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A Quantitative and Qualitative Study of Russian Realia in Norwegian and English Translations Alla Kharina Ph.D. Dissertation

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A Quantitative and Qualitative Study of Russian Realia in Norwegian and English Translations Alla Kharina Ph.D. Dissertation Realia in Literary Translation A quantitative and qualitative study of Russian realia in Norwegian and English translations Alla Kharina Ph.D. Dissertation Department of Literature, Area Studies and European Languages Faculty of Humanities University of Oslo 2018 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to the Faculty of Humanities at the University of Oslo for financing my research project as well as the many academic events I had the opportunity to participate in during my years as a Ph.D. candidate. I would like to thank my supervisor, Professor Atle Grønn, for offering me his support and giving helpful comments throughout the writing process. His unfailing optimism helped me tremendously. I owe many thanks to my co-supervisor, Professor Ingunn Lunde of the University of Bergen for her thorough readings and constructive criticism. My sincere thanks go to Professor Per Ambrosiani of the University of Umeå for reading parts of the manuscript and sharing his thoughts on it, as well as for coming to Oslo to participate in the “mock” defense of my thesis as my opponent. I must also thank Jakob Lothe, the head of the Ph.D. program at ILOS, and Tina Skouen, who recently replaced him in this role, for organizing thesis seminars and social events at ILOS and having occasional motivational talks with me. I am grateful to all my colleagues at ILOS and other institutes who in one way or another offered their support. I would like to thank the participants of the thesis seminars organized by ILOS and ILN for reading my papers and giving insightful comments; the participants of the Translation Seminar at ILOS for interesting discussions and commenting on my presentation; and the participants of the international conferences in Tbilisi, Stockholm and Trondheim I spoke at for providing valuable feedback on my work. I must not forget to thank the amazing lecturers at the Department of Philology of Novosibirsk State Technical University who shared their knowledge with me between 1999 and 2005 and increased my interest in languages and literature. Finally, my very special thanks go to my family: my mom Liudmila and my sister Rita who always encouraged me and believed in my ability to complete this project when I had my doubts; to my partner Marius who patiently read and commented on the major part of this manuscript and, lastly, to my little son Leo for becoming a challenging yet wonderful interruption in my work as a Ph.D. candidate. Alla Kharina Oslo, May 2018 iii ABBREVIATIONS DTS — Descriptive Translation Studies EN — English NO — Norwegian RU — Russian SC — source culture SL — source language ST — source text TC — target culture TL — target language TT — target text BA — Boris Akunin, Koronatsiia, ili poslednii iz romanov LT — Leonid Tsypkin, Leto v Badene LUM — Liudmila Ulitskaia, Medeia i ee deti LUS — Liudmila Ulitskaia, Sonechka MB — Mikhail Bulgakov, Rokovye iaitsa MS — Mikhail Shishkin, Venerin volos iv CONTENTS 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Goals and object of the study ........................................................................................... 1 1.2 Critical Descriptive Translation Studies ......................................................................... 2 1.3 Domestication and foreignization in translation ............................................................. 4 1.4 Research questions ........................................................................................................... 7 1.5 Hypotheses based on the Polysystem Theory .................................................................. 9 1.6 Outline of the dissertation.............................................................................................. 10 2 Theoretical Issues............................................................................................................. 12 2.1 Issues of translatability ......................................................................................................... 12 2.2 Equivalence in translation .................................................................................................... 17 2.3 Translation Strategies and Translation Procedures/Shifts .................................................. 24 2.4 Polysystem Theory, Translation Norms and Translation Regularities ............................... 34 3 Realia ............................................................................................................................... 41 3.1 Culture-specific elements as a translation problem ............................................................. 41 3.2 The concept of realia............................................................................................................. 44 3.4 Realia as a culturally, historically and textually dynamic category .................................... 48 3.5 Realia as terminological lexis ............................................................................................... 49 3.6 My definition of realia .......................................................................................................... 51 3.7 The scope of realia ................................................................................................................ 52 3.8 Word classes covered by realia............................................................................................. 54 3.9 Classification of realia .......................................................................................................... 57 3.9.1 Local typology .............................................................................................................................. 58 3.9.2 Temporal typology ........................................................................................................................ 64 3.9.3 Thematic typology ........................................................................................................................ 70 3.9.3.1 Geographic realia ................................................................................................................... 71 3.9.3.2 Ethnographic realia ................................................................................................................ 71 3.9.3.3 Socio-political realia .............................................................................................................. 75 3.10 Realia in literary translation .............................................................................................. 78 4 Material ............................................................................................................................ 82 4.1 Selection criteria for source texts and target texts ............................................................... 82 4.1.1 Fictional texts................................................................................................................................ 82 4.1.2 Norwegian and English target texts ................................................................................................ 82 4.1.3 Two Norwegian translators ............................................................................................................ 83 4.1.4 Recent translations ........................................................................................................................ 83 4.1.5 Texts found in the RuN corpus ...................................................................................................... 84 4.2 Source texts and target texts selected for this study ............................................................ 84 4.3 Summary of the Russian source texts .................................................................................. 86 4.3.1 Koronatsiia, ili poslednii iz romanov by Boris Akunin ................................................................... 86 4.3.2 Rokovye iaitsa by Mikhail Bulgakov.............................................................................................. 86 v 4.3.3 Leto v Badene by Leonid Tsypkin .................................................................................................. 87 4.3.4 Venerin volos by Mikhail Shishkin ................................................................................................ 87 4.3.5 Sonechka by Liudmila Ulitskaia .................................................................................................... 88 4.3.6 Medeia i ee deti by Liudmila Ulitskaia ........................................................................................... 88 5 Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 89 5.1 Unit of comparative analysis ................................................................................................ 89 5.2 Retrieval of data ................................................................................................................... 91 5.3 Classification of translation shifts ........................................................................................ 97 5.3.1 Universal typologies and the notion of invariance .......................................................................... 97 5.3.2 Specialized typologies of translation shifts ................................................................................... 103 5.3.2 My typology of translation
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