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Abundance of Soaring Raptors in the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest

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Abundance of Soaring Raptors in the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest j. RaptorRes. 37(1):19-30 ¸ 2003 The Raptor ResearchFoundation, Inc. ABUNDANCE OF SOARING RAPTORS IN THE BRAZILIAN ATLANTIC RAINFOREST SANTI MAlqOSA,1 EDUARDO MATEOS, AND VITTORIO PEDROCCHI Departamentde Biolo•a Animal, Universitatde Barcelona,Facultat de Biologia, Aving•tda Diagonal, 645, 08028 Barcelona,Catalonia, Spain ABSTRACT.--I8 August-4 September 1998, we conducted 23 3-4 hr point-countsin an Atlantic rainlbrest area of southeastern Brazil to evaluate the richness and relative abundance of raptors in two adjacent protected areas,Parque EstadualIntervales and the Parque EstadualTuristico do Alto Ribeira. During 88.2 hr, we recorded 334 contactswith raptors,involving 734 individualsof nine species.Gontacts per hour and the number of speciestallied showed that the counts were higher between 0900-1200 H (Local Standard Time), and that counts of 3 hr were the most cost effkctive. Reasonableprecision for abundance indices was achieved with samples sizes of 20-30 points, but samples of 12 should give satisfactoryresults for the more common species,as long as counting points are distributedsufficiently in space.We derived abundanceindices for speciesof raptorsmost commonlyseen in the area. In 14 3-hr counts,Black Vultures (Cora•ps atratus)were observedin 100% of them, Mantled Hawks (Leucop- ternispolionota) in 71%, BlackHawk-Eagles (Spizaetus tyrannu•') in 50%, Turkey Vultures (Cathartesaura) in 29%, Ornate Hawk-Eagles(Spizaetus ornatus) in 21%, RoadsideHawks (Buteomagnirostris) in 14%, Short-lailedHawks (Buteobrachyurus) in 14%, Crested Carataras (Polyborusplancus) in 14%, and Tiny Hawks (Acdpitersuperciliosus) in 7%. Bat Falcons(Falco rufigularis) and White-tailedHawks (Buteoalbi- caudatus)also were reported in the area, but outside the counting periods. KEYWORDS: Brazilianrainforest;, point count;richness; Sdo Paulo State. ABUNDANCIA DE RAPACESPLANEADORAS EN LA SELVA ATL•NTICA BRASILElqA R•SUM•N.--Entre el 18 de agosto-4 de septiembre de 1998, realizamos23 tensos puntales de 3-4 hr de duraci6n en la selvaAtl•tntica del Brasil, para estimar la riqueza y abundancia de avesde presa en dos zonasprotegidas adyacentes, el Parque EstadualIntervales y el Parque EstadualTuristico do Alto Ribeira. Tras 88.2 hr de tenso se obtuvieron 334 observacionesde rapacescorrespondientes a 734 individuosde 9 especies.E1 nfimero de contactosy de especiesobservadas indican que la mejor hora para realizar los tensos se sitfia entre las 0900-1200 H (Hora Local Time) y que su duraci6n 6ptima es de 3 hr. Una buena precisi6n en las estimasde abundanciase obtiene a partit de ta•nafiosmuestrales de 20-30 puntos,pero muestrasde 12 puntospueden ofrecer resultadossatisfactorios para las especies m•tslkecuentes, siempre y cuandolos puntosse encuentrenbien repartidospot el area de estudio.En catoroe tensos de trcs horas 11evadosa cabo entre las 0900-1200 H, el Zopilote Negro (Coragypsatratus) se observ6 en el 100% de los tensos,el BusardoBlanquinegro (Leucopternispolionora) en el 71%, el Aguila-AzorNegra (Spizaetustyrannus) en el 50%, el Aura Gallipavo(Cathartes aura) en el 29%, el Aguila- Azor Galana (Spizaetusornatus) en el 21%, el BusardoCaminero (Buteomagnirostris), el Busardo Colicorto (Buteobrachyurus), el CaracaraCarancho (Polyborusplancus) en el 14%, y el GavilancitoAmericano (Accipitersuperciliosus) en el 7% los casos.El Halc6n Murcielaguero (Falcorufigularis) y el BusardoCol- iblanco (Buteoalbicaudatus) fueron observadosfuera de los periodos de tenso. [Traducci6n de los Autores] The Atlantic rainfbrest of Brazil is one of the 1985, Albuquerque 1995, Myers et al. 2000). One most threatened biomes in the world. Only 2-8% of the best-preservedareas of Atlantic raintbrest •s of the 106 km 2 offbrest that once covered a narrow the Paranapiacaba tbrest fragment (140000 ha) stretch of land along the southeasterncoast of Bra- (Mateos et al. 2002). This fragment includes some zil remains in scattered,small tkagments (Fortseca areas of unprotected tbrest and tbur protected ar- eas (Parque Estadual Turfstico do Alto Ribeira, E-mail address: [email protected] Parque EstadualIntervales, Parque Estadual Garlos 19 20 MAF4OS^ET At,. VOL. 37, No. 1 Botelho, and Estacao Eco16gicaXitu•) known as accuracyof the results and efficiency of the count- the ParanapiacabaEcological Continuum (Pisciot- ing eftbrt, the objectivesof our researchwere (1) ta 2002), which, all together,form one of the larg- to evaluate the effect of several variables (time of est remaining patches of uninterrupted Atlantic day, duration of counts, number of counts, selec- rainforest (Fig. 1). tion of counting points) on the efficiency of the In spite of its fragmentation, the Atlantic rain- point-count method in estimating speciesrichness forest remains among the richestof all ornitholog- and abundance indices of raptor assemblagesin ical areas in the world (Cracraft 1985, Wege and the Atlantic rainforest, and (2) to derive the best Long 1995, Startersfieldet al. 1998) and is consid- estimateof abundance indices of raptors in a well- ered a hotspot for biodiversityconservation (Myers preserved area of Brazilian Atlantic rainforest. 1988, Bibby et al. 1992b, Myers et al. 2000). The MATERIAI, AND METHODS area givesrefuge to many endemic birds (Myers et al. 2000), among which are severalspecies and sub- Study Areas. Counts were conducted in two adjacent areas of the Parque Estadual Turlstico do Alto Ribeira speciesof raptors such as Grey-headedKites (Lep- (Petar) and the Parque Estadual Intervales (Intervales), todoncayanensis), White-necked Hawks ( Leucopternis within the Paranapiacaba forest fragment in Serra do lacernulata),Mantled Hawks (Leucopternispoliono- Mar mountain range, in the state of S5o Paulo, Brazil ra), and Black Hawk-Eagles( Spizaetust. tyrannus) (Fig. 1). The Serra do Mar extends parallel to the Atlan- (Collar et al. 1992, del Hoyo et al. 1994, Bierre- tic coastfor over 900 kin. Its slopesrise to abrupt moun- tain peaks between 800-1100 m in elevation. The Par- gaard 1998, Bildstein et al. 1998). This justifies the anapiacaba forest fragment (Pisciotta 2002) consistsof need for scientific and conservation initiatives to four legally-protected,neighboring reserves,known as protect this important element of the global bio- the ParanapiacabaEcological Continuum (1258 km2), diversity (Burnham et al. 1994). plus some adjacent private forest areas. Together; they comprisesome 1400 km2 of uninterruptedforest in sev- Raptors usually live at low densitiesand are dif- eral ecologicalsuccessional stages (Fig. 1). Most of the ficult to detect, so that the methods usually em- Paranapiacaba forest fragment is covered by Low Eleva- ployed to evaluategeneral bird populations are not tion South Hillside Atlantic rainforest (Guix 2002), typi- adequate (Forsman and Solohen 1984, Thiollay cal of the altitudinal range between 50-100 m and 1200- 1989, Bibby et al. 1992a). Accurate speciesrichness 1600 masl, and tree height ranging from 20-30 m. Some surrounding and marginal areas (near 10% of the total and abundance estimatesrequire surveyinglarge area) is planted Araucariaangustifolia, Pinus sp. and Eu- areas and conducting a large number of counts. calyptussp. forest, banana plantations, and pastures.Four The dense structure of the rainforest adds even main vegetation types can be distinguishedin the Par- more difficulty to the studyof theseraptors (Thiol- anapiacaba forest fragment: mature forests,which have been subject to no episode of deforestation or intensive lay 1989), and a great deal of time and effort are selectiveextraction, or only a single one more than 80- often required to prepare and to conduct the 100 yr ago; late-secondaryforests, which suffered the last counts (Whiracre and Turley 1990, Mafiosa and episode of deforestation or intensive selectiveextraction Pedrocchi 1997). 50-80 yr ago;young-secondary forests, which sufferedthe For these reasons, the conservation status of lastdeforestation or selectiveextraction episode 20-40 yr ago; and "capoeiras"or shrublands,which are forest ar- many woodland raptors in the neotropics is poorly eas that have undergone the last detbrestationepisodes known (Albuquerque 1986, Thiollay 1994), in spite just 5-15 yr ago. The studyarea is coveredby mature and of the fact that more than half of the speciesof secondaryforest types. In some zones of shallowcalcar- neotropical raptors are endangered (Thiollay eous soil in the Petar site, mature or late-secondaryfo•= ests are lower in stature than those of the same succes- 1985, Bildstein et al. 1998). Several research and sional stagesin Intervales. monitoring programs are currently providing new The studyarea in Intervales was the main valley of the information about raptors in tropical •brests Formoso-Pi16esRiver, ti'om just above Basedo Carmo to (Thiollay 1989, Vannini 1989, Whitacre and Thor- a ikw kilometers beyond Base do Alecrim (Fig. 1). The strom 1992), but only preliminary research has Atlantic rainforest in this valley is mature or late-second- ary, with a mean height of 18 m and emergent trees been conducted in the Atlantic rain,brest (Willis reaching 24-30 m. Pahnito (Euterpeedulis) is abundant and Oniki 1981, Guix et al. 1992, Mateos and Marl- but becomes scarcer at the bottom of the valley,where osa 1996, Mafiosa and Pedrocchi 1997, Veilliard taquara (Merostachyssp.) is widespread. On mountain and Silva 2001, Mafiosa et al. 2002). sidesand summitsand facing north northwest,the Atlan- tic rainforestis most intact and there is hardly any ta- Considering the need of improving our knowl- quaral
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