St. Elizabeth of Hungary Feast Day: 19 November
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St. Elizabeth of Hungary Feast day: 19 November Stations of a life Elizabeth, landgravine of Thuringia, died in Marburg, over 770 years ago, on 17 November 1231, at the age of 24. Scarcely four years later, at Whitsun (Pente- cost) in the year 1235, Elizabeth was canonized by Pope Gregory IX in the church of St. Dominic in Perugia. And an other ten years later, an inscription was at- tached to the golden shrine in Marburg that held her relics for three centuries, llntil1548: "Gloria Teutoniae" -"Ruhm der deutschen Lande" (glory of the Ger- man lands). -In such respect was this holy woman held, not' only at the Wartburg in Thuringia, not only in Marburg, her last place of her activity, but far beyond the borders of the empire. Elisabeth was greatly revered in Bavaria from the first, above all in. Andechs, for her mother! came from the Andechs dynasty, and soon after' her death Elisabeth joined the saints and beatified members of this proud and noble family as one of the brightest and most beautiful stars in what is called the "Andechser Himmel" (Andechs Sky/Heaven of Saints). The Andechser Himmel Andechs -church and monastery. Copperplate engraving by Matthaus Merian 1644 This "Andechser Himmel" is something extraordinary, even for the High Middle Ages. The unusually large number of saintly men and women produced by this powerful family of counts, living in Diessen and on the Andechs mountain. 1 2 has stirred the mind of the local people again and again, occupied historians and Hueber reports: inspired artistic genius. What began in the High Middle Ages, in the 12th and "The monastery and church on the holy mountain of Andechs, following 13rd centuries, was taken up again and continued by the monks of Andechs mon- their dedication to Our Lady and the bishop St. Nicholas, have now been dedic- astery, founded in 1455. In the baroque period, in 1670, the eloquent Franciscan ated to St. Elizabeth; and it is considered that, as shown by the old chronicles, she Fortunat Hueber, a capable and respected historian and writer, published a book visited her friends [relations] at Schloss Andechs in person; she is also said to "Unsterbliche Gedachtnis" (Immortal Memory) in which he claimed he would re- have touched the place where her chapel and well now stand ... " trieve the history of the Andechs dynasty and its saints from oblivion and set it in "bright light". Relics in Andechs The "old chronicles" really do try to emphasise the close relationship between Andechs and Elizabeth. Even in the very early days of the monastery on the holy mountain, the descriptions of the relics associate four items with St. Elizabeth; two of these, her wedding dress and a pectoral cross, are still shown to pilgrims and visitors in the Gothic reliquary chapel. The 1518 inventory of relics reports "The grey piece, line d with green dam- ask, is part of the dress of St. Elizabeth that she gave to the church for liturgical vestments; her mother Gertrude, Queen of Hungary, wore it at her coronation ... It was also St. Elizabeth's wedding dress, in which the holy relic was found, together with the holy sacrament, and it lay under the ground for one hundred and fifty- nine years." St. Elizabeth's weddingdress from the Andechs reliquary chamber (text p. 3) The material of this dress really does date from the 12th century, but the little cross, said to have been a present from Pope Gregory IX to Elizabeth, is much newer. The fact that it is said to have belonged to Elizabeth shows what efforts St. Elizabeth as a savereign (crown) and benefactress (bread in her were made to find tangible links to this member of the house of Andechs in partic- hand) at the high altar of the Andechs monastery church, J. B. Straub, ular. Another tradition is that Elizabeth visited the ancestral castle of her mother's c. 1755 family and brought these valuables of hers to Andechs herself; since the days of But St. Elizabeth became the third patron saint of Andechs, as Fortunate 3 4 Count Rasso there had been an exquisite collection of relics there. aries: at all events capable, and of ten hard. For example, Elizabeth's father, Andrew II of Hungary, can scarcely be seen The family of Elizabeth's mother as a model chivalrous ruler. He only became king after he had ousted his brother, In the High Middle Ages, the house of Andechs was one of the most power- the lawful heir, with violence and malice. As a result he was excommunicated. ful families in Bavaria. They eventually owned seven counties, and the younger But Gertrude, his consort, is described as supremely ambitious. After the murder sons were bishops in Freising and Passau, in Bamberg and Brixen, and patriarchs of the king in Bamberg in the year 1208, her brothers sought refuge with her, and in Aquileia. The centre of their domain was the land around Diessen and Andechs she impru dently, indeed provocatively favoured them, attracting the profound and the count y of Wolfratshausen, but in the 12th century their territory extended hatred of the Hungarian dignitaries; in this way she helped to start a revolt against from the Upper River Main in the north to far in the south, where the members of the royal family and herself was assassinated. Today, Hungarian historians in par- the house of Andechs were heirs to the house of Greifenstein in Tyrol and foun- ticular have found positive aspects in Gertrude's character, but her imprudent acts ded the city of Innsbruck; it even extended as far as the Adriatic, where they and her dreadful end can not be interpreted away. owned the margraviate of Istria and the duchies of Croatia and Dalmatia; from Hungarian home 1180 on they were dukes of Meran and from time immemorial they had been ad- ministrators of the abbeys of Tegemsee, Benediktbeuem and Neustift in Tyrol, and Elizabeth was born in the year 1207, probably at Sárospatak castle in north- of the archdioceses of Bamberg and Brixen. Such possessions are not acquired by ern Hungary, a massive building that is still imposing today and that is used as a accident. They were the result of a purposeful policy that was not par tic ul ar museum. But at the age of only four, Elizabeth became a pawn in political man- about the means it used. Berthold IV is a typical great lord of Andechs, intrepid in oeuvres: Landgrave Hermann of Thuringia sought her hand for his son, also called his battle against the heathens on the 1189 crusade, reliable and loyal as a liege- Hermann. It was necessary to make alliances and to strengthen these by marriages. man of the emperor and last but not least a judicious patron of the arts: the In addition, a princess of Hungary was an attractive party on account of her Franconian poet Wimt von Gravenberg, in his "Wigalois", has a lament for the wealth, her ancestry and last but not least the exotic appeal of this distant country. death of Berthold. Eight of Berthold's children lived to adulthood, and all of them Young Elizabeth's bridal process ion plays a great role in the accounts of her life played important roles in European public life: Otto († 1234) and Heinrich († and in the medieval panel paintings that tell her story. The chronicle of the 1228) as counts of Andechs and Wolfratshausen, the former with the title of a Thuringian royal chaplain Berthold recounts it as follows: duke of Meran and count pala tine of Burgundy, and Hein rich as margrave of Is- "Therefore Queen Gertrude tria; Eckbert († 1237) as bishop of Bamberg, who built Bamberg Cathedral; Ber- made sure that she sent her thold (t 1251) as the patriarch of Aquileia; Mechthild (t 1254) was an abbess in daughter out of the country in a Kitzingen convent; Agnes, celebrated for her beauty (t 1201), lived without the manner suited to a king's daugh- blessing of the church as the consort of the King of France, whose lawful wife she ter. When she had obtained had ousted; Hedwig († 1243) was married to Duke Heinrich of Silesia in her early everything necessary for the youth, and far from home she became engaged in beneficent works and after an long journey and had given the exemplary and saintly life she became the patron saint of Silesia, as she remains honest messengers rich presents today. Finally, Berthold's daughter Gertrude († 1213), married to King Andrew of of silver and gold and jewels, Hungary, was the mother of St. Elizabeth. she la id her daughter, dear St. If we consider that Berthold's son Otto also acquired the county of Burgundy Elizabeth, in a silver cradle lined through his marriage, it becomes plain to see what a network of relationships exis- with exquisite silk cloth. With ted here, from France and Burgundy in the west to Poland, Hungary and Friaul, the child, she sent countless gold from the river Main in the north over the Alpine passes to Istria and Dalmatia. and silver drinking vessels, In the literature about St. Elisabeth, the Andechs family are represented, per- splendid fastenings, wreaths and haps to give a dark foil to the bright subject of the saint her self, as unscrupulous circlets, much-decorated rings and power-hungry; one biography (by Gisbert Kranz) does not hesitate to use a and bracelets, beautifully contrast as drastic as "criminal and saint". The members of the house of Andechs worked and with precious were people of their time, endeavouring to increase their possessions and prestige.