President John F. Kennedy March-April 1962 25 CENTS VOL. 57

March-April 1962 25 CENTS

k4I L=1"11i:ij VOL. 57, NO. 2 %ZONE of RELIGIOUS FIREEIACPPAI

"The torch has been passed to generation of Americans." —President John F. Kennedy Let the Word Go Forth

"Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans —born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a cold and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage—and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which this nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today. "Let every nation know, whether it wish us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend or oppose any foe in order to assure the survival and success of liberty."

Inaugural Address of President John F. Kennedy, January 20, 1961

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MARCH-APRIL, 1962 VOL. 57, No. 2 Declaration of Principles

WASH INCITON COPY LIBERT Y D.C. INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS A MAGAZINE OF RELIGIOUS FREEDOM LIBERTY ASSOCIATION

LIBERTY: A Magazine of Religious Freedom is published bimonthly for the International We believe in religious liberty, and hold that Religious Liberty Association by the Review and Herald Publishing Association, Washing- this God-given right is exercised at its best when ton 12, D.C. Second-class postage paid at Washington, D.C. Address editorial correspondence to 6840 Eastern Avenue, Washington 12, D.C. LIBERTY is a member of there is separation between church and state. the Associated Church Press. We believe in civil government as divinely ordained to protect men in the enjoyment of their natural rights, and to rule in civil things; ARTICLES and that in this realm it is entitled to the re- spectful and willing obedience of all. THE RELIGIOUS FOUNDATIONS OF OUR GOVERNMENT H. Richard Rasmusson 6 We believe in the individual's natural and inalienable right to freedom of conscience: to CHAOS ON SUNDAY M. Carol Hetzell 9 worship or not to worship; to profess, to prac- THE ECUMENICAL DIALOG C. Stanley Lowell 14 tice, and to promulgate his religious beliefs, or FREEDOM WAS PRICELESS THEN; IT IS JUST AS to change them according to his conscience or PRECIOUS NOW Newell Jones and Jack Tucker 17 opinions, holding that these are the essence of OF MEN AND STREAMS Richard C. Halverson 18 religious liberty; but that in the exercise of Varner J. Johns 20 WHAT PRICE FREEDOM? this right he should respect the equivalent THE BATTLE FOR THE SWORD, PART I V. Norskov Olsen 22 right of others. UNITED WE STAND William L. Roper 26 We believe that all legislation and other governmental acts which unite church and state FEATURES are subversive of human rights, potentially persecuting in character, and opposed to the best FROM THE EDITOR'S DESK 4 interests of church and state; and therefore, LETTERS 4 that it is not within the province of human A 1,700-YEAR GENEALOGY OF SUNDAY LAWS 12 government to enact such legislation or per- FOCUS ON FREEDOM 13 form such acts. We believe it is our duty to use every lawful SENATORS SPEAK OUT FOR RELIGIOUS LIBERTY 16 and honorable means to prevent the enactment THROUGH YESTERDAY'S WINDOWS 25 of legislation which tends to unite church and EDITORIALS: HOW TO LIBERALIZE SUNDAY LAWS WITH- OUT "UNSANCTIFYING THE SABBATH" . . . WCC state, and to oppose every movement toward VOTES FREEDOM RESOLUTION . . . PARADISE—A PIPE such union, that all may enjoy the inestimable DREAM? 28 blessings of religious liberty. WORLD REPORT 31 We believe that these liberties are embraced in the golden rule, which teaches that a man should do to others as he would have others do to him.

Editor ROLAND R. HEGSTAD Associate Editors MARVIN E. LOEWEN W. MELVIN ADAMS THE INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS LIBERTY ASSOCIA- Circulation Manager TION was organized in 1888 by the General Conference of Art Editor Seventh-day Adventists. Including in its ranks champions of TERENCE K. MARTIN ROY G. CAMPBELL freedom of many religious persuasions, the Association is dedicated to preservation of religious liberty, as is indicated in the Declaration above. The Association advocates no political or economic theories. General secretary, Marvin E. Loewen: associate secretaries, W. Melvin Adams, Roland R. Hegstad.

Contributing Editors C. N. ABRAHAM, Southern COPYRIGHT: The entire contents of this issue is copyrighted DR. JEAN NUSSBAUM, Paris Asia; G. ARTHUR KEOUGH, © 1962 by the Review and Herald Publishing Association. All Middle East; W. RAECKER, rights reserved. W. L EMMERSON, London Central Europe; C. D. WAT- KENNETH HOLLAND, South- SUBSCRIPTION RATES: One year. $1.25: one copy. 25 cents. SON, Northern Europe; C. P. Slightly higher in Canada. Subscription rates subject to change ern United States SORENSEN, Far East without notice. All subscriptions must be paid for in advance. Except for sample copies, papers are sent only on paid Foreign Correspondents Editorial Secretary subscriptions. E. E. WHITE, Australia; W. JEANNE REVERT DUNCAN EVA, South Africa; CHANGE OF ADDRESS: One month's notice is required. J. AITKEN, South America; Layout Artist Please report any change of address to the Review and Herald J. Publishing Association, Washington 12. D.C. Send both old C. 0. FRANZ, Inter-America; GERT BUSCH and new addresses, enclosing, if possible, your address label.

MARCH-APRIL 3 from the editor's desk

IF POLICE CHIEF AUGUST G. KETTMANN of the Association has filed briefs in selected Sunday Palm Springs, California, defends his bailiwick like law, and other, cases. But it has never represented he defends his fellow law enforcement officers, crooks those who defy civil authority. So long as the laws who have not announced their candidacy for boot of Caesar do not conflict with the requirements of hill will do well to ply their trade out of shooting God, Christians are enjoined by God Himself to range. Which is one way of saying that the chief obey them. (See, for example, Exodus 22:28; Ezra feels that men engaged in enforcing the law—even 7:26; Proverbs 24:21; Ecclesiastes 8:2-4; Matthew 22: when it is blue blue—should not be held up to 17-21; Romans 13:1-7; Titus 3:1; 1 Peter 2:13-17.) public ridicule. As to who must bear the responsibility for unen- The chief's fraternal instinct was aroused by the forceable blue laws, Chief Kettmann is shooting in November-December "From the Editor's Desk" which the right direction when he aims the finger of shame dealt with blue-law enforcement in Greenwich Vil- at "legislative groups which permit obsolete laws to lage. "What worries one is this," the column con- remain on the books." (Though he should not neglect cluded: "What policeman will ever be able to look indicting the apathetic citizens who doze in front his boy in the eye and confess he earned his stripes of their TV sets on election day. And let's squeeze arresting folks for selling books on Sunday in Green- in a wee tribute to the few legislators who dare the wich Village?" wrath of blue-law pressure groups. As one of them "The finger of shame or hypocrisy," says Chief Kett- pointed out, "It's rather hard to argue against the mann, "should properly be pointed at legislative cloth.") groups which permit obsolete laws to remain on the Those men in blue who would imbibe of further books. Law enforcement is pledged to enforce the verbal champagne should see "Chaos on Sunday" existing laws. It is not law enforcement's place to (page 9) by M. Carol Hetzell. And a final "toast" from decide which should or should not be enforced." the pen of Jim Dobbins, editorial cartoonist of the The point is well made—though the column to Boston Traveler. For those who need glasses, that bat- which he refers was intended to arouse concern on tered, bloodied, but heroic figure caught in the mid- behalf of officers who are asked to enforce the un- dle is a policeman! enforceable, rather than to ridicule them. The ed- ROLAND R. HEGSTAD itors of Liberty, both from religious conviction and principles of citizenship, would support Chief Kett- mann's assertion that "we must restore and maintain respect for law and duly constituted authority." The International Religious Liberty Association, LETTERS while upholding the right of conscience, has refused to represent citizens who deliberately defy Sunday RELIGIOUS FREEDOM—A COMMON CONCERN laws. Believing it to be a proper exercise of citizen- DEAR SIR: ship to test laws whose constitutionality is in doubt, For a few months I did not receive ... [LIBERTY], and was

JIM DOBBINS IN Till. BoSros about to enter a subscription on my own. I am pleased that whoever has been paying for this valuable service came through in the nick of time to renew my subscription. Here in Boulder we have been very concerned about religion in the public schools. I found your series on this subject very helpful in doing my part in resolving our conflicts. As our committee of inquiry on religion in the schools discovered, the problems of religious practices in the public schools are by no means confined to our city or our part of the country, especially where the whole question of religious holidays, such as Christ- mas, is concerned. To anyone particularly concerned with the Christmas issue, I recommend James Barnett's book The American Christmas, New York, MacMillan, 1954, especially the chapters on the history of this holiday in America, its in- volvement in a church, family and school, and the commercial exploitation of a holy day. Finally, as a native Bostonian, I forgive your misidentifica- tions of our Old and New State Houses. Perhaps it didn't bother me because I have taken these shrines of liberty for granted, as have so many Bostonians and other Americans. A

4 LIBERTY, 1962 walk along the Liberty Trail in Boston would remind Ameri- The former was critical in that it contended that a sectarian cans of their precious heritage almost as•well as does the care- group could not honestly admit sponsorship of the publica- ful reading of your so appropriately named magazine. Unitar- tion; the latter a diatribe unworthy of notice. ians are as dedicated to the cause of religious freedom as are I find it difficult to conceive that members of the legal profes- Adventists. I am glad that you have the resources to publish sion think in such a manner and . . . evidently become en- LIBERTY. And I am grateful that I am on your regular sub- raptured in putting in writing such vituperations. scription list. I commend you for your devotion to our common I concur in your asterisk conclusions * and pray that your concern.—THOMAS J. MALONEY, Minister, Unitarian Church efforts for establishment of man-to-man righteousness shall of Boulder, Colorado. soon prevail among all peoples in all lands.—RAY D. JOHN- SON, Attorney at Law, Vista, California. BAPTISTS AUTONOMOUS [* In reply to the charge that LIBERTY avoids "honest DEAR SIR: admission of sponsorship," the editor replied: "On the masthead page, under our honest Declaration of Prin- ... I received my first copies [of LIBERTY} several months ciples, appears the following: 'The International Reli- ago, and frankly, I was a bit skeptical as to the contents. I still gious Liberty Association was organized in 1888 by the do not agree with some of the articles, but most of them give General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists. . . Our much food for thought. . . . case rests." With the printing of this and the following I especially appreciated the article "U.S. Government letters, LIBERTY considers the case closed. Verdict: LIB- Agency Reports Loans." At the time I read it I doubted your ERTY not guilty.—ED.] report that two Baptist colleges ( Hardin-Simmons in Abilene, Texas, and Howard College in Birmingham, Alabama) had re- LEGISLATURE ANALYSIS ceived government loans, because Baptists believe in strict separation of church and state. But I have found that your re- DEAR SIR: port is true, and that Southern Baptists frown upon what these two colleges have done. At this point I wish to clear up some- For many years I have been the fortunate recipient of your thing for you concerning Southern Baptists. As you may al- LIBERTY magazine. As an attorney I have found it invaluable ready know, there is no type of ecclesiastical hierarchy with for the information I have gleaned therefrom. The articles Baptists ( of any variety ). Therefore it is erroneous to call any have been most informative. While it is true that I have not such college "Southern Baptist." Hardin-Simmons University been in complete accord with all the views therein expressed, is supported solely by Texas Baptists, and Howard College is I have been tolerant of many of the opinions expressed and at solely supported by Alabama Baptists. In the strictest sense, least had the courtesy and open-mindedness to read them. It is use of the term "Southern Baptist" means those home mission difficult for me to understand how other lawyers could write and foreign mission causes which are supported by Southern you and ask that their names be removed from your mailing list Baptists of all States through the Cooperative Program. South- when the only basis for their asking is the fact that certain ern Baptists own and operate six theological seminaries, but views were expressed in your magazine with which they could they do not own and operate State Baptist institutions. I inform not agree. This certainly would indicate a closed mind and an you of this because we, as Southern Baptists in Virginia or any arbitrary position. Believe me when I say this is contrary to the other State, do not want the false impression given that we ap- attitude of most lawyers. prove of loans from any government ( neither grants). There- People may question many points, but there is one point fore, please refer in the future to Baptist institutions by State they cannot question, and I think that is your honesty and sin- affiliation. I believe it would be better, since each State body of cerity in the objectives you have.—HARRY H. ANBENDER, Baptists is autonomous, as is every Baptist church.—L. V. Attorney, Detroit, Michigan. HIGH, JR., Pastor, Purcellville Baptist Church. WIDER VIEWPOINT GENTLEMEN OF THE JURY. PART 2 DEAR SIR: DEAR SIR: It is noted in your current issue of LIBERTY [Nov.-Dec., In the November-December 1961 issue, under the caption 1961] that an attorney at law has requested that his name be "Letters," it was noted that two lawyers had written; one ask- removed from your list. ing to be removed from the list and the other addressing his I wish to affirm that my name remain on your mailing list, communication to and as "Dear Bigots." Turn to page 27

OUR COVER PICTURE: Grasp it firm, son; hold it tight. That torch wasn't made for careless handling. It cost, it did, things money can't buy—sacrifice, devotion, homes, lives. And even these, when freedom is lost, may not suffice to buy it back again. And, son, look back—back to old frontiers, old values, old standards. For it is easy to forget, while looking to new frontiers, what freedom costs. Easy to forget, moreover, what freedom is. No new frontier is worth a lick if you don't have a heap of heritage to build it on. And, son, look up. Up where freedom had its birth. Up where faith alone can reach. For faith and freedom grow together and die apart. Hold it high, son, hold it high. That torch wasn't made for careless handling.

MARCH-APRIL 5 The Religious Foundations of Our Government

‘LOR(..k. II. BOUGHTON, R.A., ARTIST

H. RICHARD RASMUSSON

WE NEED ALWAYS to remember that our institutions have foundations. They do not rest on thin air. They rest on sacrifices, character, ideals, ideas, and faiths. When the foundations are weakened or destroyed, the institution is weakened or destroyed. Anyone who is concerned with the preservation of the institutions of free and democratic government must be concerned with foundations. The psalmist, in a period of crisis, cried, "If the foundations are destroyed, what can the righteous do?"

6 LIBERTY, 1962 What are our foundations? provide against anyone having too much power. The founding fathers knew Aristotle and his Politics. They 1. The first religious foundation is a deep personal were also astute observers of human nature. Because faith in God. To believe in God means to believe they took seriously the doctrine of sin, man's greed for among other things that there is objective truth and power, and through it his easy descent into tyranny, objective good to be known and obeyed. It means also they made certain that the powers of government were to believe that there is a justice and a right that belongs so balanced and distributed that no absolute or corrupt- to the very nature and order of things, which are nei- ing power could find its way into the hands of any ther relative nor illusory. It means to believe there is one person or group of persons. Hence the separation of a truth that is not susceptible to change with each powers in our Federal Government. Hence the division generation. of powers—the executive, the legislative, the judicial We must beware of our personal absolutizing of this branches. truth as if we really know it in its full dimension. We An editorial in Life for December 26, 1953, put it must allow for freedom of conscience and discussion in this way: "Our government contains in its checks and arriving through our finite apprehensions of this final balances, and other self limitations, a healthy dose of truth. But believing in God means believing in an un- pessimism about the same human nature it professes to changing, objective truth. trust. It is as though the authors of this political self- There is a kind of subversion among many Americans limitation who knew Montesquieu's saying that 'Virtue today, which has escaped the observation of people has need of limits' were not only repeating ancient wis- concerned only with the Communistic menace, and this dom but anticipating modern theology's discovery of subversion is the teaching that there is no objective original sin." truth to be obeyed above life itself and preserved at whatever cost. F. B. Barry, an English scholar, has writ- 3. A third religious foundation is freedom. But the ten: "If men once abandon trust in reason and in the religious person remembers that all freedom is a de- objectivity of truth, they are playing straight into the rived freedom. Freedom that is grounded in the person hand of tyrants, whether as fiihrers or impersonal col- as a person is strengthened when the person, and his lectives." Let men believe there is no objective truth, but freedom, is grounded in the Creator. The Declaration only human truths based on expediency or group de- of Independence reads, "endowed by their Creator with sires or what serves the advantage of a political or even certain unalienable Rights." The deepest freedom is de- a religious group, and democracy as we know it is rived from God. Because government does not give this dead. freedom, it cannot take it away, because it comes from We need to educate for democracy. Youth should be God, who is above government. Separation of church taught clearly where the foundations of our democracy and state means that government cannot subsidize any lie. Education of a purely secular kind, with no discus- church or show preferential treatment to any, but it does sion of the religious roots of Western civilization and not mean that government must ignore the moral values freedom, is a partially false education. Democracy is the that have their origin in religion. As a Life editorial servant of justice and freedom and human dignity. But said: "Although our democracy divorces church and these are the fruits of a religious faith and the religious state, ours never contemplated a divorce between conviction that man is a creature of worth and dignity religion and society." and an end in himself, because he is made in the image Freedom in a democracy under God is a responsible of God. Separate our highest democratic values from freedom. Freedom is always being tested by its fruit of the religious soil that produced and nurtured them and justice and social righteousness. Responsible freedom soon they become like cut flowers and die. will mean freedom for the thought we dislike. Is our belief and faith in democracy so weak that we dare not let 2. A second religious foundation of our government ideas we disapprove circulate among us? Dare we let ev- is the doctrine of sin. It was the doctrine of sin as ap- ery point of view have a hearing, meet idea with idea plied to man's tendency to arrogate power himself and and untruth with untruth, not with imprisonment or misuse it that led the founding fathers to the insist- persecution or bombing, as has happened in some places ence that power in the new government be distributed in our America because someone spoke a truth someone and balanced, with checks and counterchecks. These didn't like? men all feared "the cancer of power." Jefferson wrote: This kind of freedom means the freedom to be criti- "Man has never proved himself worthy of an unre- cal of preachers, of churches, schools, businessmen, doc- strained control of his fellows, nor has any special group tors, lawyers, Protestants, Roman Catholics, and Jews. If of men ever been dominant without injustice to oth- the criticism is wrong, it can be answered with truth and ers." facts. No threat of boycott should be directed to the Long before Colonial times Aristotle had written in newspaper and radio or TV stations for their courage to his Politics that the laws of a commonwealth should deal with all issues. Freedom in our American sense,

MARCH-APRIL 7 if it means anything, means "the free trade in ideas." him into a particular pattern, and the dignity is gone Who that has once read them can ever forget the upon which freedom is based. words of Justice Holmes, ". .. if there is any principle of Our freedom is in Christ as Christians, and this means the Constitution that more imperatively calls for at- a responsible and courageous freedom. Paul wrote, "You tachment than any other it is the principle of free were called to freedom, brethren; only do not use your thought—not free thought for those who agree with us, freedom as an opportunity of the flesh, but through but freedom for the thought that we hate." love be servants of one another." Now various groups and professions have begun to 4. A fourth foundation is in people who are in- threaten those who say anything this or that group dis- formed, literate, and of good manners. Somewhere I likes. Intellectual life is dying as a result. Controversy is have read: "Democratic ideals cannot be attained by Life in ceasing. Everyone is afraid of someone. When the mentally undeveloped. In a government where ev- 1958 printed a series on "Crisis in Education," the of- eryone is part sovereign everyone should be competent, ficials of the National Association of Secondary School if not to govern, at least to understand the problems of Principals were so aroused that they sent letters to 20,- government." This means responsible public schools 000 members, urging them to threaten to cancel school where issues, controversial and otherwise, are discussed subscriptions to Life and Time for being opposed to freely and openly. This means a responsible press that education. Where will this kind of thing end? presents all the news and avoids as far as possible the in- How empty of real significance life becomes if for fear tentional slanting of news. It means responsible radio of those who love cats no jokes can be told about cats; and TV newscasters. It means a responsible church that or my sensitivity of my Scandinavian heritage prevents looks honestly at the social pronouncements of the anything humorous to be said about it; or the South's churches and discusses them in the light of our best position on segregation keeps a paper or magazine from knowledge of God's will for our time, with each Chris- printing a critical analysis of it, or a TV program from tian seeking not what will benefit him or his class but showing a mixed class studying or playing together. the best for all mankind. Another subversive tendency in our Western culture The manners of people must also be such as will that undercuts freedom is the teaching that man is abide by the majority decision at the polls. The defeated wholly the product of sociological and psychological join hands with their opposition to work for a stronger conditioning. Accept without qualification the belief and greater America. Jefferson said, "It is the manners that man is "nothing but" the social forces operating in and spirit of a people that preserve a republic in vigor." his society, and wholly their product, and we end with a totalitarian society. 5. Finally, there is the need for open and honest Freedom has meaning only in the frame of unique, controversy. One of the differences between the free responsible individuals capable of decision and choice. world and the totalitarian powers is our right to think What can freedom mean if the individual is not capable and the freedom to investigate and read what we will. of it? Deny to man any power or capacity to make and Yes, and express our dissent and engage openly in crea- change himself in the midst of forces seeking to mold tive discussion to change laws we think unwise. Where critical controversy and open disagreement is no longer It is a basic right of a free society to express dissent and to engage openly in creative discussion to change laws deemed unwise. possible, we have become the enemy we were fighting. This kind of free agreement and open debate is NOT/IMANN I TOM .MONK MI 1,1 rooted in the evangelical doctrine of the right of private judgment. Under God, man is called to be a responsible, mature person, standing on his own feet as a free person. Man is created to be a free moral being. This means the right to free inquiry on all subjects, to conduct independent search for truth, religious or political, to discuss and debate. He accepts the judgments of no one uncondi- tionally. He thinks for himself. He examines the best evidence, listens to all the arguments, and in the end decides as a free moral being, responsible to God and to his own conscience. We should demand that political candidates engage in genuine discussion of issues. The frank and honest facing of issues is one of the ways a democratic people makes up its mind. Controversy and discussion should not be shunned but welcomed—by our political candidates and by all the voters. This is the philosophy of our Protestant heritage. ***

LIBERTY, 1962 O'N SUNDAY Who Holds the Key to the Sunday Law Conundrum?

M. CAROL HETZELL

HE SUPREME COURT'S Sunday law decision began to make mental note that Massachusetts was a last June, coupled with stiffening competition good place not to be on Sunday. Tfrom discount houses, set off a tidal wave of Some town or county officials chose to wink at the chaos on State and local levels through much of the law, refusing to make arrests. Occasionally this got them nation. Citizens from Maine to Texas, proceeding in in trouble with higher-ups. Judges, bewildered on one their normal routine, suddenly found themselves afoul hand by their provoked constituency and fixed on the of the law. Hardly a State escaped, for all but one, other with the stern eye of their superiors, heard cases Alaska, have some sort of Sunday legislation. Even and fixed minimum fines or handed down suspended Santa Claus felt the strong arm of the law. His arrest sentences. in Philadelphia made front-page news and traveled Earl B. Dougherty, justice of the peace for Bucks across the nation via the Associated Press wires. County, Pennsylvania, took the opposite view. He de- Massachusetts howled loudest as the Sunday crack- voted an entire Sunday to driving around Bucks County down began, perhaps because of more extensive en- handing out conviction-on-sight notices. Among the 159 forcement after the decision on the Crown Kosher case, lawbreakers he tagged were actress Peggy Cass, two originating in Boston. Bay State citizens limped along toll-booth operators on the turnpike, a radio announcer, with no trucks moving on Sundays, tourist trade purged numerous plant guards, a druggist, a newsman, and the ( along with the income), and storekeepers and custom- reporters and photographers who followed him around! ers, as well as law-enforcement officers, in a state of Real estate agents in Virginia saw one of their top total confusion. sales days go down the drain. One agent opined philo- Retailers whose livelihood depended chiefly on Sun- sophically that this would probably be good, because day sales affixed large signs to their establishments al- it would eliminate those people who were not serious luding to the "ridiculous blue laws" and contrived land buyers but only lookers. His fellows in the trade schemes whereby they might remain open and serve failed to agree with him, however, for lookers more their customers. One Massachusetts storekeeper set up often than not eventually become buyers, and Sunday, a "kitty for blue-law fines," to which his customers con- they added, is when the whole family can look together. tributed. Another upped his prices on "legitimate" mer- A city ordinance against Sunday shopping in Evan- chandise so that he could "give," not "sell," his customers ston, Illinois, merely sent hundreds of its townspeople verboten merchandise they might wish. bustling across the line into Chicago to secure the goods Especially distressed were shops along the Mohawk they wanted or to find amusement for the family in a Trail, who catered to the weekend tourist trade. For looking-shopping sortie. Local businessmen didn't like it. them the Sunday laws spelled financial ruin. Tourists In St. Joseph, Missouri, a furniture store and an army

MARCH-APRIL 9 BELIEVE IT OR NOT, THESE ARE HAMS. DON'T PAY ANY ATTENTION TO THE LABELS.

HARRY BAERG. ARTIST

Many Virginia hams are sold to Sunday tourists. Therefore, in other meats requiring cooking was prohibited. One merchant the State's 1959 law, the sale of hams was permitted. Sale of met this problem by putting the above notice in his window. surplus store circumnavigated the law there, which per- Ruffled citizens by the hundreds took pen in hand mits stores selling drugs to remain open. Each added a and aired their feelings via their newspaper's "Letters medical supply department. to the Editor" column. Virginia came up with some strictly regional corkers. One elderly citizen growled, "I know a veteran who The Old Dominion State is noted for its hams. Much wanted to go to Boston to see his sister, and had car of its sale of this product is to Sunday tourists. There- trouble. He went to a garage, but they couldn't help before, in its 1959 Sunday law the sale of hams, which cause of the law. He was unable to finish his trip. Well, do not require cooking, was permitted, whereas other sir, I would think this country wasn't worth fighting for." meats requiring cooking were contraband. One store- Some letters showed more humor, referring to bootleg keeper met this problem by putting a notice in his win- bread sales and Sunday purchases of salami hidden in dow beside a display of steaks. "Believe it or not," the the voluptuous folds of the Sunday paper, or a secret notice read, "these are hams. Don't pay any attention visit to the shuttered corner store, a surreptitious knock, to the labels." and a whispered, "Joe sent me." A man who had tried without success to buy food One columnist reported an over-the-line shopping for his tropical fish, "even though I explained that they expedition on Sunday by "a man in blue." According to eat it uncooked," announced that next Sunday he might the story, when the officer was asked how he felt about try again, using the story that it is "excellent when used the blue laws, he tucked his purchase under his arm and as a garnish on almost any flavor of ice cream." sighed, "I just got through enforcing them." The question of coin-operated machines came up for An editorial underscored the inconsistencies rampant action when a young Roanoke, Virginia, attorney who in the law. "We don't like schoolboys to play ball on operates a laundromat as a sideline was arrested for Sunday," it elaborated, "because it's not 'holy,' yet many having it open on Sunday. He pleaded guilty but ex- of us think nothing of sitting back with a can of beer in plained that he had drilled with the National Guard our living rooms and watching sixty-one thousand hoot- the previous day and felt he should have the laundromat ing fans see the Giants pulverize the Eagles." It went on: open for customers who could not get in then. "We forbid folks to buy raw clams at the shore, but they Elsewhere, while police were closing laundromats, eat fried ones there by the ton. We say 'no drinks at the the coin-operated vending machines in city hall were bar,' and hand them over the bar to the moved-up tables clinking happily. Everywhere the expressions "hodge- below. We say no mowing of lawns on Sunday while podge," "inconsistency," "confusion," "discrimination," shooting galleries and Ferris wheels are a scant half-hour and "chaos" were being aired both vocally and in the away." press. The press had a heyday with the inconsistencies in

10 LIBERTY, 1962 Sunday laws. "You can buy a hammer, but not nails," holy day I have the right to force all men to set aside jibed a New Jersey paper. "You can buy an electric that day also," said a Presbyterian clergyman, Allan C. fuse, but not a power cord. You can buy a pet bird on Parker, Jr., of Seattle, Washington. "Why should my Sunday, but you can't buy a cage to keep it in." faith be favored by the State over any other man's High on the list of complaints—and this was a gen- faith?" eral charge cropping up in letters wherever blue laws The Massachusetts Legislature carried their religious exist—was the beautiful inconsistency of permitting emphasis one step further when they made the "Sab- hard liquor to be sold on Sunday but shutting down the bath" laws applicable to holidays such as Veterans' Day, sale of milk and other more wholesome items. "You can Columbus Day, and Thanksgiving Day. Suddenly the get beer for your baby on Sunday, but not milk," cho- ire of the State's sportsmen was aroused. The Sunday rused half a hundred writers in a score of States. This laws prohibited hunting, and if applied to Thanksgiving, strange inconsistency was especially bewailed by tee- this would knock out their favorite hunting day! totalers and those wishing to preserve Sunday "holy." But their ire was nothing compared with that of the In spite of the Supreme Court's interpretation of the merchants, who, by and large, had favored the Sunday Sunday laws as not religious, almost invariably when a laws up till then. With their doors closed on the holi- citizen expressed favorable views on the matter, he re- days while stores in adjoining States remained open, the ferred to these laws as "helping us to keep God's com- retailers took an estimated $40 million loss! Headlines mandments." "How can we expect God to bless this in Massachusetts shot up to the 70-point bold screamers! country when we forget Him by trampling upon His Remarks in the press hit an all-time high for sarcasm. Sabbath?" many letters asked. The air was thick with hints of "Wait till next election." In Indiana, after a brief period of strict Sunday law A law that had already been revised sixty times since enforcement, officials relaxed their vigil. Religious its colonial origin could be revised again, along with the groups hastened to remind them of their duty. legislators! Some, like the Worcester Telegram, began A Baptist group in Texas and a Catholic organiza- to compare Sunday laws with what it described as "other tion in Portland, Oregon, urged boycott of business open nuttier" laws that grace statute books around the coun- on Sunday. "Selling or shopping on Sunday is a sin try. violating the Biblical injunction: '. . . the seventh-day "Elephants in San Francisco may not stroll down is the Sabbath,' " said the Most Reverend Edward D. Market Street except on a leash," the Telegram an- Howard, archbishop of Portland, Oregon. nounced. "There's a law in Pittsburgh that restrains you A Wisconsin man, wearied by the erroneous use of from sleeping in the refrigerator," it chortled. "Dunn, the commandments in pleas for Sunday laws, offered a N.C., says it's illegal to snore so loudly that it disturbs free auto to anyone who could prove from the Bible that the neighbors," and "In Rumford, Me., you mustn't bite Sunday observance was required. He had no takers. your landlord." Church groups like that in Prichard, Alabama, circu- In Pennsylvania, which tops other States with a $50 lated petitions that Sunday laws be enforced. A "Save fine for Sunday law violators, 2 Guys From Harrison, Our Sunday" committee in Colorado began pressing for one of the plaintiffs in the historic Supreme Court Sun- stricter Sunday legislation. day law cases of December, 1960, struck a retaliatory In Battle Creek, Michigan, Methodist ministers blow. The store announced a policy denying entrance charged, "There has been too much foggy thinking and sentimental nonsense put forth concerning the issue of The day the bookshelf broke! freedom." They emphasized that "in the interest of the JIM DOBBINS IN THE BOSTON ''TRAVELER'' public good in a free society it sometimes becomes necessary for the minority opinion to join with the majority in order to preserve the values we cherish." In Pennsylvania, Governor Lawrence was quoted as calling for an end to "Sabbath desecration." Massachusetts Senate President John E. Powers declared, "We've got to straighten out the whole matter, . . . liberalize the statutes without unsanctifying the Sabbath." Not all clergymen supported Sunday laws. In Wash- ington, D.C., a Methodist minister called for an end to "legislated morals." The Reverend Vaughn Ischie, Epis- copal priest of Christ's Church in Philadelphia, de-

\IS , 0 nounced attempts of ministerial pressure groups to fill IBLOW90 McI,ow • their pews on Sunday by "coercive legislation." "I do STATE 11011At LIBRARY not believe that because I have set aside Sunday as a QUIET (00 NOT "BE U0 t.BOKLAVORS MARCH-APRIL RAABE m47. c.c.s to "persons whose primary purpose in entering said A letter to the editor of the Decatur, Illinois, Herald store was to observe employees who might be selling and Review placed the blame for the Sunday law ruckus merchandise on Sunday and to make complaints thereof on the downtown stores hard hit by suburban shopping to the police." When two men entered the store and centers. "Let's face it, Downtown Boys," the letter chal- preferred charges against 2 Guys, the store brought a lenged, "it's really not the day or the hours that are damage suit in excess of $5,000, claiming trespass. objectionable to you. The people who go to the shop- Downtown merchants feuded with suburban discount ping centers go during the time you are open as well stores in the advertising pages of a dozen newspapers. as when you are closed. Stop beating your chests." Full-page ads in Indianapolis and South Bend, In- In Maryland, businessmen finding themselves in trou- diana, newspapers waved a warning finger: "Suddenly ble with the law quickly lashed out at their fellows in our city government has been encouraged by a few the trade. An automobile dealer forced to close his self-interested people to restrain and dictate the way we showroom on Sunday promptly went out "shopping" choose to live, relax, and even shop with our families. for himself—auto shopping at his competitors'. He Don't let this happen in our great State." filed a complaint and had summons issued to close them down too. A home owner in a north Jersey suburb, doing a little Sunday repair work on his home, suddenly found himself face to face with a policeman. His "neighbor" had complained of being disturbed. A 1.700-YEAR GENEALOGY OF SUNDAY Hardest hit by mounting ridicule were law-enforce- LAWS ment officials. From Greenwich Village, New York, where police closed five bookstores for operating on 1. Younger States of America—"In Sunday legislation we have followed the example of the Sunday, to Oklahoma City, where supermarket operators older States." were "padlocked," the men in blue pulled their caps 2. Older States—"In Sunday legislation and lower over their faces and did their duty. "So long as judicial decisions we have followed the example the laws are on the books, they must be enforced," said of the oldest States." Oklahoma's assistant attorney general. "Lack of en- 3. Oldest States—"In the matter of Sunday forcement breeds contempt for law." legislation we have followed the example of the "Why single out the police for ridicule?" a chief of original colonies." police in Washington asked. "Blame the legislators who 4. Original Colonies—"In the matter of Sun- put unenforceable laws on the books." day legislation, we have followed the precedents Legislators in Oklahoma seemed in no hurry to as- and example of old England, which had an es- sume the blame. When a Sunday law bill was brought tablished religion and a church-and-state sys- before the 1961 legislature they attached a series of un- tem." acceptable amendments—one would have barred Sun- 5. Old England—"In the matter of Sunday day telecasts—and committed the measure to commit- laws and religious legislation, we have followed tee, where it died. the customs of the Roman Catholic Church, in- "Close the grocery stores and leave the beer joints corporated among us when the church was the open," drawled one senator, "and you're going to have established church of the empire. Though Henry tavern operators bootlegging groceries." VIII, about 1544, renounced allegiance to the Pope, we retained, and are still cherishing, this Confronted with relays of organized pressure groups papal custom." pushing innumerable Sunday law bills-38 have been introduced in the 1962 session of the Massachusetts Catholic Church—Sunday laws and religious Legislature—most public officials seemed more willing legislation were incorporated into our church than Oklahoma legislators to shift the burden to the under the policy of Constantine and the ambi- police. tious bishops of his time, who desired to unite "There's a lot of money wrapped up in this thing," pagan and Christian elements in the empire. said a lobbyist for the downtown merchants in a South- By decrees of the Popes and councils of later ern State, "and most of it is going to see that Sunday laws date, we transmuted the "venerable day of the get teeth in them." Sun," into the Christian Sabbath. Admittedly the Sunday law question is a mess wher- "You may read the Bible from Genesis to ever enforcement has been attempted. How can it be Revelation, and you will not find a single line cleared up? authorizing the sanctification of Sunday. The Scriptures enforce the religious observance of Texas may have one answer. Seeking to avoid both Saturday, a day which we never sanctify."— religious controversy and unfairly penalizing the sev- JAMES CARDINAL GIBBONS, The Faith of enth-day Sabbathkeeper, the State adopted a Saturday or Our Fathers (1917 ed.), pp. 72, 73. Sunday closure law. It is still too early to tell how well

12 LIBERTY, 1962 Focus on Freedom ;advor"1111111MT UNCLE SAM EXTRICATED FROM EMBARRASSING LIAISON IN VIRGIN ISLANDS

Separation of church and state? Not under the United States Government—at least not until two years ago, to hear Virgin Islanders tell it. Not that they were being persecuted or anything like that, but imagine trying to renovate your parish hall and finding that you did not even hold title to your church—that Uncle Sam did! This is the situation in which parishioners of three Lutheran churches found themselves. Uncle Sam's benevolent custodianship began in 1917, when the United States purchased the Virgin Islands from the king of Denmark. Since title to the church edifices—established by the former Danish state church in the West Indies—was held by the king as head of the church, it was passed to the United LIM lV NEWS FWIM. Parishioners thought that they owned the Frederick Evangelical States along with other crown lands by the treaty Lutheran church edifice, until a disconcerting discovery in 1958. through which the Virgin Islands were purchased. On the insistence of the United States Senate, the The Virgin Islands legislature, finding itself without treaty provided that the congregations should not be power to act, petitioned Congress to enact special legis- disturbed in their use of the properties. However, the lation. Thus it was that after 43 years a church-state treaty did not say, nor was it ever specified by law, that complication believed to be without precedent in the congregations should be given title to the church United States history was resolved when President Ei- properties. This was the discovery made in 1958, when senhower signed a bill extricating Uncle Sam from his one of the churches sought to renovate its parish hall. embarrassing liaison in the Virgin Islands.

this will work, though it seems to be a step in the A patrolman watching crowds patronizing a shopping right direction. center open on Sunday in Indiana remarked, "Until California, Arizona, Oregon, Wisconsin, and Wyo- the public wants blue laws, no ban on Sunday sales ming have one-day-in-seven laws that have worked well is going to be effective." for a number of years. Some States are trying exemption With enforcement being attempted on laws, many of clauses for Sabbatarians, but these do not fully solve which hark back more than a century, the public is the problem. The discrimination in permitted sales is a definitely affected. They have in many instances become knotty problem. the unfortunate middleman in a struggle that is largely How to avoid discrimination in a law that obviously, between economic pressure groups. in this mechanized age of interdependence, must contain It is time Mr. Average Citizen took a cool and intelli- exemptions if it is to succeed at all is a neat question. gent look into the matter. He must not be elbowed out Once a list of exemptions gets started, it can stretch on of his rightful position by lobbyists or money interests. interminably, or it can resort to generalizations that re- It is his duty to study issues in the light of the Constitu- quire personal interpretation on the part of the citizens, tion as these issues relate to him, to his neighbor, and the plaintiffs, and the law enforcement agents. to the millions who have sought refuge in this great It may well be that the whole matter of retaining a land. day of rest should be left up to the people themselves He must not be misled by what appears to be-noble without the onus of enforced rest that a Sunday law tradition, nor confused by distorted facts. Above all, he brings. must by letter and vote make his opinions known and A State-wide poll taken in Massachusetts in July of felt. Only then will a halt be called to enactment of 1961 seemed to indicate little desire for a Sunday law. legislation that spells Sunday chaos and "enforced" Of 29,815 people asked "Do you believe blue laws rather than "permitted" rest for millions of American should be repealed or retained?" 25,799 favored repeal. citizens.

MARCH-APRIL 13 THE ECUMENICAL DIALOG

Do the rules give away the case for Protestantism?

C. STANLEY LOWELL

N AN EARLIER ARTICLE, "The Sin of Separation," we discussed certain phases of I the ecumenical movement that increasing numbers of Protestants have come to regard with apprehension. We come now to one of the widely known features of the movement called "the dialog." Dialog can take place among Protestants or between Protestants and Roman Catholics. It is our belief here that the dialog has been operating on the wrong assumptions. The assumptions, though not specifically set forth in this fashion, are three in number: 1. One vast monolithic structure that includes all churches is the desirable form of church organization. 2. There should be constant repentance for "the sin of separation"—i.e., repentance that the churches have not attained this form. 4 3. Discussion should center on those matters of faith which the participants hold in common, not on matters where they differ. Number one has already drawn our comment in the earlier article. Number two would simply give away the case of Protestantism. It would regard separation, including separation from Rome, as a sin. Protestants are thus put in the position of repenting for Luther. Such "repentance" destroys our capacity to see what Luther saw. It make us blind leaders of the blind. We must remember that if we repent of separation we must repent of what separates us. What separates us is not our similarities but our differences. And our differences are just those distinctive elements which have brought our tp111114 i EWING GALLOWAY t 1 particular movement into being.

14 LIBERTY, 1962 Now the reductio proceeds apace. Lutherans, to par- Register, largest of the diocesan papers, May 28, 1961: ticipate in the dialog, must begin by saying: "We are In all such discussions between Catholics and Protestants heartily sorry for Luther's emphasis on justification by the Catholics stress that there can be no change in any dogma faith only." Calvinists would be required to confess: or basic teaching of the Catholic Church, for such a change "We sincerely repent of our stress on the supremacy would be a denial that the Church is the true Church founded by Christ. . . . The Protestants must have no illusions that of Scripture." Anglicans: "We realize how embarrass- Catholic ecumenicism means that Catholicism is going to ing our idea of the apostolic succession must be to change in any basic way. Any return, corporate or individual, others. We shall try to get away from such a divisive must involve recognition of the Pope as the viceregent of notion." Methodists: "Forgive us our emphasis on Christ.... There can never be a Catholic-Protestant Church or Christian perfection." Baptists: "We are ashamed of even a Catholic-Protestant fellowship of churches. The Cath- olic must say to the Protestant that the Church was substantially our stress on baptism by immersion and autonomy of right and, therefore, any endeavour toward reunion will be a the local congregation." Then there might be a collect: return to unity. "Deliver us from all differences that separate us, and Now for a concluding thought: Doctrinal firmness make us all the same so that we can be united." in the dialog and elsewhere must not be confused with As for the third assumption or "rule" of the dialog, oppressive intolerance. To stand unequivocally for what we suggest that it be replaced with just the opposite. one believes is commendable and good; to impair the To be fruitful, dialog should be pitched to those points right of others to do the same is reprehensible and evil. wherein we differ. Dialog should be debate, in which In any dialog with Roman Catholics, or in any situa- the most scholarly and cogent defense of one's position tion where they coexist with them or any other faith, is offered. This kind of debate is invaluable. There Protestants can make no accommodation whatsoever should be a great deal of it going on constantly, not at the point of freedom. only among Protestants but between Protestants and One frequently hears the observation that the Ro- Roman Catholics. Dialog which tries to pretend that man Catholic Church is "different" where religious everybody believes the same could find a profitable suc- freedom is concerned, and that this church's intolerance cessor in the great debate on differences frankly ac- is something Protestants must try to "understand." Let knowledged and explicated. From such encounters this be clear: Protestants cannot extend "understand- monumental consequences can be expected in the ing" toward any religious viewpoint that would deny churches. The Luther-Eck debates are an example. freedom to their own. Whenever Protestants concede The practical application is apparent. A distinctive to Catholicism or to any other faith the privilege of in- belief of Seventh-day Adventists is that the seventh day tolerance where they are concerned, they are signing is the Sabbath. Now suppose Adventists should refuse their own death warrant. to discuss this belief in the dialog on the ground that it At the point of freedom there can be neither com- was "different" from the belief of others. Suppose they promise nor accommodation. This is not being "anti- should insist on dialog only on beliefs that all hold in Catholic." It is a matter of survival. Nor can Protes- common. This would be monolog, not dialog. All the tants be deluded into accepting a more prudential ac- thrill of encounter, all the thrill of witness, would be commodation of the Roman Church as an adequate lost. Suppose that, in dialog with Roman Catholics, concept of freedom. Writing in An American Dialogue, Lutheran leaders should decline to discuss justification Dr. Robert McAfee Brown is impressed with a state- by faith only, on the ground that this was not a belief ment by a Catholic priest, Father Congar, which he they and the Catholics had in common. Such dialog in quotes with approval: seeking to be "positive" would merely succeed in being The Church will never renounce the totalitarianism of the inept and futile, as well as distressingly dull. Dialog Faith, the intransigence and intolerance of truth; but she can, does not lose but immeasurably gains when genuine without denying anything of her true nature, refuse to exercise differences are eloquently articulated. these except by spiritual means and the way of conscience. The liberal theologian Dr. Robert McAfee Brown These italics, apparently Di. Brown's, indicate the has offered his "rules for the dialogue," which ap- importance he attaches to these words. Such a concept peared simultaneously in The Christian Century, a of "freedom" may comfort some Protestants, but it will Protestant publication, and The Commonweal, a Ro- scarcely reassure anyone with a deep concern in this man Catholic journal. One of his rules is as follows: area. This "concession" of Father Congar to religious "Each partner must accept responsibility in humility freedom really amounts to little more than the acknowl- and penitence for what his group has done, and is do- edgment that in certain situations, and for the time ing, to foster and perpetuate division." This would seem being, it may be inopportune to practice coercion to require Protestants to enter the dialog with an apol- against other churches. To regard this as an adequate ogy for being what they are. concept of freedom or to accept such an "assurance" How different is the concept of the dialog current in would be most unwise. Protestants, with their abiding Roman Catholic circles. Paul H. Hallett, a prolific Ro- heritage of liberty, can make no concession at all where man Catholic writer, has this to say in the Catholic it is at stake. ***

MARCH-APRIL 15

We are indebted to our founding fathers for basic fundamental principles, of which religious freedom is foremost. It is only as we maintain and give full expression to religious freedom that we can hope to have full expression in other freedoms we hold vital to our fundamental rights. Religious freedom remains an important part of our heritage, and we must rededicate our- selves to its preservation.

S4;:— FRANK CARLSON Senator from Kansas

LAINSON STUDIO

United States

SENh. I LAN't For Religious Liberty

In the complex world in which we live today, the concept and practice of religious liberty is growing more and more important. We are engaged in a cold war with a godless society, Communism. The winner of this struggle may eventually rule or substantially influence the entire world. The cause of the Western world is freedom, and religious liberty is an important part of that freedom.

JOHN SPARKMAN Senator from Alabama

16 LIBERTY, 1962 REEDOM NEVER CAN BE taken for granted, For it comes, of course, from the very first clause of lest it be lost. the first Article of the Bill of Rights: F Neglected, it withers and dies, like a flower "Congress shall make no law respecting an establish- denied moisture and nourishment. . . . ment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise Or is smothered by the creeping weeds of tyranny's thereof; . . ." lust for dominion and for ever-spreading aggrandize- Further, the search for freedom of worship and the ment. concept of self-government went hand in hand in the Those who came to what is now our United States of beginnings of the United States of America. America in longing search for freedom were aware of H. G. Wells, in his "The Outline of History," de- this. They had known tyranny and its ways firsthand in scribes the Plymouth Colony settlers as "republican- the Old World, under governments closely allied to in- spirited men, hopeless of resistance to the Grand tolerant churches. Monarchy of James I and So, when they and their Charles I." descendants found it neces- The Pilgrim Fathers, sary to give their lives, their free dons along with desire to wor- all, to achieve that freedom ship according to their own by establishing a govern- lights, carried also the spark ment of, by and for free was pr iceless which well may have given men, their first thought was the first glow to the beacon of a Constitution which of self-government. would safeguard what they They gave expression to so agonizingly had won. THEN; that belief even before step- Thus it was that the ping ashore at Cape Cod in Constitution for the United 1620. States of America came into "Before landing," Clem- being Sept. 17, 1787, at it is just as precious ent Wood writes in his "A the Constitutional Conven- Complete History of the tion in Philadelphia. United States," "the Pilgrims And that, further to safe- assembled in the cabin of guard the rights of the in- NOW their little boat, the May- dividual and of the states, flower, and pledged them- the historic Bill of Rights— selves to form a govern- the first 10 Amendments— NEWELL JONES and ment and obey it. This was became part of the Constitu- JACK TUCKER the first instance of an agree- tion Dec. 15, 1791, upon ment to abide by complete ratification by the states. self-government in the his- Yet, farseeing though tory of the European settle- they were, these safeguards ment of the Americas." for the dignity and free- That freedom of worship dom of the individual cannot alone preserve this heri- was so pre-eminent in the minds of the founders of free tage. Neglected, they wither and die. Or are erased or America carries a further significance. subverted by ambitious or foolish men, from foreign It is a right which always is among the first to be shores or within our own land. limited or wiped out by those who, like the Commu- So it is that Americans of our troubled and perilous nists, put the state above all individual rights and free- times must remain as aware of the origins and meaning doms. of our Constitution and Bill of Rights, and as vigilant Freedom of worship is one of the stones in the arch in guarding them, as were the Founding Fathers who of liberty which the Constitution raised in protection achieved them. The Freedoms Foundation at Valley over Americans. Forge, a nonprofit, nonsectarian organization, is dedi- This is a stout and stalwart arch, if those whom it cated to maintaining that awareness and vigilance. protects keep it in repair and safe from assault. It has formulated a "Credo of the American Way of And, in an arch, each stone must be forever kept Life," an expression of the political and economic rights firm and unriven. For, if one is lost, the whole structure provided us by the Constitution, the Bill of Rights, and tumbles into dust. the laws of the nation stemming from these. It is the same with the freedoms erected by the Con- That the first freedom mentioned in this credo is the stitution for the United States of America.—One in a "right to worship God in one's own way" seems par- series of editorials on the Bill of Rights from the Eve- ticularly fitting and significant. ning Tribune, San Diego, California. ***

MARCH-APRIL 17 You have often heard human nature referred to as a stream—the "stream of humanity." Have you ever considered how really like a stream it is? As the stream has its source in the high- lands—the virgin, snow-clad peaks— so human nature had its beginning with God. Man was the peak of God's perfected creation. After everything else He made man—in His own image—for fellowship with Himself.

044z-st-

RICHARD C. HALVERSON —From the Man to Man broadcast of May 10, 1961.

Human nature, too, seeks its lowest level—down, dowr down to moral decay and spiritual ruin. But some will poin to the progress, the advancement humanity has made. True JAN S. DOWARD But this is only along technological lines, not morally o spiritually! But as the stream• leaves its source, so man has turned from God—left A. FRANK PURCELL God out of his life, lived as though God didn't matter. Downhill flows the stream—irre- sistibly seeking the lowest levels, never stopping, over and around, under and across, restlessly, impatiently, sometimes laughingly it flows—lower and lower.

18 Finally the stream finds its way to the ocean, dumps into it, is lost in its abysmal depths, unless and until the sun lifts it back again into the heavens.

*LU OM'1. P HOTOS

As the stream moves down the incline it is constantly picking up dirt, debris, spoilage, carrying it along and adding to its corruption. Butthere and there in its path are rocks. They will not move with the stream, will not loosen and float downhill, will not yield to the ir- resistible descent! These rocks purify the stream every few rods.

There are rocks in human nature! Men who refuse to budge—immovable! Christian men, solid, clean, courageous. They will not yield to the descent, will not compromise. These men purify the life about them in the home, the office, the plant, society. Two kinds of men! Those who yield to the pull downward, who gravitate to the lower levels and become part of the corrupting influence. Those who refuse to yield, who stand against the tide, who keep humanity from rotting altogether! To which group of men do you belong?

Human nature, too, ends in the abyss unless it allows itself to be lifted by the Son of God. When a man yields to the pull of the Son, he is lifted back into fellowship with God! A great historian says that the history of civilization can be told in one phrase: "The wages of sin is death." "The wages of sin IS death; but the gift of God is eternal life" (Romans 6:23).

19 URN BACK THE clock of time. Call the roll of the nations of antiquity. One and all were Tbuilt upon the belief that "the race is to the swift and the battle to the strong." One and all, in the belief that "might makes right," gloried in might and despised the right. Then, in the heyday of the Roman Empire, when all the world had become a dreary prison for her enemies, a voice was heard in the captive province of Judea. Strange words these: "Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself"; "Therefore all things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye what even so to them: for this is the law and the prophets." The two great commandments—love to God and love to man—were not new. Centuries before the birth price of Jesus the law of love was written in the books of Moses. The corollary to this basic and essential princi- freedom

FREEDOM cannot be bought or sold. Yet it has its PRICE.

RUSSELL HARLAN, ARTIST 20 ple—"Proclaim liberty throughout all the land unto all guardian of the church—such was the dream of ages. the inhabitants thereof"—was also written in the Pen- That dream was a dread reality when in pagan Rome tateuch. But these God-given principles never found the emperor was deified and the refusal to do him complete expression in any land or among any people homage was punishable by death or the dungeon. That until "freedom under God" was born in America. Men dream was a dread reality when in papal Rome heresy and nations are slow to learn. Centuries of the Chris- was a crime against the state. That dream was a dread tian Era passed, and men still groped in the darkness reality when a rigid theocracy was established under of despotism. Fagots were lighted, instruments of tor- Calvin at Geneva, Switzerland. ture were invented, inquisitorial laws were passed, in In Geneva, as in Rome, the Christian state idea order to regiment men into one way of political and found full expression. In theory, Jehovah was the head religious thought. Feeble efforts were made to break and the Bible was the code, but in fact, John Calvin was the chains of intolerance. But the Dark Ages were black the head, and the Bible as interpreted by Calvin was with unholy deeds. the code. Death to dissenters was the penalty. In Eng- The birth of a new nation, conceived in liberty and land the same unlimited power was vested in the king. dedicated to the principle that all men are created free By the Act of Supremacy, passed by Parliament in the and equal, with freedom to choose their way of life, year 1534, the king was given "full power . . . to visit, their philosophy of government, their religious beliefs, repress, redress, reform, . . . and amend all such errors, was the greatest event in the history of nations. Hith- heresies, abuses, offences, contempts, and enormities, erto, the state was supreme, the individual a mere cog . . . which by any manner, spiritual authority, or juris- in the machinery of government. Hitherto, the church diction . . . may lawfully be reformed." Dissenters had a was regarded as the spouse of the state, and all men sorry time in "merrie" England. The established church were regimented by the state into the church—all but persecuted the Puritans; they in turn joined with the those who were willing to fight, and to die, for freedom established church in persecuting the Separatists. Per- of conscience. secution was the established mode of ensuring a Chris- It is difficult for twentieth-century America to real- tian state in old England. ize the greatness of the Constitution with its Bill of Into New England was carried the same hierarchical Rights. The story of history, when rightly told, is the spirit, with fines and imprisonments, trials and banish- story of freedom. Conflicts there have been between ments, and even death for dissenters. Early New Eng- the nations—battles to the death in their struggle for land dealt daily in "stocks" and "bonds." We often supremacy. Behind the plots, the intrigues, the wars, glorify our New England ancestors as the apostles of the plays and counterplays upon the checkerboard of freedom, forgetting that in Protestant New England, un- history, is the struggle supreme, the battle of humanity der such governors as John Endicott and John Win- for freedom against intolerance. Through battlefields throp, the fondest dreams of John Calvin for an ideal and martyrs' scaffolds men fought for freedom. In theocracy found expression. When we read of the trial America the victory was won. of Anne Hutchinson, with no jury to which she could For the first time in human history, the words "Thou appeal and Governor Winthrop, "to his lasting shame," shalt love thy neighbour as thyself" found expression persecuting her from the judgment seat, we are re- in a government of all the people, by all the people, minded of the Spanish Inquisition. The law of Mas- and for all the people. This nation is not, as some have sachusetts declared that any "of the cursed sect of the contended, a godless government. Providence led the Quakers . . . shall be sentenced to be banished upon Pilgrim Fathers to a "stern and rock-bound coast" in pain of death." This was early America. search of freedom. Providence led Roger Williams to Out of the chaos and confusion, the darkness and brave the wilderness world in order to worship God despotism, brought about by the spirit of intolerance in according to the dictates of conscience, and there to the minds of men, there emerged a new experiment in found the city of Providence. Yes, Providence led the human rights. Our Constitution is nothing less than a men of '76 to frame the great charter of freedom—the gift of God. It is an embodiment of the principles Constitution with its Bill of Rights. enunciated by Jesus and Moses. Freedom is a God-given The men of '76 were free to choose. They could have right, and as long as we are in this present world with patterned their government according to the philoso- mortal man so prone to err, the right to worship or not phies, the ideologies, of the Old World. They could to worship, to believe or not to believe, with no fear of have made men subservient to an all-powerful state. reprisals, is inalienable. This our Bill of Rights secures. They could have regimented religion, enforcing church The men of '76 were neither indifferent nor antago- doctrine and dogma by state laws. This was the pattern nistic to religion. With the lesson book of history ever of the past. The Christian state idea had long dazzled before them, they built a wall of separation between the imagination and shaped the policies of the leaders church and state. Religions—all religions—were given of men. A universal church, with one visible head, one freedom—freedom to hold property without taxation, rigid faith, one inflexible doctrine; and the state as the Turn to page 33

MARCH-APRIL 21 V. NORSKOV OLSEN

ROYAL DANISH MINISTRY FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS

N ONE OF the main squares of the city of Copenhagen stands a statue of a warrior on his horse. Fully dressed for war, with I his helmet and shield, he is an impressive sight. The inscription introduces the warrior as Bishop Absalon. This warlike representa- tion of Denmark's first bishop is not symbolic—it is not the "whole armour of God" nor the "sword of the Spirit" that he wears. No, Bishop Absalon, the highest ecclesiastical figure of his country, was a soldier in the full secular sense of the word. First in a series on the rise The statue of the bishop poses an anomaly, for the Founder of and development of the Papacy Christianity envisioned a kingdom built entirely by the triumph of spiritual forces and dependent entirely upon spiritual weapons. When as a political power. Peter in Gethsemane drew his sword in defense of his Master, Jesus rebuked him. "Put up again thy sword into his place," He said, "for all they that take the sword shall perish with the sword," 1 a truth attested to by Pascal who, viewing the successions of world powers, wrote: "The mouldering kingdoms built by iron and blood preach about sin and judgment better than any evangelist." Christ did not send His disciples, His "soldiers of the cross," forth to con- quer with physical weapons. "Go teach all nations," He declared. "By this shall all men know that ye are my disciples, if ye have love one to another." 2 Christ further opposed authority built on the power of the sword

22 LIBERTY, 1962 From whence comes the belief that the "two swords,"

both spiritual and temporal, are in

the power of the Church?

How did the Church become allied )Za with secular powers, and the Kingdom of man confused with the Kingdom of God?

by emphasizing the golden rule, which appeals to the belief in human equality. There was no distinction morality of the individual. The ethics of His kingdom between Roman and barbarian, rich and poor, high are clearly defined in the Ten Commandments and the and low, slave and free. Sermon on the Mount—ethics that stand in contrast From whence, then, came the belief that the "two with those of the kingdoms of the world. swords"—both spiritual and temporal—are in the power By proclaiming that His "kingdom is not of this of the Church? world," Jesus carefully avoided any entanglement with As Christianity grew and during the fourth century the temporal powers. By advising His followers to became the official religion in the form of an imperial "render therefore unto Caesar the things which are Cae- state church, it acquired wealth and power and built up sar's; and unto God the things that are God's," He its own semipolitical organization. As a result a new set hoped to avoid any conflict with the state; but at the of beliefs and attitudes in relation to political power be- same time He made sure that under all circumstances gan to grow up. The Church became more self-con- the moral principles of His kingdom would not be scious, and a tendency developed to depreciate the im- sacrificed or compromised. portance of political authority and to exalt by compari- The apostle Paul emphasized obedience to the state son the spiritual authority of the Church; this finally led when he wrote, "Let every soul be subject unto the to the concept that the Church was not only the source higher powers. For there is no power but of God: the of theology but also of law and secular power. powers that be are ordained of God." On the other The Dogma of the Two Powers hand, the New Testament also emphasizes the independence of the religious life from the control of the The starting point for an understanding of medieval secular, as when the apostle Peter said, "We ought to church-and-state relationship is the dogma of the two obey God rather than men." powers. In a letter of Pope Gelasius I to Emperor During the early centuries the twofold principle of obedient citizenship and the right of religious liberty was exemplified by the Christians in their relationship to the Roman state. For this principle the apostles died and the early Christians suf- V. Norskov Olsen is president of New- fered martyrdom. To all unjust accusations bold College, England. He holds the brought against the Christians during the B.A. degree from Emmanuel Mission- period of persecutions, the best answer ary College, the M.A. and B.D. from Andrews University, and the Th. M. "was their heroic constancy in loyalty to from Princeton Theological Seminary. Christ, and their superior morality as In addition he has had one year of judged by the standards of society about postgraduate work at the University of them." ° The apostolic teaching of the Fa- Chicago, in the field of early church therhood of God, and their insistence that history, and also postgraduate studies all classes and peoples are one in Christ, at the University of London. led to a conception of brotherhood and

MARCH-APRIL 23 Anastasius in A.D. 494, the pope writes that the world have been different." ' It is true that during his reign "is ruled by two powers, the pontifical and the royal; Charlemagne did consider the pope not more than his the more grave and important of the two is that which highest prelate, but the general impression of the coro- appertains to the priesthood; for they it is who must nation that remained in the mind of the succeeding hereafter render an account unto the Lord for the deeds generation was the picture of the pope placing the of kings themselves." But on the other hand Pope crown on the head of a kneeling king. "Such a sight as Gelasius "graciously excepts civil government from the that of an emperor being crowned by a Pope had never competency of the priesthood, and admits that obedi- been seen before. The basilica of St. Peter was hence- ence to the lawful commands of the sovereign cannot forth regarded as the cradle of the empire, which owed be refused by his bishops without incurring a heavy debt its rebirth to the Apostolic Vicar, the Pope. . . . Accord- of sin."' Carlyle, one of the greatest authorities on ing to the ideas which prevailed later, the emperor had medieval political thought, says that "it was in the main rights over the whole of the West, holding them from clear that there were two great authorities in the world," his consecrator the Pope.' In the view of Alcuim, namely, the spiritual power and the temporal, each su- who seemed to have had a part in the scheme of the preme in its own sphere. coronation, "the pope occupied the first, the emperor The medieval popes sought reconciliation between the second, the king the third degree in the scale of the two powers, a departure from the concept of Pope earthly dignities." Gelasius. Their objective appealed, philosophically, to Power to Depose Emperors the medieval mind, which looked upon the universe as a unity.' But over the nature of the reconciling process Pope Gregory VII, 1073-1085, put papal ambitions the great parties of the Middle Ages "fell a-fighting." on the line in his famous Dictatus Papae, asserting "that The papal party sought to solve the problem by as- he alone may use the imperial insignia. . . . That it serting the sovereignty of the spiritual power. One may be permitted to him to depose emperors." " argument for sacerdotal pre-eminence was the theo- Prior to the pontificate of Gregory VII the rela- cratic Jewish state of antiquity; another, that the saving tionship between the church and the state had been of the soul was more important than the regulation of formulated by St. Peter Damian and Cardinal Humbert. man's earthly life. A third argument arose out of the Damian expressed a close union between the two. "The fact that the king is only a layman. Therefore it was king shall be found in the Roman Pontiff, the Roman claimed that the Church had the right to condemn and Pontiff in the king, for in one Mediator of God and punish any evildoing on his part and to decide what man, these two, the regnum and the sacerdotium, are acts of his were evil. Furthermore, the state is of earthly bound together by a divine mystery. . . . Yet even and not, as is the Church, of heavenly origin. Damian had believed the Roman Church to be superior, The breakdown of the Roman Empire and the rapid not only to every other ecclesiastical authority, but to spread of Christianity finally led to a situation in which every lay power also."" the bishop of Rome, who had become head of the West- Cardinal Humbert used the analogy of soul and body ern Church, had at times more prestige and power as expressing the relationship between the religious than the kings of the Christian nations. Thus it was and the secular powers. "It was for the spiritual power, that in "the Middle Ages the Church was not a State, it as the directing force of the body of Christendom, to was the State; the State, or rather the civil authority ( for decide what should be done, for the temporal to put a separate society was not recognized), was merely the the decisions into effect." " Another medieval compari- police department of the Church." Historian John N. son was that of the sun and the moon. As the sun ex- Figgis continues by saying that the Church "took over celled the moon, so the sacerdotium excelled the from the Roman Empire its theory of the absolute and regnum. The latter was the concept of Pope Inno- universal jurisdiction of the supreme authority, and de- cent III. veloped it into the doctrine of the plenitudo potestatis Since the ecclesiastical power was superior to the of the Pope." secular power, the popes had the right to excommuni- During the Middle Ages the Church took over the cate the secular rulers. Thus Pope Gregory VII excom- vacated prerogatives of the Roman Empire. It became a municated five of Henry IV's advisors on the grounds of political institution. The sword was to be used for and simony. To counteract this the Germans, at a synod in by the direction of the Church. Worms in 1076, deposed Gregory; but Gregory answered the challenge with the startling excommunica- The coronation of the emperor by the pope made it tion of Henry. The statement of excommunication ex- appear that the pope gave the imperial power to the presses Gregory's lofty claim of papal supremacy: one of his choice. Thus the coronation of Charlemagne on Christmas Day of the year 800 is called "the central . . . To me is given by thy grace the power of binding and loosing in Heaven and upon earth . . . in the name of Al- event of the Middle Ages," and "one of those very few mighty God, Father, Son and Holy Spirit, through thy power events of which, taking them simply, it may be said that and authority, I deprive King Henry . . . of the government if they had not happened, the history of the world would over the whole kingdom of Germany and Italy, and I release

24 LIBERTY, 1962 all Christian men from the allegiance which they have sworn .v.,...... v...... vvv...vwv.....,4,, or may swear to him and I forbid anyone to serve him as king r 4,, . . . I bind him in the bonds of anathema in thy stead and I 4/ 41 bind him thus as commissioned by thee, that the nations may 41 41 know and be convinced that thou art Peter and that upon thy VI 41 rock the son of the living God has built his Church and 4;, the gates of hell shall not prevail against it." 41 YESTERDAY'S WINDOWS 41 41 The story of Canossa, with Henry IV standing bare 41 1,&&&A Atn",40... A- " dPeAdIsibdk 0.4.415.61,ek et:40 flOPtE All: footed outside the pope's castle in the cold winter asking for pardon, is well known. During the pontificate of Innocent III, 1198-1216, 1887 the English King John appointed his own candidate as archbishop, but the candidate was set aside by the pope. Seventy-five years ago When John resisted, England was laid under an inter- BOYCOTT BANNED.—"In England, boycotting dict, and the king was excommunicated and his throne is to become a penal offense, and so it should be in declared forfeited. After six years John submitted to every country where attempt is made to practice it. It the pope and acknowledged the pope as the temporal is the meanest kind of tyranny; and if allowed to go overlord of England. Then in 1215 the Magna Charta unchecked will find its way into politics, when its was wrung from King John. The church clauses of the devilish spirit will bring terror to the country, beside Magna Charta stated that the English Church should be which despotism would be a blessing."—The Golden free from papal interference; but the Magna Charta was Gate. denounced by Pope Innocent III. Secular rulers opposed the theory of ecclesiastical su- 1927 premacy on the grounds that political society was of divine origin, and that kings, as agents of the divine pur- Thirty-five years ago pose, were responsible to God alone. This political theory is generally styled "The doctrine of the divine THE CRUCIAL YEARS.—According to Benito right of kings." Scriptural authority was quoted to sup- Mussolini, Italy's modern Caesar, the crucial years for Europe will come between 1935 and 1940. To be port the claim of secular independence. In the Old ready for what he terms "the greatest war the world Testament, kings were found to have received the di- has ever seen," he says that Italy must immediately rect sanction of God and to have been instruments in begin to build up a standing army of five million, carrying out the divine will. In the New Testament, a large navy, and a superior air force. Paul's words to the Romans were of special value to the temporal authority. 1937 Two of the leading writers of the twelfth century who dealt with the relationship between sacerdotium and Twenty-five years ago emperium were Saint Bernard of Clairvaux and John of Salisbury. They were influential churchmen, and their SYNDICATED OPINION.—"The invention of the concepts of the sword should be noticed. printing press was a blessing for humanity," declared Saint Bernard interpreted the dogma of the two Dr. Van der Leeuw, at the New Education Fellowship swords to mean that while the church possessed both Conference in South Africa, "but the result today is the sword of the spirit and the sword of the flesh, the not deeper thinking, braver, more independent opin- former alone should be used by the priest, the latter by ions. On the contrary, men these days live by the few predigested thoughts of a few; they live on syn- the soldier, but at the suggestion of the priest and under dicated opinion." the command of the emperor. John of Salisbury advocated the same view in regard 1952 to "the two swords." He writes: The prince, therefore, is indeed the servant (minister) of Ten years ago the priesthood, and performs the part of the sacred duties which seems unworthy of the hands of the priesthood. For while every duty of the divine laws is religious and holy, THE OLD DIE YOUNGER.—More people live to nevertheless that of punishing crimes is inferior and seems in be forty-five in the United States than in almost any a way to represent that of the executioner." other country. But having grown this old, they die sooner than in England, Canada, the Netherlands, The struggle regarding the boundary between secu- Denmark, or Norway. The reason seems to be the lar and spiritual jurisdiction and the battle for the power fast, worried life of the American, for the Metro- of the sword reached its climax during the pontificate politan Life Insurance Company points out that in of Boniface VIII, 1294-1303. Pope Boniface issued his the States there is a higher incidence of fatal acci- famous bull Unam Sanctam against Philip IV of France. dents among adults, coupled with heart disease and Turn to page 29 diabetes.

MARCH-APRIL 25 is not a religious sect but religious hatreds that are dangerous. We cannot afford to be anti-Catholic or anti-Jew or anti-Protestant. A French priest, Jean Baptiste Henri Lacordaire, pointed that out very eloquently to his own people in an address delivered at Notre Dame in Paris in 1847. "Every servant of liberty," he said, "must claim it equally and efficaciously for all, not only for his party, but for the adverse party; not only for his religion, but for all; not only for his country, but for the whole world. Mankind is one, and its rights are everywhere the same, even when the exercise of them differs according to the state of morals and minds. Whoever excepts a single man in his claim for right, whoever con- sents to the servitude of a single man, black or white, were it even but for a hair of his head unjustly bound, he is not a sincere man, and he does not merit to com- bat for the sacred cause of the human race. "The public conscience will always reject the man A PROGRAM FOR who demands exclusive liberty, or who is even indifferent about the right of others; for exclusive liberty is ACTION but a privilege, and the liberty which is indifferent about others is but a treason." In conclusion, Pere Lacordaire flung this challenge to WILLIAM L. ROPER his brethren: "Yes, Catholics, understand well, if you desire liberty for yourselves, you must desire it for all men and under all the heavens. If you demand it but for yourselves, it will never be granted to you; give it where you are masters and it may be given to you where you are slaves!" RESIDENT KENNEDY'S opposition to state This is a bold challenge that needs to be repeated aid to parochial schools and the sending of a rep- in many parts of Latin America today where Catholic presentative to the Vatican has been heartening to officials have sought to suppress Protestant evangelism. all who believe stoutly in the ideal of separation of Theodore Roosevelt, one of America's outstanding church and state. spokesmen for both civil and religious liberty, in 1894 But considering the full dimension of the many prob- reminded his fellow countrymen: "There must be no lems challenging religious freedom throughout the division by class hatred, whether this hatred be that of world, there is no room for complacency. Champions creed against creed, nationality against nationality, sec- of liberty have learned from long experience that their tion against section, or men of one social or industrial battle, unlike a political or military campaign, is never condition against men of another social and industrial won, for the enemy of freedom is shifty, relentless, condition." wearing many masks. Today he is not the so-called In early Colonial days Roger Williams had pro- Christian Emperor Theodosius of Rome ordering his claimed: "God requireth not an uniformity of Religion Gothic soldiers to massacre 10,000 unorthodox men, to be enacted and in forced in any civil state." Our rules women, and children who had been invited to a circus of spelling have changed, but this truth has not. in Thessalonica; neither is he a Puritan magistrate con- Williams was one of the first in America to insist demning a Quaker woman to be hanged in Boston. In that a civil magistrate should rule only in civil affairs, fact, today's battle is not against one sect, one political that a national church does violence to the individual party, or one individual, but against all and everything conscience, and that religious persecution had no sanc- that opposes freedom of worship. tion in the teachings of Jesus. For these and other con- As a descendant of the Moravians and the Hugue- victions, considered revolutionary in his day, he was nots, who tasted the bitterness of religious persecution, ordered banished from the Old Bay Colony of Massa- I cannot forget the ghosts of the Inquisition; but I chusetts in 1635. know from reading history that the enemies of religious Since those trying days when Roger Williams was freedom have been Protestant as well as Catholic. It forced to seek refuge among the Indians, America has

26 LIBERTY, 1962 made tremendous progress toward the ideal of religious Pageants dramatizing our basic liberties liberty. We have many reasons for good cheer, but the Television and radio programs battle is far from won. Meetings adopting resolutions There is much work to be done. As Theodore Roose- Laying of cornerstones. velt said: "We must have . . . a genuine and permanent As groups we can sponsor essay and oratorical con- moral awakening, without which no wisdom of legisla- tests emphasizing this basic theme. As individuals we tion or administration really means anything." can take legal action to challenge discriminatory and This is a program in which those of differing faiths unconstitutional laws. must unite. Here are some of the ways in which we But to achieve major progress we need united ac- can work to focus public attention on this goal: tion. Religious freedom will remain an elusive dream, We must speak up for religious freedom at— never completely realized, until a majority of our 180 Programs commemorating the birthdays of famous million citizens begin practicing this virtue in their Americans who advanced this cause home communities and living in accordance with the Celebrations of patriotic holidays golden rule. All must be taught that religious liberty Forums on freedom and democracy is for the other fellow as well as for himself. ***

Letters to the Editor From page 5 since I have found some excellent food for thought in many I use past issues as reference material. So I hope to acquire a articles published in your periodical. similar index for Vol. 55 and for future years.* It appears to this writer that it would be too much to hope To balance my sober thoughts after reading articles such as for, and at the same time be a manifestation of a narrow view- "Relations of Church and State" by Dean M. Kelley, I read point, to expect every article published to conform pre- aloud some of the letters to the editor. The salutation of cisely to that person's beliefs. "Dear Bigots" is typical of the abusive letters from some fol- In my humble opinion you are doing an excellent work.— lowers of Jesus Christ that for some unknown reason strike ROBERT M. WASHBURN, Attorney at Law, Centralia, Illinois. my funny bone.—CHARLES K. BATES, Burlington, Vermont. * Look for the next index in Nov.-Dec., 1962. And DESERVED REBUTTAL preserve your funny bone; it saves ulcers.—ED.} {The following two letters are in reply to a writer (Nov.-Dec. LIBERTY, p. 5) who accused LIBERTY of THE CHURCH IN POLITICS bigotry.—ED.} DEAR SIR: DEAR SIR: I disagree with the viewpoint expressed on the back of your November-December issue of LIBERTY—"I Don't Want the Mr. Stoeckel's indictment of LIBERTY deserves a rebuttal. Church . .. in Politics." LIBERTY has accompanied me through six years of college and First, if the church is not taking political action, there is al- will graduate with me this June into the teaching profession, ways the danger of allowing the state to become totalitarian, so I believe I am readily familiar with its work. Lawyer Stoeckel is quite right when he says LIBERTY causes as it did in Hitler's Germany and in Stalin's Russia. unrest, fighting, hatred, cheating, et cetera. It causes unrest on Second, Congressman Judd is naive in thinking that individual Christians are sufficient influence in government. They, the part of thousands of nonconformist Americans who want separation of church and state; it causes fighting for the princi- being social beings (there is no completely individualistic Christian), will inevitably associate together for greater ef- ple of religious freedom in our nation; it causes hatred for religious oppression; it causes cheating of the satisfaction of fectuality in politics. those who would superimpose intolerance and bigotry over What Mr. Judd means in saying "The longer I am in politics the less confidence I have in the pronouncements by ec- religion. Yes, LIBERTY causes all Mr. Stoeckel says, and more. It clesiastical bodies telling Congress what to do" is that they causes the students and teachers and legislators and farmers to differ with his political point of view. . . . sit up and THINK; to get up and FIGHT; to assert themselves Mr. Judd is perhaps right in suggesting that ministers would for the rights and liberties which we as free Americans have do better to influence the lives of persons, and let them per- been fighting for these 186 years. And he has the audacity to form politically according to their own convictions. But this is only partly true. Society moves socially. And the church simply cry "bigots"! Believe me, Lawyer Stoeckel pleads a losing case.—STAN- has to speak corporately too. And "changing men" involves changing their point of view sometimes. LEY K. SHOWALTER, Andrews University, Berrien Springs, It is interesting that in the last national election numerous Michigan. sects of a Protestant or fundamentalistic character objected loudly to having a Roman Catholic in the Presidency, on the BALANCED READING principle of "separation of church and state." But they used their mails, their pulpits, their rallies, et cetera to influence the DEAR SIR: election. The church, as well as Christians and other religious On this Thanksgiving Day I want to thank you and your fel- groups, is in politics whether they like it or not. They should low workers for the work that goes into the preparation of recognize that fact and then try to speak wisely, timely and LIBERTY.... clearly.—WILLIS LUDLOW, Methodist Minister, Wallowa, I was especially pleased with your index to Vol. 56 because Oregon.

MARCH-APRIL 27 as the editors see it

HOW TO LIBERALIZE SUNDAY LAWS Fortunately, there is a way out for Senator Powers WITHOUT "UNSANCTIFYING THE SABBATH" and his colleagues in the Massachusetts Legislature who HE MASSACHUSETTS SUNDAY LAW code would like to liberalize the "Lord's Day" laws without is up for revision, and the legislators hardly "unsanctifying" the Sabbath. What the Governor's Tknow where to start. After five months' study a twenty-member committee could not figure out in five prestigious twenty-member committee appointed by months we offer herewith—for free! Governor Volpe split three ways, without a clear-cut 1. Notice that the Lord sanctified—set apart for holy majority agreeing on uniform revision. The so-called use—the seventh day: "And God blessed the seventh majority report—signed by ten members, one of whom day, and sanctified it" (Genesis 2:3). stated reservations—recommended comparatively few 2. Restudy the fourth commandment: "Remember changes in the laws, the most notable being to raise the the sabbath day, to keep it holy. Six days shalt thou maximum fine for violation from $50 to $200. The labour, and do all thy work: but the seventh day is the nine-member minority submitted a ninety-four-page re- sabbath of the Lord thy God: in it thou shalt not do port, the chief recommendation of which would leave any work." to local discretion the conduct of business now pro- 3. Discover that the Lord never, in Old Testament or hibited. A disappointed Governor Volpe, who had New, sanctified the first day of the week and com- hoped for near-unanimity from the committee—se- manded men to abstain from labor on it. lected from the major faiths, labor, business, education 4. Reread the Massachusetts Sunday laws and note —said he could not visualize the legislature accepting that the day imposed on citizens as the "Lord's Day" is either the majority or minority reports. the first day of the week, not the seventh-day Sabbath. The problem facing the legislature was probably At this point it will not take another Governor's Com- pointed up best—if unintentionally—by Senate Presi- mission nor a logician to deduce that it is possible to dent John E. Powers (D-South Boston). Pledging his liberalize Massachusetts' first-day Sunday statutes with- efforts for revision, the Senator came up with this gem: out in any way "unsanctifying" the Sabbath, the sev- "We've got to straighten out the whole matter . . . lib- enth day of the week. eralize the statutes without unsanctifying the Sabbath." 5. Liberalize them. Or better yet, write a nondis- If "sanctify" still means to set apart for sacred or holy criminatory One-Day-in-Seven code. And PLEASE! No use, we would assume that by "unsanctify" Senator seventh-day Sabbath laws! The futility of attempting Powers means he wants to liberalize Sunday laws with- to legislate morality already has been abundantly dem- out going so far as to make Sunday a civil institution. onstrated by more than three hundred years of Massa- That is, he wants a law that contains religious under- chusetts Sunday laws. R. R. H. tones. (Let the percussion section bang out "The Star- Spangled Banner" for the record while the reed instruments render "Onward Christian Soldiers" sotto voce! ) WCC VOTES FREEDOM RESOLUTION How the Senator can satisfy both his clerical constitu- N A 750-WORD STATEMENT approved with- ents and the United States Supreme Court, which has out opposition, the Third Assembly of the World declared that it will hold "sanctified" Sunday laws un- I Council of Churches meeting at New Delhi, India, constitutional, remains to be seen. said that human attempts to "coerce or to eliminate Governor Volpe did not do much better than Senator faith are violations of the fundamental ways of God Powers in expressing regard for Constitutional princi- with men." ples. Asked at a press conference in Attleboro whether Christians see religious liberty as "a consequence of he thought the Massachusetts Sunday laws should be re- God's creative work, His redemption of man in Christ pealed outright, the Governor replied: "I would not go and His calling men into His service," the statement that far as to repeal the Sunday laws." He added that said. "it could not possibly be left up to the people," and The assembly reaffirmed the declaration of religious concluded, "Unfortunately many of them think more liberty adopted in 1948 by the WCC and the Interna- in terms of dollars than spiritual matters." (As quoted tional Missionary Council, which is now integrated into in the Attleboro, Massachusetts, Sun, Nov. 24, 1961.) the World Council.

28 LIBERTY, 1962 It also hailed the Universal Declaration of Human These questions are rhetorical, for, truth is, the Pre- Rights, proclaimed by the United Nations in 1948, as mier shot his astronauts a few light years too low to an important instrument in promoting respect for an find heaven, and a hundred miles or more too high to observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms. find God. (Not that the Communists are the only ones Other important religious freedoms mentioned were: who need directions; much of modern Christianity has Freedom of worship "according to one's chosen discarded the road map and is wandering lost and form, in public or in private." lonely. God has become simply First Cause who pre- Freedom to teach "whether by formal or informal sided over primeval slime, and heaven a state of mind.) instruction as well as by preaching with a view to prop- Turning to the Inspired Road Map for sure direction, agating one's faith and persuading others to accept it." we read Paul's assurance that though He "dwelleth not Freedom to practice one's religion "whether by the in temples made with hands; . . . he be not far from performance of acts of mercy or expression in word or every one of us" (Acts 17:24-27). The apostle John deed of the implications of belief in social, economic, locates the place of Deity even more precisely, declar- and political matters, both domestic and international." ing that He stands at the heart's door, knocking (Reve- Freedom to observe one's faith "by following reli- lation 3:20). "Where is the place of my rest?" Isaiah gious customs or by participating in religious rites in reports the Lord asking. With him that is of a "contrite the family or in public meetings." and humble spirit" comes the reply. (Compare Isaiah Freedom to change one's religion "without conse- 57:15; 66:1.) quent social, economic, and political disabilities." But quickly, a caution to those Communists (and Freedom to maintain one's beliefs "without external fellow travelers) who would find Him—He cannot be coercion or disability." forced in. He cannot be legislated in. He can only be The assembly statement said the exercise of religious invited in. And He comes in and dwells only where liberty involves other human rights, including the right love is the dominant compulsion. to freedom of peaceful assembly and association, free- If the Premier would really find God, there are dom of opinion and expression, and freedom to trans- people right in Moscow who, we are sure, can show mit information and ideas through any media and him the way. A few hundred of them meet every week across any borders. within the shadow of the Kremlin. And it won't take This strong resolution against violations of religious a multimillion-ruble rocket to reach them. A ten- liberty through "legal enactment or the pressure of so- kopeck subway ride to the Baptist Church will do. cial custom" is welcome to all lovers of religious liberty. M. E. L. We could wish the delegates had not voted down an amendment that mentioned pressures exercised in The Battle for the Sword particular situations through governments or churches From page 25 that are in the majority. Perhaps this amendment was a little too realistic. It This bull asserts that "by the words of the gospel we are may have embarrassed some of the churches associated taught that the two swords, namely, the spiritual au- - with the WCC. We can hope that the time will come thority and temporal, are in the power of the church. when all churches in the majority will religiously guard . . . Both swords, therefore, the spiritual and the tem- the minorities in their midst. W. M. A. poral, are in the power of the church. The former is to be used by the church, the latter for the church; the one by the hand of the priest, the other by the hand of kings PARADISE—A PIPE DREAM? and knights, but at the command and permission of the REMIER KHRUSHCHEV says he sent two men priest." '9 The theory of Unam Sanctam was literally ap- into orbit to look for Paradise, and they both replied during the time of the Crusades and in the In- pported upon their return that there was nothing quisition. there. Promises of a hereafter as well as evidences of The Crusades God are thereby proved to be a pipe dream originating The Crusades transferred the leadership of Europe in the "opium of the people"—Christianity. from the secular rulers to the popes. The immediate ef- Our curiosity is stimulated by this "atheists'-eye fect of the Crusades was to view" of the cosmos. What list of landmarks did the open up new fields of ambition to the hierarchy, to stimu- astronaut hold in his space-suited fist as with material- late wonderfully their capacity for political organization. istic eye he searched for Paradise with his nose pressed It was this impulse that gave birth to the Crusades, and against the plastic porthole of his capsule? Would he that enabled the popes, stepping forth as the rightful leaders have recognized Paradise if he had seen it? And if he of a religious war, to bend it to serve their own ends' had seen it—noting that on all Christian blueprints it The Crusades brutalized the church and developed a differs considerably from the earthly "paradise" behind spirit of intolerance, bigotry, and persecution. When the iron curtain—would he have dared report it? the crusaders no longer were able to fight for the Holy

MARCH-APRIL 29 Land, the principle and the forces of the crusaders were the work of the so-called Counter Reformation. The used against the heretics in Europe in what is known as Protestant Reformers did not make use of an instru- the Inquisition. Innocent III in his decree Excommuni- ment like the Inquisition, but they were highly intol- camus ordered: "Let Catholics who have taken the erant in their relation to one another and to those who cross and girded themselves for extermination of here- believed differently than they. Referring to the great tics enjoy the same indulgence, and let them be fortified Reformation monument in Geneva, Roland H. Bain- by the same holy privilege as is given to those who go to ton writes: "The paradox of the monument is that it succour of the Holy Land." at includes men who would have destroyed each other In the Donatist struggle at the time of Augustine, had they met in life." John Calvin, Theodore Beza, Saint Optatus of Mileve defended the right of the civil William Farel, and John Knox stand together as a part authority to punish schismatics and heretics. "This was of the movement representing the Reformation in Ge- the first time that a Catholic bishop championed a de- neva. All four were persecutors. "John Calvin was re- cisive co-operation of the State in religious questions, sponsible for the execution of Michael Servetus at the and its right to inflict death on heretics." stake. Farel attended the execution. Beza justified the The church's attitude toward capital punishment dur- holocaust, and John Knox applauded." Zwingli ing the first five centuries may be summarized as fol- caused the Anabaptists to be drowned. Both the Lu- lows: " (1) The Church should for no cause shed blood theran and the English state churches persecuted dis- (St. Augustine, St. Ambrose, Leo I, and others) ; (2) senters. The Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth other teachers, however, like Optatus of Mileve and century did not solve the problem of religious liberty. Priscillian, believed that the State could pronounce the Intolerance and brutal force as represented by the death-penalty on heretics in case the public welfare de- sword continued in the church. In its alliance with the manded it; (3) the majority held that the death-penalty state the battle of the sword continued in the church. for heresy, when not civilly criminal, was irreconcilable The disentanglement of the church from the state with the spirit of Christianity." will be taken up in a later article. It will first be necessary In later centuries there was "relentless persecution" to see how one part of Christendom organized itself as of the Manichaeans.24 Emperor Justinian made it a capi- sovereign state in order to use that power which is tal offense to be a Manichaean. "In theory the here- represented by the sword. To this subject we will turn tic had forfeited all right, public and private. 'It is just,' in the following article. *** said the Emperor, 'to deprive of their worldly goods those who do not worship the true God.' . . . Politically REFERENCES Matt. 26:52. insignificant heresies could be crushed. For Manichees, John 13:35. 3 Matt. 22:21. death was the only punishment; usually they were burnt Rom. 13:1. 5 Acts 5:29. alive." 26 Thus everyone who could be classified as a Williston Walker, A History of the Christian Church (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1959), p. 45. Manichaean was liable to death according to the Roman Thomas Greenwood, Cathedra Petri: A Political History of the Great Latin Patriarchate (London: C. J. Stewart, 1856), Bk. II, chap. 2, p. 52. law. The Inquisition under discussion was "a thorough Otto Gierke, Political Theories of the Middle Age (Cambridge: At the University Press, 1951), p. 7. papal institution, wrought out in all its details by the 9 Ibid., p. 11. "John N. Figgis, From Gerson to Grotius (Cambridge: At the University popes of the thirteenth century, beginning with Inno- Press, 1931), p. 5. 11 James Bryce, The Holy Roman Empire (London: Macmillan and Co.. cent III and not ending with Boniface VIII." 28 Ltd., 1950), p. 50. ',Louis Duchesne, The Beginnings of the Temporal Sovereignty of the Pope Leo X in his famous bull Exsurge Domine Popes, A.D. 754-1073, A. H. Matthew, translator (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Triibner & Co., Ltd., 1908), pp. 119, 120. (1520) denounced as one of the errors of Luther the '3 Philip Schaff, History of the Christian Church (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1903), vol. 4, p. 252. following: "That heretics should be burned is contrary "Ernest F. Henderson, translator and editor, Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages (London: George Bell and Sons, Ltd., 1912), pp. to the will of the Spirit." 366, 367. '5 Thomas M. Parker, Christianity and the State in the Light of History A person has only to look through the most recog- (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1955), pp. 110, 111. 18 Ibid., p. 111. nized standard work on the Inquisition, by Lea, to see IS Gregory VII, The Correspondence of Pope Gregory VII, translated by Ephraim Emerton (New York: Columbia University Press, 1932), p. 91. that the following statement is correct: "The use of the William A. Dunning, A History of Political Theories, Ancient and Mediaeval (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1923), p. 185. Inquisition has justly been held one of the greatest blots " Oliver J. Thatcher and Edgar H. McNeal, A Source Book for Mediaeval History (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1905). pp. 314-317. on the history of Christianity, its employment of the 99 Bryce, op. cit., pp. 200, 201. 21 William S. Kerr, A Handbook on the Papacy (London: Marshall, spy system, of punishment by burning, and of torture Morgan and Scott, 1950), p. 232. C. G. Herbermann, editor, "Inquisition" by Joseph Blotzer, The for procuring confession being peculiarly irreconcilable Catholic Encyclopedia (New York: Robert Appleton Co., 1910), vol. 8, pp. 26-38. with the spirit of Christ." 2B Lord Acton, the foremost Loc. cit. 2, Cambridge Medieval History, H. M. Gwatkin and J. P. Whitney, editors English Roman Catholic historian of the nineteenth (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1913), vol. 6, p. 706. 25 Henry L. Moss, The Birth of the Middle Ages, 395-814 (London: century, writes, "Rome taught for four centuries and Oxford University Press, 1935), P. 1 13. 33 Schaff, op. cit., vol. 5, part 1, p. 517. more that no Catholic could be saved who denied that 2, Kerr, op. cit., p. 233. 28 Margaret Deanesly, A History of the Medieval Church, 590-1500 heretics ought to be put to death."' (Eighth edition; London: Methuen and Co., Ltd., 1954), p. 237. J. N. Figgis and R. V. Laurence, editors, Selection from the Correspond- The work of the Inquisition as an instrument in the ence of the First Lord Acton (New York: Longman, Green and Co., 1917), p. 108. hands of the Jesuits was the most "successful" tool in 39 Roland H. Bainton, The Travail of Religious Liberty (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1951), p. 55. the Catholic reaction to the Protestant Reformation in Ibid.

30 LIBERTY, 1962 world report

UNITED STATES Bishop Garrison cited a recent case where a Hand County judge gave two hunters suspended fines pro- Public, Parochial Students to Share Space vided they contribute to their churches. One of the in Cleveland Catholic School hunters was a Methodist. Cleveland, Ohio.—To help relieve overcrowding and The bishop sent his protest to Gov. Archie Gubbrud, cut half-day sessions for some public school children, Presiding Judge St. Clair Smith, of the State Supreme the Cleveland school board has rented seven rooms and Court, and Chief Game Warden Virgil Johnson. a dispensary in the St. Thomas Aquinas Catholic school. Dr. William B. Levenson, school superintendent, said Birth-control Advertising Dropped the school system will pay $535 a month for the rest by Magazine as Readers Complain of the school year, with an option to renew the agreement for the 1962-63 year. Detroit, Michigan.—A national women's magazine The seven rooms constitute the second floor of the with a circulation of 7 million has canceled a drug parochial school building. They have been vacant for company's $120,000 series of full-page advertisements several years as a result of a population shift in the on birth control and planned parenthood because of neighborhood. readers' objections. St. Thomas Aquinas parish will continue to operate Karyl Van, advertising director of Everywoman's a full elementary school on the first floor of the build- Family Circle, a 10-cent magazine sold mainly in super- ing. All crucifixes and other religious symbols have markets, said the publication had received numerous been removed from the walls of the rooms, which were complaints about the first ad in a six-part series for the redecorated this summer in anticipation of the rental. Ortho Pharmaceutical Corp., the nation's largest manu- Father John A. Clark, pastor of the St. Thomas parish, facturers of contraceptives. said he was glad to rent the rooms to the public school "The objections from readers were ferocious. We no system "in a spirit of cooperation" and "to help repay longer are carrying the ads. This subject is too hot to some of the kindnesses displayed by the public schools handle," Van said. toward parochial schools in Cleveland." However, a spokesman for the drug company said The contract is the first of its kind negotiated there. the decision to withdraw the ads had been made by the firm itself after an article denouncing such advertising Court-ordered Church Donations appeared in America, national Catholic magazine. Illegal, Says Methodist Bishop The editorial in America said: "Evidently you can Aberdeen, South Dakota.—Methodist Bishop Edwin advertise anything if your language is refined. Perhaps R. Garrison of Aberdeen sharply criticized judges who the most alarming aspect of the new advertising is that it suspend assessment of fines against offenders on condi- indicates a lowering of standards of the magazines which tion that they contribute like amounts to a church. have accepted it." The head of the Methodist Church in South Dakota The first ad, as it appeared in Everywoman's Family said the "forced church donation" practice violates the Circle and True Story, a romantic fiction magazine, church-state separation principle by "permitting funds showed a young woman talking over a picket fence with rightfully belonging to a civil treasury to be diverted an older woman. Large type over the ad read: "Don't into church treasuries." plan your family over the back fence." Protesting the "misguided practice," the bishop de- Smaller type in the ad urged young mothers to con- clared that under the U.S. Constitution a church "cannot sult their doctors about spacing babies. It said: "He properly use the power of a governmental agency to can recommend a method that is dependable, simple, collect funds for its support nor can any branch of the inexpensive, and best suited to the needs of you and Government force citizens to support a church." your husband." He said that as a churchman "I challenge a pro- Although contraceptives are not mentioned in the cedure by which the court orders contributions to a ad, the last line says: "This message is sponsored by church and which makes the church an agency for the Ortho Pharmaceutical Corp., to whom medical methods collection of legal penalties." of family planning are a particular concern."

MARCH-APRIL 31 BRAZIL clergyman maintained that Mr. Kotsasaridis had visited a number of families in his parish "to change their re- Mob Wrecks and Burns Pentecostal Church ligion" and therefore was guilty of proselytizing, which is outlawed in Greece. Rio de Janeiro.—A mob has wrecked and burned a Following the appeals ruling, the Rev. Nicolas Ger- local worship center of the Evangelical Pentecostal manis, another Adventist minister, said that as a result Church in Guatemala, a city in Sao Paulo state. of the decision "religious liberty in Greece has suffered Some five hundred rioters stormed into the church a serious blow. It is, however, the intention of the Ad- after the pastor, the Rev. Joao de Deus Soares, had ventist Church to continue the legal fight and to take this broadcast a talk in which he attacked devotion to the case to the Supreme Court of Greece." Blessed Virgin Mary, who is venerated by Brazilian Catholics under the title of Our Lady Appeared (Nossa Senhora Aparecida ). The crowd destroyed all the furniture, books, musical instruments, and other equipment in the Pentecostal French Catholic Schools to Get $97,400,000 church, and then set fire to the building. Three adjacent in Government Grants buildings also burned down before the fire brigade Paris.—Roman Catholic schools in France are ex- from the neighboring city of Taubate could reach the pected to receive about $97,400,000 in federal govern- scene. ment grants this year, according to France's 1962 budget. Meanwhile the small local police force was forced to The new appropriation for the Catholic educational summon state militiamen from other cities, including institutions represents an increase of nearly 150 per cent the state capital, to bring the mob under control. Dur- over 1961. ing the riots several persons, including a police ser- A spokesman for the French minister of education geant and three soldiers, were injured. pointed out that the total will cover 98 per cent of some Pastor Soares, who had been placed under police 12,000 requests for subsidies received from Catholic protection when the rioting began, declared later that schools. he would continue to conduct services, because he "did not fear men when he served God." m However, he was later visited by the Rev. Levi Ta- vares, head of the Pentecostal Church in Sao Paulo Northern Ireland Fireman Refuses state, and two other Pentecostal clergymen, and it was to Attend Rescue Drills on Sunday announced that he was being transferred to Sao Paulo City so as to avoid any pretext for further disturbances Belfast.—A Presbyterian fireman's strict observance in Guaratingueta. of Sunday has become almost a national issue, one that Meanwhile the local Catholic clergy exhorted their may come before Parliament. congregations to remain calm and not to let themselves The controversy involves Thomas McCabe, 46, an be led by persons more desirous of causing trouble than auxiliary fireman in the Northern Ireland Fire Service. of defending the Catholic faith. He has steadfastly refused to attend occasional life- At the same time the municipal council adopted a saving courses on Sundays on the ground of religious resolution urging Protestant clergymen to avoid preach- principle. ing sermons that could hurt the feelings of followers of Mr. McCabe has refused to resign, despite the pros- other religions, "especially Catholics, who make up the pect of disciplinary action by the authorities. A carpen- overwhelming majority of the population." ter and father of two children, he says he will continue to observe Sunday rather than to obey his superiors. The next Sunday session of the lifesaving course is GREECT not scheduled until April 8, 1962. However, Mr. Mc- Cabe says, "If my resolve is as strong on April 8 when the next course is held, I will be in my place in Bally- Adventist Minister Held Guilty of down church instead. Proselytizing in Greece Patras.—The Rev. George Kotsasaridis, 47, a Seventh- NETHERLANDS day Adventist, was found guilty of proselytizing by the Court of Appeals and given a 40-day suspended sen- Ban on Religious Processions tence. Nullified by Netherlands Court Last September he had been acquitted by a lower The Hague.—The Netherlands Supreme Court has court, but the local Greek Orthodox priest who insti- decided that a provision of the Dutch constitution pro- gated the charge appealed the case. The Orthodox hibiting religious processions except those in existence

32 LIBERTY, 1962 in 1848 has been nullified by a treaty signed by Holland There were 11,391 active members in 104 Baptist and fourteen other member countries of the Council of churches in Latvia at the time of the Russian occupation Europe. in 1940. Reportedly, the membership of the churches The treaty was the European Convention for the has increased in recent years despite persecution and Protection of Human Rights, adopted at Rome in No- pressure from Communist authorities. vember, 1950. It bound the signatories in a legal com- pact to enforce the most important civil and political What Price Freedom? rights in the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights. From page 21 Holland's constitution of 1848 banned any new re- freedom to preach and proselyte without restraint. At ligious procession in public streets except where they long last a nation was born under God with a Bill of were traditional and still active in that year, one of Rights which spelled the word FREEDOM in capital revolution and anticlerical liberalism throughout Europe. letters. This meant that religious processions were outlawed What price this freedom? The blood and tears of men except in the provinces of Brabant and Limburg, which who chose to suffer imprisonment and death rather were Roman Catholic centers at the time. One excep- than regimentation and life. tion to this was a village named Laen, in north Holland. What price freedom? The tattered rags, the gnaw- ing hunger, the biting cold, the near despair, of the PAKISTAN patriots of Valley Forge. Pakistan Christians Protest Censorship What price freedom? The courage of men like Wash- of School Texts ington, the conviction of men like Jefferson and Madi- son, the vision of men like Lincoln. Lahore.—Christians and other religious minority What price freedom? The character of the men of groups in this predominantly Moslem country view America, their dedicated lives, their devotion to the with alarm a Pakistani Government edict that all school heaven-born principles embodied in our Constitution. textbooks should be censored to make certain they con- It has been said that "eternal vigilance is the price of tain no material "objectionable to Islam." liberty." But vigilance alone can never hold back the Announcement of the directive was made at a meet- forces that would return the days of despotism. Vigi- ing of the West Pakistan Development Advisory Coun- lance must be fortified with faith, combined with char- cil, which said the government was taking these steps to acter, reinforced with righteousness. If the character of ensure that educational institutions do not indoctrinate a people crumbles, no constitutional barriers can hold young Pakistanis with "anti-Islamic ideas." back the waves of intolerance. Our greatest fear for the It is reported that history books will be rewritten to future is that we may forget the God who gave us His present such events as the Crusades from the Moslem gift of freedom, and the way in which He led our fore- rather than the Christian viewpoint. At present a num- fathers. ber of history books in use in Pakistani schools are the Something strange has happened in our America in works of Englishmen, who viewed this particular period this "enlightened" twentieth century. There is a from the Western point of view. marked deterioration of character, evidenced by an Several years ago H. G. Well's A Short History of alarming increase of crime, the acceptance and even the World was banned in the country following dem- veneration of "stars" with questionable characters who onstrations protesting the author's criticism of the per- a generation ago would not have been respected, the sonal life and character of the prophet Mohammed. disclosures of rigged quiz shows, the readiness with which so many officials are influenced and controlled by pressure groups, the lowering of the standards of morality, the disregard for the sanctity of the home. Soviet Authorities Close Baptist Church in Riga Along with the marked deterioration of character Soviet authorities have closed the Agenskalna Bap- has come a growing conviction that only in a return to tist church in Riga, Latvia, the Baptist World Alliance religion, a restoration of spiritual values, can we save our disclosed in Washington, D.C. homes, our society. Surely this restoration of spiritual The five-hundred-member congregation was evicted values is both desirable and necessary. But along with from its forty-year-old church in the heart of the Latvian this conviction has come something of concern!—an in- capital. It reportedly will be taken over by a state tele- cessant clamor for legislation that will help to bring vision station as a theater and studio, and a television about this regeneration. There is an organized effori to antenna will be mounted on the steeple. The church place the name of Christ in our Constitution. There held its last service on Sunday, September 3. are ecclesiastics who declare that the Jeffersonian ex- Only three of the eight Baptist churches in Riga now pression, "a wall of separation between church and remain open, the Baptist organization reported. state," is a misleading metaphor. It is said that there

MARCH-APRIL 33 r r should not even be any fences between the church and the state. There is a continuous demand for government support of church schools. Powerful church groups, with the support of labor's organizational strength, are urging the passing of laws for the safeguarding of the Sabbath. The danger is the entering wedge. The peril is the first experiment upon forbidden ground, the first encroachment upon our liberties. A religious law—any such law—must be enforced. Fines and imprisonment are the inevitable result. As the night follows the day, so the night of despotism must follow the breaking or LIBERTY weakening of our constitutional guarantees to civil and religious freedom. If the "Lord's day" is to be enforced Liberty is a necessity for all men. But liberty will by civil decree, what of the Lord's Supper, or the not maintain itself. Men must join their interests to Lord's baptism? Have we so far lost the spirit of '76 that preserve it. Make LIBERTY: A MAGAZINE OF RE- we are indifferent to the insidious efforts to breach the LIGIOUS FREEDOM your agent in fighting for free- wall of separation so carefully built by the men of '76? dom. Have we so far forgotten the lessons of the past as to Send LIBERTY to five of your friends NOW. They believe that righteousness can be regimented and char- need LIBERTY. Enter their names and addresses on acter legislated? the form below. When sending in more names, you Some things cannot be weighed in a balance or meas- may attach an additional sheet of paper containing names and addresses. ured in a test tube. A mother's tears, a child's affection, a patriot's devotion—who can measure these intangi- bles? The finer things of life cannot be bought or International Religious Liberty Association: sold in the market place. Nor can they be legislated. Please send LIBERTY: A MAGAZINE OF RELI- Patriotism is a priceless possession. So is religious faith. GIOUS FREEDOM, published in the nation's capital: These cannot be bought or sold, much less can they be enforced by law. Down through the centuries, attempts To have been made to legislate these virtues. The Inquisi- Street tion with its cruel punishments, the dungeon with its darkness and despair—these tell the story. The pages of City Zone State history are stained with the tears and splashed with the blood of those solitary souls who had the vision of To freedom. Street What price freedom? Strange paradox, peace and patriotism cannot be bought or sold, and yet, they City Zone State have their price. So with faith and hope and love. So with freedom. What price freedom? Of our pioneers To it is said: Street City Zone State " 'Twas theirs to plant in tears fair freedom's shoot; 'Tis ours in peace to reap the precious fruit. By them the bulwark of our faith was built— To Our faith cemented by the blood they spilt. Street In freedom's cause they gave all men could give; And died its martyrs, that liberty might live." City Zone State

For us the price is the same. May God grant that we To shall not be called upon to pay the full price, as martyrs, that liberty might live. But we must return to Street the faith of our fathers, to their integrity and righteous- City Zone State ness, their devotion to freedom's cause, their loyalty to Rates: the principles that made America the land of the free and the home of the brave. Subscription rate: $1.25 a year. Slightly higher in Canada. Check ❑ Money order ❑ Currency This complete consecration to the task, heart's devotion to the cause, is the price we must pay if our chil- Send your order to the dren are to live in a free America. *** International Religious Liberty Association 34 6840 Eastern Avenue, Washington 12, D.C. History seems to confirm the saying that peoples of past civilizations have passed through nine steps to complete a cycle beginning and ending in bondage: People in bondage have developed spiritual faith; spiritual faith has given them great courage; courage has brought them freedom; freedom has given them abundance; abundance has caused selfishness; selfishness produced complacency; complacency brought on apathy; apathy begot dependency; dependency brought forth its natural result, bondage. 17/Eexaravr amaa. To !/86M'

Experience should teach us to be most on our guard to protect liberty when the government's purposes are beneficent. Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning, but without understanding. . . . The makers of the Constitution . . . sought to protect Americans in their beliefs, their thoughts, their emotions and their sensations. They conferred, as against the government, the right to be let alone—the most comprehensive of rights and the right most valued by civilized man.

—JUSTICE BRANDEIS, in his dissenting opinion in Olmstead v. U.S. 277 U.S. 478.

HARRIS & EWING