Operation Iraqi Freedom: Strategies, Approaches, Results, and Issues for Congress

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Operation Iraqi Freedom: Strategies, Approaches, Results, and Issues for Congress Order Code RL34387 Operation Iraqi Freedom: Strategies, Approaches, Results, and Issues for Congress Updated September 22, 2008 Catherine Dale Specialist in International Security Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Operation Iraqi Freedom: Strategies, Approaches, Results, and Issues for Congress Summary Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) was launched on March 20, 2003, with the immediate stated goal of removing Saddam Hussein’s regime and destroying its ability to use weapons of mass destruction or to make them available to terrorists. Over time, the focus of OIF shifted from regime removal to the more open-ended mission of helping the Government of Iraq (GoI) improve security, establish a system of governance, and foster economic development. Over time, an insurgency gained strength in Iraq and violence escalated. In January 2007, the Bush Administration announced a new strategy, the “new way forward,” which included both a troop surge and new counter-insurgency approaches that emphasized population security and reconciliation. The last surge brigade redeployed from Iraq without replacement in July 2008. Most observers agree that security conditions in Iraq have improved markedly since mid-2007. In August 2008, then-Commanding General of Multi-National Force-Iraq, General David Petraeus, noted that there had been “significant progress” but argued that it was “still not self-sustaining.”1 On September 9, President Bush, calling the decision a “return on success,” announced that about 8,000 additional U.S. troops would redeploy from Iraq without replacement by February 2009. The next major OIF development is likely to be the conclusion of a U.S.-Iraqi Status of Forces-like agreement (SOFA) that establishes a legal basis for the presence of U.S. forces in Iraq after the expiration of the current United Nations mandate on December 31, 2008. Constraints imposed by the SOFA are expected to have a bearing on the conduct of U.S. military operations in Iraq. Near-term issues include determining how best to build on recent security gains; assessing “how much U.S. help is enough” in terms of funding, personnel, and other assistance, to support the GoI but also to encourage its independence; establishing the criteria for further troop drawdowns; and continuing to revise the organization and focus of the Iraqi Security Forces training and advisory mission. Longer-term Iraq strategy and policy considerations include clarifying long-term U.S. strategic objectives related to Iraq and shaping a more traditional future bilateral relationship with Iraq; defining U.S. policy toward Iranian intervention in Iraq; and assessing the implications of OIF “lessons learned” for the future of U.S. military forces and for U.S. government inter-agency collaboration in general. This report is designed to provide an assessment of current OIF developments, in the context of relevant background, in order to support congressional consideration of these short-term and long-term strategy and policy issues. 1 Rod Nordland, “No Victory Dances,” interview with General David Petraeus, Newsweek, August 21, 2008. Contents Overview........................................................1 Background ..................................................1 Current Situation: Strategic and Operational Dynamics ................2 Operational Dynamics: Transitions............................2 Strategic Dynamics: Potential “Spoilers” .......................3 Diminishing U.S. Leverage ..................................4 Next Steps: Policy Decisions.....................................4 U.S. Troop Drawdowns .....................................4 Legal Basis for U.S. Troop Presence in Iraq .....................5 Operational Considerations......................................6 How Much Help Is Enough? .................................6 Further Troop Drawdowns ...................................7 Future of the Iraqi Security Forces Training Mission .............11 Future of the U.S. Forces Footprint...........................14 Coordination on Operations.................................14 Civil-Military Roles and Responsibilities ......................16 Strategic Considerations .......................................18 Clarifying and Updating U.S. Strategic Objectives...............18 Shaping a Long-Term U.S. Presence in Iraq....................19 Defining U.S. Policy Toward Iranian Intervention in Iraq..........19 Assessing the Implications of OIF Lessons for the Future of the Force............................................20 Applying OIF Lessons to Interagency Coordination..............20 Options Available to Congress ..................................21 Structure and Aim of the Report .................................22 Decision to Go to War in Iraq .......................................23 Antecedents in the 1990s .......................................23 Bush Administration Strategy and Role of the United Nations..........24 Ultimatum to Saddam Hussein ..................................25 War Planning....................................................25 Strategic Objectives...........................................26 Military Objectives ...........................................27 Planning for Major Combat.....................................27 Post-War Planning............................................30 Inter-Agency Post-War Planning.............................31 Military Post-War Planning .................................33 Organizational Decisions...................................35 Major Combat Operations..........................................36 Early Infiltration ..............................................36 The Launch .................................................37 The Ground Campaign .........................................37 Iraqi Contributions to Major Combat .............................40 End of Major Combat .........................................40 Post-Major Combat: Basis and Organization ...........................42 Legal Basis for Coalition Presence ...............................42 Formal Occupation........................................42 Iraqi Request for a Multinational Force ........................42 Status of Forces Agreement.................................44 Coalition Command Relationships ...............................45 Post-Major Combat: The Force......................................47 Structure and Footprint ........................................47 Headquarters Organization .................................47 Provincial Iraqi Control....................................48 U.S. Forces in Iraq............................................48 Coalition Partner Forces .......................................50 Post-Major Combat: Security Situation................................53 Major Sources and Forms of Violence ............................53 Sunni Extremism .........................................53 Shi’a Extremism .........................................54 Nature of Sectarian Violence................................58 Criminality ..............................................58 Other Security Challenges......................................58 Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) .............................59 Mujahedin-e Khalq (MeK) .................................59 Post-Major Combat: Military Strategy and Operations ....................60 Nomenclature: Characterizing the Conflict.........................61 Military Strategy and Operations During Occupation .................62 Operation Phantom Fury (Fallujah II).............................65 Counter-Insurgency in Tal Afar ..................................67 “Clear, Hold, Build” ..........................................69 Operation Together Forward....................................70 New Way Forward............................................72 “New Way Forward” National Strategy: Theory of the Case .......72 Surge Forces.............................................73 Surge Military Strategy: Theory of the Case ....................74 Surge Operations in 2007 ...................................77 Military Operations in 2008 .................................79 Counter-IED Efforts .......................................84 Special Operations Forces..................................85 Air Power...............................................85 Iraqi Security Forces (ISF)..........................................87 Requirement for New Iraqi Security Forces ........................88 ISF Training Efforts During the Formal Occupation..................89 Unity of Effort: Creation of Multi-National Security Transition Command-Iraq...........................................90 ISF Training: Theory of the Case.................................92 ISF Training: Organizational Structure and Responsibilities ...........93 ISF Training: Transition Teams..................................94 Interior Ministry Transition Teams ...........................94 Defense Ministry Transition Teams...........................95 ISF Training: Unit Partnering ...................................98 Iraqi Security Forces: The Numbers .............................100 Iraqi Security Forces: Evaluating the Results ......................101 Iraqi Security Forces as a Whole............................101 Iraqi Army.............................................105 Iraqi Air Force..........................................109 Iraqi Navy..............................................110 Iraqi Special Operations Forces.............................111 Iraqi Police Service ......................................112
Recommended publications
  • XVIII AIRBORNE CORPS ASSOCIATION SKY DRAGONS Spring 2012 ------82ND DOMINATES XVIII ABN CORPS NCO and SOLDIER of YEAR COMPETITION
    XVIII AIRBORNE CORPS ASSOCIATION SKY DRAGONS Spring 2012 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 82ND DOMINATES XVIII ABN CORPS NCO AND SOLDIER OF YEAR COMPETITION Left to Right – CSM (Ret) Ted Gaweda, Pfc. Jeremy Shivick, Sgt. Jason Thomas, Alan Yeater On 5 April in a ceremony conducted at Sports USA, a huge sports bar at Ft. Bragg, North Carolina, two paratroopers of the XVIII Airborne Corps' 82nd Airborne Division were selected as the XVIII Airborne Corps' 2012 NCO and Soldier of the Year. They were Sgt. Jason T. Thomas, 26, and Pfc. Jeremy Shivick, 21. Both Soldiers are assigned to the 1st Platoon, C Company, 2nd Battalion, 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment, which is part of the division's 3rd Brigade Combat Team (BCT). This is 2 the first time that both winners were from the same unit. The competition was held from 2 to 4 April, and the winners were announced during the ceremony which was presided over by the Ft. Bragg Garrison Command Sergeant Major (CSM) Samuel Campbell and the command sergeant major of XVIII Abn Corps' NCO Academy, CSM Nicolino Parisi. These were four days of grueling, early morning and late night events which included basic Soldier skills, the Army physical fitness test, a written exam, urban map orienteering, M4 rifle qualification, a weapons event, and an interview board. The competition certainly challenged the confidence and motivation of the Soldiers. Twenty-one Soldiers competed, representing each subordinate unit of the XVIII Abn Corps. Spc. Michael C. Lauritzen, from Jackson, Michigan, assigned to the 716th MP Battalion, 16th MP Brigade, Ft. Campbell, Kentucky, was quoted saying, “I'm grateful for being here, glad that my leadership had the confidence in me to compete at this level.
    [Show full text]
  • Law and Military Operations in Kosovo: 1999-2001, Lessons Learned For
    LAW AND MILITARY OPERATIONS IN KOSOVO: 1999-2001 LESSONS LEARNED FOR JUDGE ADVOCATES Center for Law and Military Operations (CLAMO) The Judge Advocate General’s School United States Army Charlottesville, Virginia CENTER FOR LAW AND MILITARY OPERATIONS (CLAMO) Director COL David E. Graham Deputy Director LTC Stuart W. Risch Director, Domestic Operational Law (vacant) Director, Training & Support CPT Alton L. (Larry) Gwaltney, III Marine Representative Maj Cody M. Weston, USMC Advanced Operational Law Studies Fellows MAJ Keith E. Puls MAJ Daniel G. Jordan Automation Technician Mr. Ben R. Morgan Training Centers LTC Richard M. Whitaker Battle Command Training Program LTC James W. Herring Battle Command Training Program MAJ Phillip W. Jussell Battle Command Training Program CPT Michael L. Roberts Combat Maneuver Training Center MAJ Michael P. Ryan Joint Readiness Training Center CPT Peter R. Hayden Joint Readiness Training Center CPT Mark D. Matthews Joint Readiness Training Center SFC Michael A. Pascua Joint Readiness Training Center CPT Jonathan Howard National Training Center CPT Charles J. Kovats National Training Center Contact the Center The Center’s mission is to examine legal issues that arise during all phases of military operations and to devise training and resource strategies for addressing those issues. It seeks to fulfill this mission in five ways. First, it is the central repository within The Judge Advocate General's Corps for all-source data, information, memoranda, after-action materials and lessons learned pertaining to legal support to operations, foreign and domestic. Second, it supports judge advocates by analyzing all data and information, developing lessons learned across all military legal disciplines, and by disseminating these lessons learned and other operational information to the Army, Marine Corps, and Joint communities through publications, instruction, training, and databases accessible to operational forces, world-wide.
    [Show full text]
  • Army Press January 2017 Blythe
    Pfc. Brandie Leon, 4th Infantry Division, holds security while on patrol in a local neighborhood to help maintain peace after recent attacks on mosques in the area, East Baghdad, Iraq, 3 March 2006. (Photo by Staff Sgt. Jason Ragucci, U.S. Army) III Corps during the Surge: A Study in Operational Art Maj. Wilson C. Blythe Jr., U.S. Army he role of Lt. Gen. Raymond Odierno’s III (MNF–I) while using tactical actions within Iraq in an Corps as Multinational Corps–Iraq (MNC–I) illustrative manner. As a result, the campaign waged by has failed to receive sufficient attention from III Corps, the operational headquarters, is overlooked Tstudies of the 2007 surge in Iraq. By far the most in this key work. comprehensive account of the 2007–2008 campaign The III Corps campaign is also neglected in other is found in Michael Gordon and Lt. Gen. Bernard prominent works on the topic. In The Gamble: General Trainor’s The Endgame: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Petraeus and the American Military Adventure in Iraq, Iraq, from George W. Bush to Barack Obama, which fo- 2006-2008, Thomas Ricks emphasizes the same levels cuses on the formulation and execution of strategy and as Gordon and Trainor. However, while Ricks plac- policy.1 It frequently moves between Washington D.C., es a greater emphasis on the role of III Corps than is U.S Central Command, and Multinational Force–Iraq found in other accounts, he fails to offer a thorough 2 13 January 2017 Army Press Online Journal 17-1 III Corps during the Surge examination of the operational campaign waged by III creating room for political progress such as the February 2 Corps.
    [Show full text]
  • A Bitter Legacy: Lessons of De-Baathification in Iraq
    International Center for Transitional Justice IRAQ A Bitter Legacy: Lessons of De-Baathifi cation in Iraq Miranda Sissons and Abdulrazzaq Al-Saiedi March 2013 Cover: Baath Party membership card. International Center for Transitional Justice IRAQ A Bitter Legacy: Lessons of De-Baathifi cation in Iraq Miranda Sissons and Abdulrazzaq Al-Saiedi March 2013 International Center A Bitter Legacy: Lessons of de-Baathifi cation in Iraq for Transitional Justice Acknowledgements The authors wish to acknowledge the vital contributions of Tha’ir al-Da’mi, Serge Rumin, and Alexander Mayer-Riekh. We particularly wish to thank the many Iraqi offi cials, parliamentarians, judges, and others whom we interviewed between 2006 and 2011, including many members of the Higher National de-Baathifi cation Commission. Many of our interlocutors died, fl ed, or suff ered other serious harms during the period of research. We remember you all. About the Author This report was written by Miranda Sissons, former chief of staff at ICTJ, and Abdulrazzaq Al-Saiedi, an ICTJ consultant. The report also benefi ted from a signifi cantly earlier version developed by Miranda Sissons and ICTJ consultant Dr Eric Scheye. About ICTJ The International Center for Transitional Justice is an international nonprofi t organization specializing in the fi eld of transitional justice. ICTJ works to help societies in transition address legacies of massive human rights violations and to build civic trust in state institutions as protectors of human rights. In the aftermath of mass atrocity and repression, we assist institutions and civil society groups—the people who are driving and shaping change in their societies—in considering measures to provide truth, accountability, and redress for past abuses.
    [Show full text]
  • The Courage of General Matthew Ridgway
    The Courage of General Matthew Ridgway Full Lesson Plan COMPELLING QUESTION How can acting with courage help you accomplish your identity and purpose? VIRTUE Courage DEFINITION Courage is the capacity to overcome fear in order to do good. LESSON OVERVIEW In this lesson, students will explore the life of Matthew Ridgway and his role in the Korean War. Students will understand how Matthew Ridgway’s courage helped save the United States’ and United Nations’ forces during the Korean War. Through his example, they will learn how they can use courage in their own lives to accomplish their purpose. OBJECTIVES • Students will analyze General Matthew Ridgway’s performance during the Korean War. • Students will understand how to use courage to accomplish their purpose. • Students will apply their knowledge of courage to their own lives. BACKGROUND The Korean War was an outgrowth of an unstable situation on the Korean Peninsula at the conclusion of the Second World War. In August 1945, the Soviet Union declared war on the Empire of Japan. With the endorsement of the United States, Soviet forces seized land in the northern part of the peninsula, stopping at the 38th Parallel. The United States then occupied the southern half. Two different political regimes with opposing views emerged from this situation, creating the perfect recipe for conflict. War broke out in June 1950. North Korea, hoping to assert its dominance over the entire peninsula, invaded South Korea and made quick progress. South Korea, supported by United States and United https://voicesofhistory.org BACKGROUND Nations forces, fell back around the port city of Pusan.
    [Show full text]
  • The Real Outcome of the Iraq War: US and Iranian Strategic Competition in Iraq
    The Real Outcome of the Iraq War: US and Iranian Strategic Competition in Iraq By Anthony H. Cordesman, Peter Alsis, Adam Mausner, and Charles Loi Anthony H. Cordesman Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy Revised: December 20, 2011 Note: This draft is being circulated for comments and suggestions. Please provide them to [email protected] Chapter 6: US Strategic Competition with Iran: Competition in Iraq 2 Executive Summary "Americans planted a tree in Iraq. They watered that tree, pruned it, and cared for it. Ask your American friends why they're leaving now before the tree bears fruit." --Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.1 Iraq has become a key focus of the strategic competition between the United States and Iran. The history of this competition has been shaped by the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988), the 1991 Gulf War, and the US invasion of Iraq in 2003. Since the 2003 war, both the US and Iran have competed to shape the structure of Post-Saddam Iraq’s politics, governance, economics, and security. The US has gone to great lengths to counter Iranian influence in Iraq, including using its status as an occupying power and Iraq’s main source of aid, as well as through information operations and more traditional press statements highlighting Iranian meddling. However, containing Iranian influence, while important, is not America’s main goal in Iraq. It is rather to create a stable democratic Iraq that can defeat the remaining extremist and insurgent elements, defend against foreign threats, sustain an able civil society, and emerge as a stable power friendly to the US and its Gulf allies.
    [Show full text]
  • Iraq: U.S. Regime Change Efforts and Post-Saddam Governance
    Order Code RL31339 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web Iraq: U.S. Regime Change Efforts and Post-Saddam Governance Updated May 16, 2005 Kenneth Katzman Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress Iraq: U.S. Regime Change Efforts and Post-Saddam Governance Summary Operation Iraqi Freedom accomplished a long-standing U.S. objective, the overthrow of Saddam Hussein, but replacing his regime with a stable, moderate, democratic political structure has been complicated by a persistent Sunni Arab-led insurgency. The Bush Administration asserts that establishing democracy in Iraq will catalyze the promotion of democracy throughout the Middle East. The desired outcome would also likely prevent Iraq from becoming a sanctuary for terrorists, a key recommendation of the 9/11 Commission report. The Bush Administration asserts that U.S. policy in Iraq is now showing substantial success, demonstrated by January 30, 2005 elections that chose a National Assembly, and progress in building Iraq’s various security forces. The Administration says it expects that the current transition roadmap — including votes on a permanent constitution by October 31, 2005 and for a permanent government by December 15, 2005 — are being implemented. Others believe the insurgency is widespread, as shown by its recent attacks, and that the Iraqi government could not stand on its own were U.S. and allied international forces to withdraw from Iraq. Some U.S. commanders and senior intelligence officials say that some Islamic militants have entered Iraq since Saddam Hussein fell, to fight what they see as a new “jihad” (Islamic war) against the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Three US Joint Forces Command (USJFCOM) "Lessons Learned" Reports for the Period of the Surge of Forces in Or About 2007 for Operation Iraqi Freedom
    Description of document: Three US Joint Forces Command (USJFCOM) "Lessons Learned" reports for the period of the surge of forces in or about 2007 for Operation Iraqi Freedom Requested date: 28-August-2010 Released date: 01-November-2010 Posted date: 29-November-2010 Titles of documents: Operation Iraqi Freedom, January 2007 to December 2008 - The Comprehensive Approach: an Iraq Case Study, 16 February 2010 Joint Tactical Environment: An Analysis of Urban Operations in Iraq, 2008 (undated) Operation Iraqi Freedom October to December 2007 - Counterinsurgency Targeting and Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (25 March 2008) Source of document: U.S. Joint Forces Command FOIA Requestor Service Center (J00L) 1562 Mitscher Avenue, Ste 200 Norfolk, VA 23551-2488 Fax: (757) 836-0058 The governmentattic.org web site (“the site”) is noncommercial and free to the public. The site and materials made available on the site, such as this file, are for reference only. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals have made every effort to make this information as complete and as accurate as possible, however, there may be mistakes and omissions, both typographical and in content. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused, or alleged to have been caused, directly or indirectly, by the information provided on the governmentattic.org web site or in this file. The public records published on the site were obtained from government agencies using proper legal channels. Each document is identified as to the source. Any concerns about the contents of the site should be directed to the agency originating the document in question.
    [Show full text]
  • Iraqi War Fighting Capabilities: a Dynamic Net Assessment
    CSIS_______________________________ Center for Strategic and International Studies 1800 K Street N.W. Washington, DC 20006 (202) 775-3270 (To comment: [email protected] For Updates see CSIS.ORG, “Military Balance”) Iraqi War Fighting Capabilities: A Dynamic Net Assessment Anthony H. Cordesman Arleigh A. Burke Chair for Strategy Center for Strategic and International Studies Revised July 21, 2002 Copyright Anthony H. Cordesman, all rights reserved. Iraq: A Dynamic Net Assessment 7/22/02 Page ii Introduction This document is an expanded version of a report originally prepared for a conference at the Naval War College in July 2002. The author would like to thank his colleagues at that conference for many suggestions and corrections. He would also like to thank the Smith-Richardson Foundation for some of the funding for the project. Copyright Anthony H. Cordesman, all rights reserved. Iraq: A Dynamic Net Assessment 7/22/02 Page iii Table of Contents INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................................................ 1 IRAQ’S CURRENT MILITARY FORCES....................................................................................................................................... 1 The Iraqi Army and Key Security Elements......................................................................................................................1 The Deployment of Army and Security Elements .............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Bremer, L. Paul “Jerry”
    The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project AMBASSADOR L. PAUL “JERRY” BREMER, III Interviewed By: Charles Stuart Kennedy Initial interview date: June 16, 2008 Copyright ADST 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS Background Born in Hartford, CT Raised in New Canaan, CT Yale University – undergraduate, 1963 Harvard University – MBA, 1966 Paris Institute of Political Studies, Paris, France Entered Foreign Service 1966 Kabul, Afghanistan 1966-1968 General Services Officer Blantyre, Malawi 1968-1971 Deputy Chief of Mission Washington, DC 1971-1976 Operations Center (several weeks) National Military Command Center (NMCC) (4-5 months) Assistant to Secretary of State Bill Rogers (1.5 years) Assistant to Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, October 1973-February 1976 Oslo, Sweden 1976-1979 Deputy Chief of Mission Washington, DC 1979-1981 Deputy Executive Secretary of the Department of State Washington, DC 1981-1983 Executive Secretary and Special Assistant to Secretary of State Alexander Haig The Netherlands 1983-1986 Ambassador 1 Washington, DC 1986 Ambassador-at-Large for Counterterrorism and Coordinator of Counterterrorism Retired from the Foreign Service 1989 Washington, DC, 1989 (3 months) Director, Foreign Service Personnel System Task Force Private Industry: Kissinger Associates 1989-2003 Washington, DC 1999 Appointed Chairman of the National Commission on Terrorism by Congressional House Speaker Dennis Hastert Washington, DC 2003 Presidential Envoy to Iraq Bagdad, Iraq 2003-2004 Director of the Office for Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance (became Coalition Provisional Authority) Coalition Provisional Authority, Chief Executive Officer INTERVIEW Q: What is your full, official name? BREMER: L. Paul Bremer, III. Q: How did Jerry come out of Bremer? BREMER: I was named after my grandfather who was alive when I was born.
    [Show full text]
  • Iraq: U.S. Regime Change Efforts and Post-Saddam Governance
    Order Code RL31339 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web Iraq: U.S. Regime Change Efforts and Post-Saddam Governance Updated November 21, 2005 Kenneth Katzman Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress Iraq: U.S. Regime Change Efforts and Post-Saddam Governance Summary Operation Iraqi Freedom succeeded in overthrowing Saddam Hussein, but Iraq remains violent and unstable because of Sunni Arab resentment and a related insurgency. The Bush Administration says that U.S. forces will remain in Iraq until the country is a stable democracy that will not host radical Islamist forces. The Administration has held out Iraq as a potential model for reform throughout the Middle East. However, mounting casualties and costs have intensified a debate within the United States over the wisdom of the invasion and whether or not to wind down U.S. involvement without completely accomplishing those goals. The Bush Administration asserts that U.S. policy in Iraq is showing important successes, demonstrated by elections that chose a National Assembly (January 30, 2005), a referendum that adopted a permanent constitution (October 15, 2005), progress in building Iraq’s security forces, and economic growth. The next major milestone will be the holding of elections for a permanent government by December 15, 2005. While continuing to build, equip, and train Iraqi security units, the Administration has been working with the new Iraqi government to include more Sunni Arabs in the power structure; Sunnis, many of whom are mobilizing to vote against the draft constitution, were dominant during the regime of Saddam Hussein and now feel marginalized by the newly dominant Shiite Arabs and Kurds.
    [Show full text]
  • Adapt Or Fail: the USAF's Role in Reconstituting the Iraqi Air Force
    AIR UNIVERSITY AIR FORCE RESEARCH INSTITUTE Adapt or Fail The United States Air Force’s Role in Reconstituting the Iraqi Air Force, 2004–2007 George w. Cully, jd Air University Press Air Force Research Institute Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama Project Editor Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Belinda Bazinet Names: Cully, George W., 1946- author. | Air University Copy Editor (U.S.). Air Force Research Institute, issuing body. | Sandi Davis Air University (U.S.). Press, publisher. Title: Adapt or fail : the USAF’s role in reconstituting Cover Art, Book Design and Illustrations the Iraqi Air Force 2004-2007 / George W. Cully. Daniel Armstrong Description: First edition. | Maxwell Air Force Base, Composition and Prepress Production Alabama : Air University Press, Air Force Research Nedra O. Looney Institute, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references. Identifiers: LCCN 2016043990| ISBN 9781585662692 | Print Preparation and Distribution ISBN 1585662690 Diane Clark Subjects: LCSH: Air forces—Iraq| Air power—Iraq— History. | Coalition Provisional Authority. Coalition Military Advisory Transition Team. | Coalition Provisional Authority. CMATT-A. | United States— Armed Forces—Stability operations. Classification: LCC UG635.I72 C85 2016 | DDC 956.7044/348–dc23 | SUDOC D 301.26/6:IR 1 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016043990 AIR FORCE RESEARCH INSTITUTE AIR UNIVERSITY PRESS Director and Publisher Published by Air University Press in February 2017 Dale L. Hayden, PhD Editor in Chief Oreste M. Johnson Managing Editor Dr. Ernest Allan Rockwell Design and Production Manager Disclaimer Cheryl King Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the author and do Air University Press 600 Chennault Circle, Bldg.
    [Show full text]