DOCSLIB.ORG

Dynamics of Learning Among Pre-Primary School Learners in Uyo Senatorial District, Nigeria: an Exploration of Formal and Informal Education Processes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Dynamics of Learning Among Pre-Primary School Learners in Uyo Senatorial District, Nigeria: an Exploration of Formal and Informal Education Processes Dynamics of learning among pre-primary school learners in Uyo Senatorial District, Nigeria: An exploration of formal and informal education processes By ARIT OKONOBONG ATAKPA 214585516 Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Education University of KwaZulu-Natal South Africa December, 2018 i ii CERTIFICATION I certify that this thesis ‘Dynamics of learning among pre-primary school learners in Uyo Senatorial District,Nigeria: An exploration of formal and informal education processes’ is the original work by Arit Okonobong Atakpa with student number 214585516 in the Department of Early Childhood Development (ECD) under my supervision. ……………………………….. Date:……………………………….. Professor Silthabile Ntombela ……………………………….. Date:……………………………….. Dr. Bonakele Y. Mhlongo iii DEDICATION This work is dedicated to the Almighty God who has been my hope and stay. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT With a deep sense of gratitude, I sincerely wish to acknowledge people who have made this successful story a reality. Without God it would not have been possible for me to bring this work to completion. To Him be all the glory. To my efficient supervisor Prof Sithabile Ntombela and Dr Bonakele Y. Mhlongo for their patience, encouragement, understanding, scholarly advice and useful corrections at all stages to give this work a first lift. I say thanks immensely. Special thanks go to my internal reader Prof Akinbote for accepting to look critically at the contents of this work despite his crowded academic engagement. I sincerely wish to acknowledge and appreciate the academic assistance received by Dr and Mrs Louis Okon Akpan, Dr Ekanem A. Ekanem, Dr Immaculate Umoh, Dr Ebenezer Akpan, Mamazippo, Dagogo Williams and Messei Peters. My unreserved thanks go to my colleagues and friends Mr Maxwell Jnr Opoku for all his assistance, God bless you richly. To my family members, especially my immediate family, Mrs Affiong Rock Dick, Prince Itam Atakpa, Mrs Favour Jackson and Michael Atakpa, thank you for your support and prayers. To my friends and colleagues, thank you for your fervent prayers. I am grateful to all the teachers and parents whose schools I used to conduct the research work. Thank you for your co-operation; you made it possible for me to receive information for this study. I sincerely acknowledge all the authors whose works and ideas have in no small measure helped to complete this work. Lastly I give God all the glory for His mercy and goodness to me. v Table of Contents Declaration .........................................................................................................................................ii Certification .......................................................................................................................................iii Dedication ..........................................................................................................................................iv Acknowledgement .............................................................................................................................v Table of Contents ...............................................................................................................................vi Abstract .............................................................................................................................................xiii List of Abbreviations .........................................................................................................................xv List of Figures ....................................................................................................................................xvi List of Appendices .............................................................................................................................241 Chapter one: Children begin to learn ............................................................................................1 1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................1 1.2 The focus and purpose of the study .............................................................................................4 1.3 Statement of the problem .............................................................................................................5 1.4 Rationale/motivation for the study...............................................................................................7 1.5 Description of research site ..........................................................................................................9 1.6 Research Questions ......................................................................................................................12 1.7 Objectives of the study.................................................................................................................12 vi 1.8 Significance of the study ..............................................................................................................12 1.9 An overview of the theoretical framework, research design and methodology ..........................13 1.9.1 Theoretical underpinning of the study ......................................................................................13 1.9.2 Qualitative research methodology ............................................................................................14 1.9.3 Research paradigm ....................................................................................................................14 1.9.4 Research sampling ....................................................................................................................14 1.9.5 Data gathering approach ...........................................................................................................15 1.9.6 Data analysis method ................................................................................................................15 1.10 Organisational structure of the thesis .........................................................................................15 1.11 Explanation of the key concepts ................................................................................................17 1.11.1 Learning ..................................................................................................................................17 1.11.2 Pre-primary school ..................................................................................................................18 1.11.3 Dynamics ................................................................................................................................18 1.11.4 Formal education process .......................................................................................................18 1.11.5 Informal education ..................................................................................................................18 1.11.6 Language ................................................................................................................................19 1.11.7 Mother tongue ........................................................................................................................19 1.12 Summary ....................................................................................................................................19 Chapter two: Historical development of early childhood education in the world: with a particular reference to Nigeria .......................................................................................................20 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................20 2.2 Conceptualisation of early childhood education ..........................................................................20 2.3 History of early childhood education ...........................................................................................25 vii 2.4 Early childhood education in some countries in the world ..........................................................30 2.4.1 Early childhood education in USA ...........................................................................................30 2.4.2 Early childhood education in Germany ....................................................................................31 2.4.3 Early childhood education in China ..........................................................................................32 2.4.4 Early childhood education in South Africa ...............................................................................33 2.5 Early childhood education in Nigeria ..........................................................................................33 2.5.1 National Policy on education and early childhood education in Nigeria ..................................35 2.5.2 The roles of Universal Basic Education (UBE) in National Policy on Education ....................38 2.5.3 Universal Basic Education (UBE) with Early Child Care Development and Education .........39 2.6 Summary ......................................................................................................................................49 Chapter three: Review of the related literature ............................................................................50 3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................50
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Contrastive Study of the Ibibio and Igbo Sound Systems
    A CONTRASTIVE STUDY OF THE IBIBIO AND IGBO SOUND SYSTEMS GOD’SPOWER ETIM Department Of Languages And Communication Abia State Polytechnic P.M.B. 7166, Aba, Abia State, Nigeria. [email protected] ABSTRACT This research strives to contrast the consonant phonemes, vowel phonemes and tones of Ibibio and Igbo in order to describe their similarities and differences. The researcher adopted the descriptive method, and relevant data on the phonology of the two languages were gathered and analyzed within the framework of CA before making predictions and conclusions. Ibibio consists of ten vowels and fourteen consonant phonemes, while Igbo is made up of eight vowels and twenty-eight consonants. The results of contrastive analysis of the two languages showed that there are similarities as well as differences in the sound systems of the languages. There are some sounds in Ibibio which are not present in Igbo. Also many sounds are in Igbo which do not exist in Ibibio. Both languages share the phonemes /e, a, i, o, ɔ, u, p, b, t, d, k, kp, m, n, ɲ, j, ŋ, f, s, j, w/. All the phonemes in Ibibio are present in Igbo except /ɨ/, /ʉ/, and /ʌ/. Igbo has two vowel segments /ɪ/ and /ʊ/ and also fourteen consonant phonemes /g, gb, kw, gw, ŋw, v, z, ʃ, h, ɣ, ʧ, ʤ, l, r/ which Ibibio lacks. Both languages have high, low and downstepped tones but Ibibio further has contour or gliding tones which are not tone types in Igbo. Also, the downstepped tone in Ibibio is conventionally marked with exclamation point, while in Igbo, it is conventionally marked with a raised macron over the segments bearing it.
    [Show full text]
  • An Atlas of Nigerian Languages
    AN ATLAS OF NIGERIAN LANGUAGES 3rd. Edition Roger Blench Kay Williamson Educational Foundation 8, Guest Road, Cambridge CB1 2AL United Kingdom Voice/Answerphone 00-44-(0)1223-560687 Mobile 00-44-(0)7967-696804 E-mail [email protected] http://rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm Skype 2.0 identity: roger blench i Introduction The present electronic is a fully revised and amended edition of ‘An Index of Nigerian Languages’ by David Crozier and Roger Blench (1992), which replaced Keir Hansford, John Bendor-Samuel and Ron Stanford (1976), a pioneering attempt to synthesize what was known at the time about the languages of Nigeria and their classification. Definition of a Language The preparation of a listing of Nigerian languages inevitably begs the question of the definition of a language. The terms 'language' and 'dialect' have rather different meanings in informal speech from the more rigorous definitions that must be attempted by linguists. Dialect, in particular, is a somewhat pejorative term suggesting it is merely a local variant of a 'central' language. In linguistic terms, however, dialect is merely a regional, social or occupational variant of another speech-form. There is no presupposition about its importance or otherwise. Because of these problems, the more neutral term 'lect' is coming into increasing use to describe any type of distinctive speech-form. However, the Index inevitably must have head entries and this involves selecting some terms from the thousands of names recorded and using them to cover a particular linguistic nucleus. In general, the choice of a particular lect name as a head-entry should ideally be made solely on linguistic grounds.
    [Show full text]
  • The Structure of Idioms in Ibibio
    International Journal of Language and Literature December 2017, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 185-196 ISSN: 2334-234X (Print), 2334-2358 (Online) Copyright © The Author(s). All Rights Reserved. Published by American Research Institute for Policy Development DOI: 10.15640/ijll.v5n2a19 URL: https://doi.org/10.15640/ijll.v5n2a19 The Structure of Idioms in Ibibio Escor Efiong Udosen1, Imeobong John Offong2 & Maria-Helen Ekah3 Abstract Idioms exist in Ibibio, a Lower Cross language spoken in Nigeria. This paper attempts an investigation of the structure of this figurative language arising from the basis that they are constituents beyond the word. It relies on the Continuity Constraint framework proposed by William O‟Grady in 1998 to explain the relationship that exists among the lexical components of idioms such that they must of a necessity occur with one another to convey the meaning they do, otherwise, the meaning changes. Data were gathered from the interactions of Ibibio speakers who reside in large numbers in Calabar, Cross River State. They were extracted by the researchers‟ native speaker knowledge of the language. It is discovered that sentence idioms which are interrogatives, declaratives and imperatives occur in Ibibio. Compound idioms are also a reality in the language as well as Noun Phrase Idioms. It has also been seen that by virtue of usage, infinitive phrase and Negative constructions exist as idioms in the language. Keywords: Ibibio, Idioms, Infinitive, Phrase, Structure 1.0 Introduction Language is structured. It is a system of signs and symbols which communicate information or messages, ideas and emotions among humans. It is made up of levels which can be analysed scientifically.
    [Show full text]
  • Documenting the Significance of the Ibibio Traditional Marriage Gift Items: a Communicative Approach
    International Journal of Language and Linguistics 2014; 2(3): 181-189 Published online April 30, 2014 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ijll) doi: 10.11648/j.ijll.20140203.17 Documenting the significance of the Ibibio traditional marriage gift items: A communicative approach Bassey Andian Okon 1, Edemekong Lawson Ekpe 1, Stella Asibong Ansa 2 1Department of Linguistics and Communication Studies, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria 2Department of English and Literary Studies, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria Email address: [email protected] (B. A. Okon), [email protected] (E. L. Ekpe), [email protected] (S. A. Ansa) To cite this article: Bassey Andian Okon, Edemekong Lawson Ekpe, Stella Asibong Ansa. Documenting the Significance of the Ibibio Traditional Marriage Gift Items: A Communicative Approach. International Journal of Language and Linguistics. Vol. 2, No. 3, 2014, pp. 181-189. doi: 10.11648/j.ijll.20140203.17 Abstract: Marriage is one of the culture universals being that it is contracted in every society of the world, but its mode of contract varies from one society to the other. This paper unravels the significance and reasons for the traditional marriage gifts in Ibibio traditional marriage. Gifts in general, have meanings attached when given or received but most importantly, they communicate the culture of the people and other forms of emotions. Through this work, the different items given and the significance of the gifts in Ibibio traditional marriage/ culture are shown. The theoretical framework is the semiotic approach which has to do with the science of sign system or signification which is amenable to this paper.
    [Show full text]
  • Print This Article
    International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature ISSN 2200-3592 (Print), ISSN 2200-3452 (Online) Vol. 2 No. 6; November 2013 Copyright © Australian International Academic Centre, Australia Articulatory Analysis of Palatalization in Anaang Mfon Brownson Ekpe English Department, College of Humanities Redeemer’s University, Mowe, Nigeria E-mail: [email protected] Received: 01-08-2013 Accepted: 03-09-2013 Published: 01-11-2013 doi:10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.2n.6p.155 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.2n.6p.155 Abstract This paper examines the Articulatory features of palatalisation in the phonology of Anaang language. Anaang is a developing language spoken by the Anaang people in Akwa Ibom State of Nigeria. Genetically, Anaang is a Lower Cross Language of the Benue-Congo sub-family of the Niger-Congo Language Phylum. The objectives of the study are to investigate the articulatory features of Anaang and how palatalisation is formed in the language. The population is made of sixteen informants, two from each of the eight local government areas in Anaang speaking areas. Collection of data is based on interviews, participant observation and personal interaction with the informants. In achieving this, fifty items were used from SIL Comparative African Wordlists. Interviews were both formally and informally recorded in a digital midget. Formally, the recordings were done on the knowledge of the informants who were asked to pronounce words in Anaang. Informally, data were recorded unknowingly to the informants in social gatherings. Articulatory Model by Browman & Goldstein (1990) is adopted as the theoretical frame for the analysis. The theory recognizes gestures as abstract, discreet and dynamically defined units which are invariant, but overlap in time due to their internal spatio-temporal organisation.
    [Show full text]
  • Ibibio Dictionary. Final Report. INSTITUTION Stanford Univ., Calif
    CA DOCUMENT RESUME ED 067 960 AUTHOR Kaufman, Elaine Marlowe TITLE Ibibio Dictionary. Final Report. INSTITUTION Stanford Univ., Calif. SPONS AGENCY Institute of International Studies (DHEW/OE) Washington, D.C. BUREAU NO BR-9-7727 PUB DATE Jun 72 CONTRACT OEC-0-9-097727-2473 NOTE 635p, EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$23.03 DESCRIPTORS *African Languages; Definitions; *Dictionaries; *English; Form Classes (Languages); Language Classification; *Lexicography; Lexicology; *Vocabulary IDENTIFIERS *Ibibio; Nigeria ABSTRACT More than 4,500 entries are included in this Ibibio dictionary which' is intended for general use by field workers in the Ibibio (Nigeria) area or by professional linguists and anthropologists. Most noun entries include the following subentries: (1) noun phrases in which the head noun is qualified, resulting in a change or clarification of meaning, and (2) adjectives and adverbs derived from the noun. Most demonstrative, adverb, preposition, or conjunction entries include as subentries sentences or phrases illustrating their use. Verb entries have as subentries: (1) sentences illustrating one or more meanings of the verb, especially ones of a peculiar or idiomatic nature, and (2) verbal derivatives including nouns, adjectives, and adverbs. (RL) r",t,t/e107., tUDirA, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION b WELFARE ,CL.6,6.2 MICE OF EDUCATION 49-77;17 THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT.POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY. ' FINAL REPORT O Cr% O Contract No. °EC-0-9-097727-2413 IBIBIO DICTIONARY Elaine Marlowe Kaufman Stanford University Palo Alto, California June 1972 The research reported herein was performed puilsuant to a contract with the Office of Education, U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Lexical Aspect and Lexical Saliency in Acquisition of Past Tense- Aspect Morphology Among Ibibio Esl Learners
    LEXICAL ASPECT AND LEXICAL SALIENCY IN ACQUISITION OF PAST TENSE- ASPECT MORPHOLOGY AMONG IBIBIO ESL LEARNERS BY WILLIE UDO WILLIE (Under the Direction of Lioba Moshi) ABSTRACT In the last two decades researchers in L2 acquisition research have tested a number of hypotheses that make well defined predictions about the developmental processes involved in L2 acquisition of tense-aspect morphology. Such hypotheses include the Lexical Aspect Hypothesis and the Cognitive Saliency Hypothesis. Lexical Aspect Hypothesis predicts that the lexical semantics of the verbal predicates determines the pattern of acquisition of verbal morphology at the early stages of interlanguage development (Andersen and Shirai 1995; Ayoun and Salaberry 2008; Bardovi-Harlig 2000) while the Cognitive Saliency Hypothesis predicts that the perceptual saliency of the verbal predicates determines the pattern of acquisition of verbal morphology (Salaberry 2000; Hawkins and Lizska 2003). Our aim was to test the joint effects of these two hypotheses in the interlanguage of Ibibio learners of English as a second language (ESL). Ibibio is a language spoken in the southeastern part of Nigeria by about five million speakers. We argue that two distinct but related cognitive processes are involved in the development of inflectional endings in a second language: the lexical-based learning which is operative at the lower levels of proficiency and the rule-based learning which is operative at the higher levels of proficiency. We elicited written narratives from 171 participants organized into six groups sampled from the primary schools, the secondary schools and the universities using three sets of picture stories with each set for each level of education.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnobotanical Survey of Akwa Ibom State of Nigeria Kola K
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Journal of Ethnopharmacology 115 (2008) 387–408 Ethnobotanical survey of Akwa Ibom State of Nigeria Kola K. Ajibesin a,∗, Benjamin A. Ekpo a, Danladi N. Bala a, Etienne E. Essien b, Saburi A. Adesanya c a Department of Pharmacognosy & Natural Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom, Nigeria b Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom, Nigeria c Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria Received 30 July 2006; received in revised form 3 October 2007; accepted 10 October 2007 Available online 23 October 2007 Abstract Ethnopharmacological relevance: The medicinal plants employed in the ethnomedicine of Akwa Ibom State of Nigeria are studied. Aim of the study: The survey aims at identifying and documenting the plants used amongst the indigenes of Akwa Ibom State. Materials and methods: Using ethnobotanical survey list, information is gathered through personal interviews with traditional medical practitioners, community elders and patients. Results: A total of 114 medicinal plant species representing 102 genera and 54 families employed in the traditional medical practice of the people of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria are recorded from 930 homes. Ailments such as skin diseases, malaria, gonorrhoea and haemorrhoids are mostly treated with the medicinal plants. Details pertaining to the preparation and administration of plant drugs are provided. Conclusions: The survey provides a veritable source of information for traditional medical practitioners and medicinal plant researchers. These medicinal plants may be incorporated into the healthcare delivery system of the country. © 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluating the Place of the Ekpe Traditional Institution As a Tool for Nation-Building in Pre-Colonial Cross River Region
    Historical Research Letter www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3178 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0964 (Online) DOI: 10.7176/HRL Vol.49, 2019 Evaluating the Place of the Ekpe Traditional Institution as a Tool for Nation-Building in Pre-Colonial Cross River Region Inyang Bassey 1 Charles E. Ekpo 2* 1.Department of History and International Studies, University of Calabar, Nigeria 2.Post-Graduate Student, Peace and Conflict Studies Programme, Institute for Peace and Strategic Studies, University of Ibadan, Nigeria Abstract The Cross River region is a vast socio-cultural mosaic which accommodates peoples of distinct ethnic, religious, social, economic and political inclinations. Its northern half is infact, the birth place of the Bantu group who are known to speak over 200 related languages. Amidst this plurality in culture, a traditional institution played a crucial role in the amalgamation of political structures which, if not for colonial intervention, could have engineered a nation out of these different socio-cultural groups; that traditional institution was the Ekpe institution. Literature on the proliferation and indeed imperium of Ekpe abounds. Yet, none explicitly explain the confederation which the Ekpe was at the process of engineering in the Cross River region before colonialism interrupted such progress. This work examines the unsung attempt by the Ekpe traditional institution to forge a confederation across the segmented peoples of the Cross River region. Utilizing primary and secondary evidences, it has been shown in the work that such efforts at nation-building were yielding results and would have maturated into a formidable central political unit but for colonial truncation. Keywords: Ekpe, Old Calabar, Nation-building, Ekpe confederacy, Cross River Region DOI : 10.7176/HRL/49-02 Publication date : August 31 st 2019 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Tone System of Ibibio
    TAPS Proceedings Urua The tone system of Ibibio Eno-Abasi Urua University of Uyo, Nigeria/Universität Bielefeld, Germany [email protected] 1. Introduction tones (in addition to other tonological processes), underscore the autonomy of A fair amount of attention has been tones from the units that anchor them. devoted to the study of Ibibio tone, the Some of the tonal processes to be first serious one being that of Kaufman discussed in this paper include spreading, (1968). Other descriptions of the Ibibio replacement, simplification and deletion tone system or aspects of it, include Boys with the Ibibio tone rules appearing to (1979), Essien (1983, 1990), Essien operate from left to right. Grammatically, (1992), Umoh (1985), Urua (1987, 1990, the function of tone in Ibibio is varied and 1995, 2000), Akinlabi & Urua (2000), etc. very complex and we hope to discuss a Ibibio is a Lower Cross language few of the salient ones. To some extent, spoken in the South-Eastern part of word classes may be distinguished tonally. Nigeria, specifically in Akwa Ibom State Disyllabic verbs, for instance, have a and some parts of Cross River State and predictable final High tone in the basic has been described as having two form while nouns and other word classes contrastive level pitches, High and Low, a are more varied in size and tone patterns contrastive downstepped High tone, in and therefore are not so tonally addition to the contour pitches, High-Low constrained. First, we introduce the Ibibio and Low-High. Having said that, tonal tone system and the work done previously alternation also occurs as a result of in this area in section 2, then we discuss dialect variation in Ibibio.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Use of Modern Technological Technique for the Teaching of Anaang/Ibibio Tones
    ISSN 1798-4769 Journal of Language Teaching and Research, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 791-800, July 2014 © 2014 ACADEMY PUBLISHER Manufactured in Finland. doi:10.4304/jltr.5.4.791-800 On the Use of Modern Technological Technique for the Teaching of Anaang/Ibibio Tones Itoro A. Michael Department of Linguistics and Nigerian languages, University of Uyo, Nigeria Abstract—Tone is an important feature of African tone languages. The aspect of tone identification, marking and analysis seem to be problematic in the teaching of most Nigerian languages; even in the existing orthographies apart from Yoruba and Tiv. The paper therefore proposed the use of modern technological aid for effective teaching of tones, with a view to providing insight into the analysis of Anaang/Ibibio tones. This study examined the relevance of the computer and software in language to show how the teachers- learners in a setting like Anaang/Ibibio stand to benefit from the use of modern technological devices in language research. The paper argues that teachers need to revise their methods in line with current technological trends for a better understanding of tone. This entails taking advantage of the double resources which the computer, and the access software provided, and adding to it the human intelligence. The position of the paper is that the computer is a more recent direction in language research and proved to be result oriented for the teaching/learning of tone. The application of modern technological device like software PRAAT and computer enhanced a feasibility study of the different patterns of tone. The use of spectrographic analysis actually converted the abstract sounds to ideal and visible sounds, thereby enhanced easy identification of the different tones.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ogoni Languages: Comparative Word List and Historical Reconstructions
    The Ogoni languages: comparative word list and historical reconstructions [DRAFT CIRCULATED FOR COMMENT] Roger Blench Kay Williamson Educational Foundation 8, Guest Road Cambridge CB1 2AL United Kingdom Voice/Ans. 0044-(0)1223-560687 Mobile worldwide (00-44)-(0)7967-696804 E-mail [email protected] http://www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm This printout: June 13, 2008 Roger Blench Comparative Ogoni: front matter. Circulation draft TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface..............................................................................................................................................................iii 1. Introduction: the Ogoni languages ................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 General.................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Ogoni names and nomenclature.............................................................................................................. 1 1.3 Ogoni: the political context..................................................................................................................... 2 1.4 Literacy and language policy issues ....................................................................................................... 2 1.5 Dialect issues .......................................................................................................................................... 2 1.5.1 General ...........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]