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Diversidade E Conservação De Rapinantes Diurnos Neotropicais Com Foco No Estado De Minas Gerais

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Diversidade E Conservação De Rapinantes Diurnos Neotropicais Com Foco No Estado De Minas Gerais Diversidade e conservação de rapinantes diurnos neotropicais com foco no estado de Minas Gerais Luiz Fernando Salvador-Jr.1,2,3, João Sérgio dell et al. 2018), as aves de rapina exercem funções essenciais Barros Freitas de Souza1 & Henrique Paprocki2 nas comunidades nas quais se encontram inseridas (Donázar et al. 2016, Watson 2018). Neste sentido, contribuem na manuten- Recebido: 8/9/2020. Aprovado: 5/11/2020. ção e funcionamento dos mais variados ecossistemas, fazendo parte dos processos inerentes à evolução dos diferentes biomas Resumo. As aves de rapina desempenham funções ecológicas (Watson 2018). essenciais na natureza, sendo consideradas excelentes modelos Os rapinantes necrófagos desempenham importante papel no para estudos nas áreas de evolução, ecologia e conservação. consumo de carcaças, controle de patógenos e reciclagem/dis- Entretanto, em função da perda do habitat e outros impactos persão de nutrientes (Beasley et al. 2015, Devault et al. 2016, antrópicos, atualmente algumas espécies vivenciam acentuado Hill et al. 2018). O declínio das populações destas espécies pode declínio populacional. A presente investigação aborda aspec- causar acúmulo de material em decomposição, proliferação ex- tos da diversidade e conservação de rapinantes diurnos (Ac- cessiva de carniceiros facultativos, aumento na transmissão de cipitriformes, Cathartiformes e Falconiformes) neotropicais, doenças e também na emissão de CO2 (Markandya et al. 2008, com foco no estado de Minas Gerais, localizado no sudeste Ogada et al. 2012, Morales-Reyes et al. 2015), ocasionando mi- do Brasil. Por meio de consulta às listas oficiais, foi realiza- lhões de dólares de prejuízo financeiro (Markandya et al. 2008, do o inventário das espécies classificadas sob algum risco de Morales-Reyes et al. 2015). Já aqueles tipicamente predadores ameaça nos níveis global, nacional e estadual. Atualmente, 30 atuam na manutenção do equilíbrio populacional de suas presas rapinantes neotropicais encontram-se oficialmente categoriza- (Newton 1979, Brown & Amadon 1989, Brown 1997), incluin- dos como ameaçados ou quase ameaçados de extinção, estando do pestes urbanas transmissoras de doenças e pragas responsá- cinco simultaneamente presentes nas três esferas investigadas. veis por prejuízos na agricultura (Korpimäki 1993, Salvador-Jr. Os resultados obtidos reforçam a necessidade de novas pes- et al. 2008, Kross et al. 2012, Paz et al. 2012). quisas e esforços conservacionistas imediatos, sob pena de no A despeito das funções imprescindíveis que desempenham futuro não muito distante, populações de algumas espécies se na natureza, muitas aves de rapina são extremamente sensíveis tornem extremamente reduzidas ou mesmo completamente di- em relação às perturbações antrópicas sobre as paisagens na- zimadas. turais (Jullien & Thiollay 1996, Thiollay 1999, Sarasola et al. 2018). Além de exigentes em relação à extensão e integridade Abstract. Diversity and conservation of neotropical diurnal ambiental de suas áreas de vida, normalmente ocorrem em bai- raptors, with focus on Minas Gerais State, southeast Brazil. xas densidades, apresentando ainda lentidão na recomposição Birds of prey perform crucial ecosystem services, and may act populacional (Newton 1979, Donázar et al. 2016, Tapia & Zu- as remarkable models for scientific and conservation purposes. berogoitia 2018). However, some species face dizzying population declines due Denominada inicialmente por Sclater (1858) e posteriormente to habitat loss and other anthropic factors. The present inves- reconhecida por Wallace (1876), a região Neotropical se esten- tigation addresses some diversity and conservation aspects of de, de acordo com este último, da Terra do Fogo até o Méxi- neotropical diurnal raptors (Accipitriformes, Cathartiformes co Central, englobando ainda as ilhas do Caribe e as Bahamas. and Falconiformes), focusing in the Minas Gerais State, south- Embora esta abrangência espacial não seja de consenso geral, eastern Brazil. By consulting official red lists, we performed an havendo ainda diversas propostas de regionalizações zoogeo- endangered species inventory approaching the global, national gráficas (Morrone 2011, 2014), é fato que a América do Sul e and state levels. Currently, 30 neotropical raptors species are of- América Central abrigam juntas uma das maiores riquezas bio- ficially categorized as threatened or near threatened with extinc- lógicas do planeta (Williams et al. 1997), além de sete dos 25 tion. Among them, five species are simultaneously present in the hotspots mundiais de biodiversidade (Myers et al. 2000, Brooks three investigated levels. The results reinforce the need for both et al. 2002, Mittermeier et al. 2004). Entretanto, desde a chega- prompt research and conservation efforts in order to avoid popu- da dos colonizadores europeus a Região Neotropical vem sen- lations collapses or even extinctions. do alvo de intensa destruição e fragmentação de suas paisagens naturais (Dean 1996, Zaiatz et al. 2018), ocasionando drástica Presentes em todos os continentes com exceção da Antártica redução dos habitats disponíveis para uma parcela significativa (Brown & Amadon 1989, Ferguson-Lees & Christie 2001, Min- da fauna associada. Atualidades Ornitológicas, 216, julho e agosto de 2020 - www.ao.com.br 43 Figura 1. Localização de Minas Gerais, evidenciando a presença dos biomas Caatinga, Cerrado e Mata Atlântica no estado. Linha pontilhada indica o limite setentrional da Região Neotropical, segundo Wallace (1876). Elaboração: José Henrique Izidoro Apezteguia Martinez. Em relação às aves de rapina diurnas (Accipitriformes, Ca- Ainda mais preocupante é a tendência ao declínio popula- thartiformes e Falconiformes), a região Neotropical abriga apro- cional averiguada para a grande maioria destes rapinantes. ximadamente 28% (s=94) das 339 espécies listadas em Mindell Com exceção Accipiter collaris, Buteo galapagoensis, B. et al. (2018), incluindo muitas endêmicas, um número conside- ventralis e Phalcoboenus australis, consideradas estáveis, e rável de migrantes neárticos e uma cosmopolita (Ellis & Smith A. poliogaster que aparentemente vêm se recuperando, todas 1986, Brown & Amadon 1989, Ferguson-Lees & Christie 2001). as demais espécies possuem populações decadentes, segun- Porém, conforme apontado por Ellis & Smith (1986), Saraso- do Sarasola e colaboradores (2018) e IUCN (2020). Tal ce- la et al. (2018), IUCN (2020) e diversos outros autores, mui- nário sugere fortemente que, no futuro próximo, muitas das tas delas vêm enfrentando sérios problemas de conservação em espécies categorizadas como quase ameaçadas sejam reclas- virtude principalmente da perda de habitat (expansão das fron- sificadas e inseridas em alguma das categorias de ameaça, teiras agropecuárias, mineração, desmatamento e urbanização), conforme tendência evidenciada em recente revisão histórica perseguição direta (caça para consumo humano ou extermínio), do status de conservação das aves de rapina neotropicais (Sa- impactos em estruturas artificias (colisão, eletrocussão, amputa- rasola et al. 2018). ção) e envenenamento. Levando em consideração a fragmentação e o nível de ameaça Como resultado, atualmente 12 rapinantes diurnos neotro- que muitos dos domínios florestais neotropicais estão submeti- picais se encontram oficialmente inseridos em alguma das dos (Myers et al. 2000, Mittermeier et al. 2004, Spracklen et al. categorias de ameaça adotadas pela International Union for 2015), tal hipótese ganha ainda mais força, uma vez que das 24 Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (Sarasola et espécies previamente mencionadas, pelo menos 14 (58,3%) são al. 2018, IUCN 2020). Deste total, Amadonastur lacernulatus, estritamente florestais (Ferguson-Lees & Christie 2001, IUCN Buteo ventralis, B. galapagoensis, Cryptoleucopteryx plumbea 2020). Outras cinco (20,8%) possuem distribuição natural que e Micrastur plumbeus são classificadas como vulneráveis; Ac- abrange parcialmente este tipo de ambiente (Ferguson-Lees & cipiter gundlachi, Leptodon forbesi, Pseudastur occidentalis, Christie 2001, IUCN 2020), o que as torna também susceptíveis Oroaetus isidori e Urubitinga coronata como em perigo, e à perda de habitat decorrente da redução das áreas de floresta. Buteo ridgwayi e Chondrohierax wilsonii como criticamente Dos 19 rapinantes associados às formações florestais, 14 em perigo de extinção (IUCN 2020). Como se não bastasse, (73,7%) possuem distribuição geográfica confinada a determi- Accipiter collaris, A. poliogaster, Buteogallus aequinoctialis, nadas regiões, localidades ou mesmo ilhas (Ferguson-Lees & B. gundlachi, Falco deiroleucus, Harpia harpyja, Morphnus Christie 2001). Tal condição eleva ainda mais o nível de amea- guianensis, Phalcoboenus australis, Pseudastur polionotus, ça, uma vez que espécies com distribuição restrita, especialistas Spizaetus ornatus, Urubitinga solitaria e Vultur gryphus são quanto ao tipo de habitat e pouco abundantes são especialmente apontadas como quase ameaçadas de extinção pela mesma ins- vulneráveis à extinção (Goerk 1997, Sodhi et al. 2009, Chichor- tituição (IUCN 2020). ro et al. 2019). 44 Atualidades Ornitológicas, 216, julho e agosto de 2020 - www.ao.com.br Infelizmente, o mesmo padrão detectado na esfera global e 10 Falconiformes devidamente confirmados no estado. Tal ri- é observado no Brasil (ICMBio 2018) e na maioria de seus queza corresponde a 67,5% do total de rapinantes diurnos (s=74) estados detentores de listas próprias contemplando a fauna presentes na lista primária das aves do Brasil
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