formação até o início da brotação no ciclo se- mente para as condições do Rio Grande do Sul, onde guinte, foram denominadas por POUGET (1966, a videira ainda não foi suficientemente estudada. 1972) como pré-dormência, entrada em dormência, Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracteri- dormência, quebra da dormência e pós-dormência. zar a fenologia de doze cultivares de videira na Uma vez suplantado o processo de quebra região da Serra Gaúcha. da dormência (ação das baixas temperaturas), e à medida em que ocorre aumento da temperatura, MATERIAL E MÉTODOS as gemas tornam-se aptas a iniciar a brotação. A brotação ocorre graças às reservas acu- A Serra Gaúcha está localizada na Encosta muladas no xilema. Essas reservas são utilizadas Superior da Serra do Nordeste do estado do Rio até que os novos tecidos formados estejam aptos a Grande do Sul, em um divisor de águas, numa linha sustentar o desenvolvimento da brotação. que passa a nordeste da cidade de Caxias do Sul, BAGGIOLINI (1952) utilizou 16 estádios seguindo pela cidade de Farroupilha até Garibaldi, fenológicos para descrever o processo seqüencial quando inflete para o sul. Esse patamar termina de de desenvolvimento de uma gema desde o repouso forma escarpada a leste e, vigorosamente recorta- vegetativo até a queda das folhas. do e festonado ao sul, oeste e norte pela rede Segundo GALET (1983), Pulliat foi o primeiro hidrográfica, que forma as bacias do rio Caí e do rio a estabelecer uma classificação de cepas tendo das Antas, respectivamente (FALCADE et al., 1999). como base a época de maturação do cv. Chasselas O clima da região é, segundo a classificação Doré. Esta classificação separa os cultivares em climática de Köppen, do tipo Cfb, temperado úmi- cinco grupos, variando dos precoces, que amadu- do (MORENO,1961). recem 15 dias antes do cv. Chasselas Doré, até os A região é caracterizada por um relevo aci- tardios, que maturam cerca de 45 dias após este dentado, com solos rasos e pedregosos, predomi- cultivar tomado como referência. nando os solos enquadrados na classificação bra- Alguns trabalhos abordaram a fenologia da sileira como Brunizem Avermelhado, Litólico videira no Rio Grande do Sul, dentre eles os de Eutrófico, Laterílico Bruno Avermelhado Distrófi- GOBBATO (1940), BÁN (1979), DIAS et al. co, Cambissolo Húmico e Litólico Distrófico (FLO- (1982), MANDELLI (1984), SOUSA (1996) e RES et al., 1999). SCHIEDECK et al. (1997), os quais compararam Foram utilizados dados fenológicos do Banco a fenologia de diferentes cultivares na região da Ativo de Germoplasma da Embrapa Uva e Vinho, Serra Gaúcha ou em relação a outras regiões Bento Gonçalves, RS, das safras 1984/85 a 1993/94. vitícolas. Entretanto, a maioria deles utilizaram pou- Os cultivares de videiras foram seleciona- cos anos para a caracterização fenológica dos cul- dos ou por serem os de maior expressão econômi- 130 PESQ. AGROP. GAÚCHA, v. 9, n. 1-2, p. 129-144, 2003 PAG_penultimo2.pmd 130 14/1/2005, 10:24 FENOLOGIA DA VIDEIRA NA SERRA GAÚCHA ca na viticultura da Serra Gaúcha ou por apresen- sobre as gemas. O final da brotação foi considera- tarem fenologia diferenciada, quando comparados do quando cessava a abertura das gemas, embora com outros de seu grupo (viníferas ou americanas ainda pudessem permanecer gemas dormentes e/ou híbridos). Assim, para cada grupo, procurou- sobre os ramos. se selecionar cultivares de videiras com diferentes A data do início da floração foi considerada fenologias, principalmente quanto à data da brotação quando as primeiras caliptras florais se separam e colheita, de forma a poder trabalhar com cultiva- da base do ovário, atingindo o 19º estádio da des- res precoces, médios e tardios, tanto para a crição de EICHHORN e LORENZ (1977). O fi- brotação quanto para a colheita. nal da floração se caracteriza pelo término da que- Os cultivares utilizados foram: viníferas bran- da das caliptras. cas - cvs. Chardonnay, Moscato Branco, A data do início da maturação foi considerada Riesling Itálico e Trebbiano; viníferas tintas - quando as primeiras bagas mudaram de coloração. cvs. Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Neste caso, as bagas dos cultivares de película branca Merlot e Pinot Noir; americanos/híbridos - cvs. se tornam translúcidas e as bagas dos cultivares tintas Concord, Isabel Sport, Niágara Branca e Ives adquirem uma coloração avermelhada, o que (Bordô). O cv. Isabel Sport é um clone tetraplóide corresponde ao 35º estádio da descrição de do cv. Isabel, entretanto apresenta fenologia e com- EICHHORN e LORENZ (1977). O final da maturação portamento agronômico diferenciado em relação foi considerado como a data da colheita das uvas. ao material de origem. A data do início da queda das folhas foi con- As determinações fenológicas foram reali- siderada quando as primeiras folhas de todas as zadas, para todos os cultivares, em cinco ou seis plantas iniciaram a queda. Considerou-se como fi- plantas, a partir do segundo ciclo vegetativo. To- nal da queda das folhas quando as plantas perde- dos os cultivares foram enxertados no porta-en- ram todas as folhas, que corresponde aos estádios xerto 101-14 (V. riparia x V. rupestris (101-14 43º e 47º, respectivamente, descritos por Mgt.)), conduzidos em espaldeira, com cinco fios EICHHORN e LORENZ (1977). de arame (o primeiro a 0,90m, o segundo a 1,10m, As diferenças fenológicas entre os doze cul- o terceiro e o quarto paralelos a 1,40m e o quinto a tivares de videira foram avaliadas utilizando-se a 1,80m acima do solo). A poda adotada foi do tipo média, o desvio-padrão e o coeficiente de variação. Guyot duplo arqueado, com varas de 10 a 14 ge- mas e esporões de duas gemas, resultando em cerca RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO de 60 mil a 85 mil gemas por hectare, para o espaçamento utilizado de 2,5 m entre filas x 1,5 m A Tabela 1 e a Figura 1 apresentam as datas entre plantas.
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