Der Wandel in Der Automobilindustrie Hin Zur Elektromobilität – Veränderungen Und Neue Wertschöpfungspotenziale Für Automobilhersteller

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Der Wandel in Der Automobilindustrie Hin Zur Elektromobilität – Veränderungen Und Neue Wertschöpfungspotenziale Für Automobilhersteller Der Wandel in der Automobilindustrie hin zur Elektromobilität – Veränderungen und neue Wertschöpfungspotenziale für Automobilhersteller D I S S E R T A T I O N der Universität St. Gallen, Hochschule für Wirtschafts-, Rechts- und Sozialwissenschaften sowie Internationale Beziehungen (HSG) zur Erlangung der Würde eines Doktors der Wirtschaftswissenschaften vorgelegt von Markus Seeberger aus Deutschland Genehmigt auf Antrag der Herren Prof. Dr. Thomas Dyllick und Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Stölzle Dissertation Nr. 4563 (Difo-Druck GmbH, Bamberg 2016) Die Universität St. Gallen, Hochschule für Wirtschafts-, Rechts- und Sozialwissen- schaften sowie Internationale Beziehungen (HSG), gestattet hiermit die Drucklegung der vorliegenden Dissertation, ohne damit zu den darin ausgesprochenen Anschauungen Stellung zu nehmen. St. Gallen, den 30. Mai 2016 Der Rektor: Prof. Dr. Thomas Bieger ****************************************** Für meine Mutter Liselotte, in Gedenken an meinen Vater Kurt ****************************************** | i Inhaltsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis ............................................................................................iii Tabellenverzeichnis ................................................................................................. v Abkürzungsverzeichnis ...........................................................................................vi Zusammenfassung ..................................................................................................vii Abstract ...................................................................................................................viii 1 Einleitung ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Hintergrund und Problemstellung .................................................................. 1 1.2 Zielsetzung .................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Methodik und Vorgehensweise ..................................................................... 3 1.4 Aufbau der Arbeit........................................................................................... 6 1.5 Begriffliche Abgrenzung und Rahmen der Arbeit .......................................... 7 2 Analyse der Automobilindustrie ......................................................................10 2.1 Umweltpolitische Entwicklungen ..................................................................11 2.2 Marktbezogene Entwicklungen .....................................................................22 2.3 Gesellschaftliche Entwicklungen ..................................................................26 2.4 Wettbewerbsbezogene Entwicklungen .........................................................28 2.5 Zusammenfassung .......................................................................................32 3 Derzeitige Strategien der Automobilhersteller im Bereich der Elektromobilität .................................................................................................39 3.1 Einstiegszeitpunkt in den Elektromobilitätsmarkt ..........................................41 3.2 Design der Elektrofahrzeuge ........................................................................44 3.3 Vision zukünftiger Mobilität ...........................................................................49 3.4 Zusammenfassung .......................................................................................52 4 Theoretischer Hintergrund aus der Innovationsforschung ...........................53 4.1 Elektromobilität als disruptiver Wandel .........................................................54 4.2 Gründe für das Scheitern etablierter Unternehmen ......................................61 4.3 Zusammenfassung .......................................................................................67 5 Veränderungen in der automobilen Wertschöpfungskette ............................69 5.1 Klassische Wertschöpfungskette der Automobilindustrie .............................69 5.2 Auswirkungen der E-Mobilität auf die automobile Wertschöpfungskette ......72 5.3 Analogie zum Mobilfunkmarkt ......................................................................88 ii | 5.4 Zusammenfassung .......................................................................................90 6 Die neue elektromobile Wertschöpfungskette ................................................92 6.1 Finanzdienstleistungen und After Sales .......................................................93 6.2 Ladeinfrastruktur und Energie ......................................................................99 6.3 Mobilitätsdienstleistungen und Mehrwertdienste ........................................108 6.4 Zusammenfassung .....................................................................................117 7 Zusammenfassende Bewertung der Untersuchung .....................................118 7.1 Zentrale Ergebnisse, Limitationen und zukünftige Forschung ....................118 7.2 Qualität des Forschungsdesigns ................................................................122 8 Mobilität im Jahr 2030 – Ein Szenario ............................................................125 Literaturverzeichnis ..............................................................................................132 Anhang 1: Interviewpartner ..................................................................................148 Anhang 2: Interviewleitfaden ................................................................................150 Anhang 3: Aussagen der Hersteller hinsichtlich Elektromobilität ....................153 Anhang 4: Design der Elektrofahrzeuge..............................................................155 Anhang 5: Differenzierungskriterien bei Elektrofahrzeugen .............................157 Lebenslauf ..............................................................................................................159 | iii Abbildungsverzeichnis ABB. 1-1: AUFBAU DER ARBEIT ...................................................................................... 6 ABB. 1-2: VERKEHRSARTEN DES PERSONENVERKEHRS .................................................... 8 ABB. 2-1: INTERAKTION VON UMWELTPOLITIK UND AUTOMOBILHERSTELLERN ....................12 ABB. 2-2: ÖKOLABELS DER JEWEILIGEN AUTOMOBILHERSTELLER .....................................21 ABB. 2-3: OPTIMIERUNGSPOTENZIALE DES VERBRENNUNGSMOTORS ...............................21 ABB. 2-4: ENTWICKLUNG DES ROHÖLPREISES (BARREL BRENT) ......................................24 ABB. 2-5: WELTWEITE PKW-DICHTE IN AUTOMOBILEN/1000 EINWOHNER (1995-2012) ...29 ABB. 3-1: ABSATZPROGNOSEN ELEKTROFAHRZEUGE FÜR 2020 (EU + GLOBAL) ...............40 ABB. 4-1: S-KURVE TECHNOLOGIEVERLAUF ...................................................................55 ABB. 4-2: WERTNETZWERK „AUTOMOBIL“ UND MÖGLICHE NEUE AKTEURE ........................60 ABB. 5-1: KLASSISCHE WERTSCHÖPFUNGSKETTE DER AUTOMOBILINDUSTRIE ..................69 ABB. 5-2: VERÄNDERUNG DER WERTSCHÖPFUNGSANTEILE .............................................71 ABB. 5-3: PROFIT POOL DER EUROPÄISCHEN AUTOMOBILINDUSTRIE IM JAHRE 2010 .........72 ABB. 5-4: MODULÜBERSICHT BEI BMW..........................................................................75 ABB. 5-5: WERTSCHÖPFUNGSKETTE ELEKTROMOTOR ....................................................79 ABB. 5-6: WERTSCHÖPFUNGSKETTE BATTERIE ..............................................................81 ABB. 5-7: TECHNOLOGISCHE VERÄNDERUNGEN IM ELEKTROFAHRZEUG ...........................84 ABB. 5-8: WERTSCHÖPFUNGSVERÄNDERUNGEN AN EINEM FAHRZEUG DER MITTELKLASSE 85 ABB. 6-1: NEUE ELEKTROMOBILE WERTSCHÖPFUNGSKETTE IN DER AUTOMOBILINDUSTRIE 92 ABB. 6-2: AUTOMOBILHERSTELLER ALS ELEKTROMOBILITÄTSPROVIDER ..........................105 ABB. 6-3: BMW PRODUKT „CHARGENOW“ ..................................................................107 ABB. 6-4: CARSHARING-ANGEBOTE DER AUTOMOBILHERSTELLER .................................111 ABB. 8-1: „CITY PODS“ IM JAHRE 2030 ........................................................................126 iv | ABB. 8-2: „SEAMLESS MOBILITY“ IM JAHRE 2030 ..........................................................129 | v Tabellenverzeichnis TAB. 2-1: SPEZIFISCHE GRENZWERTE DER AUTOMOBILHERSTELLER IN EUROPA (2015 & 2020) ..........................................................................................................14 TAB. 2-2: WELTWEITE EMISSIONSGRENZWERTE (IN G CO2/KM) .......................................16 TAB. 2-3: ÜBERSICHT ZU WELTWEITEN UMWELTZONEN ...................................................18 TAB. 2-4: VERÄNDERUNG DER NEUREGISTRIERUNGEN IN DER TRIADE ..............................29 TAB. 2-5: TREIBER „UMWELTPOLITIK“ ............................................................................35 TAB. 2-6: TREIBER „MARKT“ .........................................................................................36 TAB. 2-7: TREIBER „GESELLSCHAFT“ .............................................................................37 TAB. 2-8: TREIBER „WETTBEWERB“ ...............................................................................38 TAB. 3-1: MARKTEINFÜHRUNGSZEITPUNKTE SERIENMÄSSIGER ELEKTROFAHRZEUGE .........43 TAB. 3-2: DESIGNVARIANTEN DER ELEKTROFAHRZEUGE..................................................46 TAB. 4-1: GRÜNDE FÜR DAS SCHEITERN ETABLIERTER UNTERNEHMEN .............................63 TAB. 5-1: ENTWICKLUNG
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