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State Responses to Nuclear Proliferation State Responses to Nuclear Proliferation The Differential Effects of Threat Perception Brian K. Chappell State Responses to Nuclear Proliferation Brian K. Chappell State Responses to Nuclear Proliferation The Differential Effects of Threat Perception Brian K. Chappell Washington, DC, USA ISBN 978-3-030-59800-6 ISBN 978-3-030-59801-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59801-3 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover illustration: © Alex Linch shutterstock.com This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland The views expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy and position of the Department of Defense, its Components, or the U.S. government. The public release clearance of this publication by the Department of Defense does not imply Department of Defense endorsement or factual accuracy of the material. For the ancestors who endured and sacrificed everything to survive. Your dreams live. For Amir Pasha To my mother Jan and Grandmother Olivia Acknowledgments This book has been a goal since I was a student at the University of Michigan, and a work in progress since I began my doctoral work at Catholic University. After years of contemplation and revision, I now share it with you. To my inspiration, Amir Chappell, who consistently asks, “Daddy, why do you have so many books?” You will soon discover a world many can only imagine. I hope our trips to the bookstore and nightly readings planted a seed in you. I look forward to your growth and our lifelong discussions as you begin your journey. Behold, the only thing greater than yourself. To my mother, Jan Chappell, whose love was the spark that lit the fire. She skillfully guided me into a world that had only existed in our dreams. Her vision lit the path that became my reality. I can only hope that I have made her proud. I am immensely grateful to the Chappell family for their unconditional love and unwavering support. Thank you: Beverly Chappell, Gwen Chappell, Debra Chappell McIntosh, Camille Chappell Johnson, Kathy Chappell, Veronica Chappelle McCullough, Annette Chappell, Robert Reed, Rodney Reed, Brandon Chappell, Darren Chappell, Christian Chappell, Cedric Boswell, Rashid Johnson, Amirah Johnson, Larry Breland, Harold Tillman, Trevor Ruffin, Dayan Ruffin, Korey and Kristen McCullough, and Aisha Ruffin Atkins. Kim James Haygood and Tonya James, your humor and encouragement made this process a bit less stressful. I am thankful for both of you. Rosalind Boswell, thank you for always believing in me. You are the light that has shined brightly since my childhood. I owe immense gratitude and loving admiration to my grandmother Olivia Chappell, who truly understood the value and power of education because a segregated public school system limited her educational opportunities. Her century of wisdom is my guide. One professor played a critical role in my academic career and in the evolution of this book. Dr. Phil Henderson was my graduate school mentor, and I owe him tremendous gratitude for the years of friendship and guidance he provided. Phil never missed an opportunity to remind me that I needed to write this book. Most graciously, he was there every step of the way: graduate school lectures, honor society initiation, promotion ceremony, colloquium, comprehensive exams, ix x Acknowledgments dissertation proposal, dissertation committee, dissertation defense, graduations, and manuscript development. His generosity and dedication made all the difference. Every student should be so fortunate. Dr. Andrew Yeo served on my dissertation committee where his edits and reccomendations had a surgeon’s precision. I am grateful for the critical thought and academic rigor he added to my dissertation. Dr. Yeo’s knowledge and inputs made this a much better book. Dr. Willard Hardman, the “Vilnius Schoolmaster,” was crucial in advancing my line of critical thought. I credit him for guiding me to probe beyond politics and towards culture and political psychology because, as he famously stated, “There is never, ever, a single cause for war.” In memory of Dr. Wallace Thies, a true scholar and national security expert who chaired my dissertation committee. Wally was tough and often tested my knowledge and grasp of the literature, but he made me a better scholar and for that, I am thankful. He was a major influence in shaping my academic thought, and I am forever grateful for his brilliance and dedication to his profession. Wally helped make my vision a reality. Sadly, Professor Thies passed away while I was editing this book. This book involved the input and influence of many people to whom I am enormously grateful. Natasha, I am immensely thankful for your Iranian cultural expertise, Farsi translations, religious insight, and support. Your inputs and knowledge were invaluable to my research and the finished project. Thank you for answering all my random questions and helping me better understand the literature, history, and the culture. Yeki bood, yeki nabood. To the original Ph.D., Dr. Lucy Belle Lang-Chappell, thank you for blazing the path for me to follow. You will always be my favorite person in charge. Dr. Kahlil Johnson, thank you for the psychiatric and psychological perspectives, and for being a calming voice during the storm. Your wise counsel and reassurances played a pivotal role during the writing of my manuscript. Our conversations were a welcomed break from the madness. Stephan Pietszak, from day one we dreamt and encouraged one another to succeed. Despite the challenges and words of those who doubted us, we kept our heads when others lost theirs. Thank you, Brother. I owe a special thank you to Mohammed and Bonnie for their kindness and hospitality. They graciously shared their knowledge, and I am thankful for our Iranian history, political, and cultural discussions over chai, sharbat, and baghali polo. Tianna Johnson, thank you so much for the positive energy and reassuring encouragement. Alex Obaitan and Desiree Woodard, your support and encouragement were much-needed and wel- comed voices. I extend a special thank you to Karyn Temple for the intellectual discussions, encouragement, and legal perspectives. I am indebted to Dr. Nesha Z. Haniff, who is one of my former professors at the University of Michigan. Dr. Haniff was the first person I met who had written a book. I thank her for inspiring me to learn about the African Diaspora and encouraging me to write a book of my own. I owe a special debt of gratitude to the early mentors who helped point me in Acknowledgments xi the right direction: David Costa, Tony Grant, Phil Maddox, and William “Big Bill” Page. There are so many special people who encouraged me along the way, these are but a few: Keith Borden, Clifford Boswell, Richard Bramlett, Erica Chappell, Lamont Coleman, Erika Crawford, Ronnie Doaks, Helen Dye, Willie Hall, Ty Haygood, Bev Heck, Mary and Michael Henderson, Elliott Hogans, Jan Jett, Katie Johnson, Valerie Kiley, Pat Lavender, Dawn Lowe, Mike “Brother Black” Madison, Carl McIntosh, Nancy Monday, Tytonia Moore, Ken Moss, Susan Motley, Melvin Pree, Steve Rose, Dharamraj Singh, Mildred and Fred Stringer, Staci Stringer, Anna Trotter, Sara Underwood, Bobby Vinson, Scott Whalen, Francheska Wilson, and Esther Wise. I owe special recognition to my colleagues from the nuclear enterprise: Roosevelt “Ted” Mercer, Anthony Goins, Todd Kaegi, Andrew Kovich, James Bailey, and Billy Wade. I would be remiss if I did not recognize my Brothers from Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity, Incorporated: Michael Tillman, Reginald Hampton, John Beardsley, Kameron McCullough, Larry Breland II, Freddie Knight, Jeff Williams, Darryl Mitchell, and Darryl Marshall. To my favorite teacher, Otto Zillgitt, who inspired me during my early years, when I needed it most. Otto was the teacher who made a difference. I am eternally grateful for our friendship and for his continued mentoring. I also owe special recognition to “Big Brian” Johnson for his unrelenting question, “Man, when are you going to finish that damn book?” I am grateful to the colleagues who contributed their time and expertise to help improve the quality of this book. Our conversations helped shape many of the insights contained in these pages. Dr. Seyyid Mohiaddin Mesbahi, your mentoring and insight on Iran and Islam were immensely helpful to my research and provided me a greater understanding of the region and its complexities. I am forever grateful for both your wisdom and your willingness to share your thoughts.
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