IR - PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

English are added in many Indonesian movies because they are

promoted and broadcasted abroad. Adding subtitles also happens in some platforms

proposed for watching movies, such as Netflix, Viu, and Hooq. In those platforms, the

audiences who access the movie provided come from many countries with different

languages. Therefore, most movies provide English subtitles and/or to ease

audiences from all over the world.

Hornby (1995) stated that subtitles are words that translate what is said in a

movie into a different language and appear at the bottom of the screen. Hatim (2001)

also declared that subtitling is a printed statement or fragment of dialogue that appears

as a at the bottom of the screen during the scenes of a motion picture or

television show in a foreign language. From the definitions provided by two experts

above, it can be concluded that subtitle is a product of translation that used to transfer

the dialogue of a movie into a foreign language.

Subtitling, which can be called as movie translation, is a different kind of

translation because it is limited by time and space. Hatim (2000) states that subtitling

involves complicated procedures that are not common in other translation work of

written text because subtitling is limited both by the time of the character’s expression

in the movies as well as time for the reader to read the text and by the space of the

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SKRIPSI TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF... AISYAH ATTAMAMI IR - PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA 2

screen. One of the common issues in movie translation is rendering a concept in one

culture to another.

According to Durdureanu (2011), the concept of equivalent in translation

cultures becomes a problem. He also added that the translator could not ignore the

cultural elements in a text because translation and culture are related to each other.

Newmark (1988) defines culture as the way of life. It indicates that each community

uses a particular language to express their feeling and ideas. From this statement, it can

be agreed that each community has its specific cultural aspect expressed in their

language. Thus, translation involves at least two different languages and cultures. The

gap between the source language and the target language marks difficulties in

interpreting the exact meaning of the source culture expressions. This is called Culture

– bound problems.

According to Nedergaard-Larsen (1993), culture-bound problem deals with

culture-bound elements which only exist in the source language culture. He also stated

that culture-bound problems can be classified into two: extralinguistic culture-bound

problem and intralinguistic culture-bound problem. In Nedergaard-Larsen’s paper, an

extralinguistic culture-bound problem was discussed more than an intralinguistic

culture-bound problem. He classified the types of extralinguistic culture-bound

problem into four types: geography, history, society, and culture, and further detailed

elements in each type (Nedergaard-Larsen 1993, 211).

According to Mustapic (2016), several terms have been used to describe the

same concept of extralinguistic culture-bound items, such as realia, extralinguistic

SKRIPSI TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF... AISYAH ATTAMAMI IR - PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA 3

cultural references, extralinguistic cultural terms, etc. The lack of precise terminology

and definition can be a source of confusion for both researchers and readers. Therefore,

this study focuses on the Nedergaard-Larsen terminology of extralinguistic culture-

bound items (1993). In translating extralinguistic culture-bound items, appropriate

strategies have to be used to bridge the gap between different language systems. One

of the translation strategies forwarded for rendering extralinguistic culture-bound items

is Pedersen’s (2005) extralinguistic culture-bound references (ECRs) theory.

Pedersen (2005) proposed culture-bound items that he classified into two:

intralinguistic and extralinguistic culture-bound references. Extralinguistic culture-

bound references may not have the specific vocabulary used for the analysis of

translation in culture. The vocabularies that refer to culture-bound words can be

indicated in two ways. Based on Akbari (2013) first, the concept or reference of the

vocabulary items is somehow specific for the given culture. Second, the concept of

reference is general but expressed in a way specific to the source language culture.

According to Pedersen (2007) examples of culture-bound beyond language are people's

names, food, and place.

It is already mentioned that the process of translating ECRs is difficult because

of different concepts and aspects of culture and language. Taking this phenomenon, the

writer researches Extralinguistic culture-bound references (ECRs) in the English

subtitle of Aruna dan Lidahnya movie. This drama and food traveler movie is made in

2018 which pictures a group of friend stories on a road trip across the country, as they

navigate professional obligations as epidemiologists to investigate a bird flu case. This

SKRIPSI TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF... AISYAH ATTAMAMI IR - PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA 4

group of friend visit some cities in Indonesia, especially in East Java and West

Kalimantan. They try some traditional food in those cities and there are a lot of cultural

representations through the Indonesian language which are subtitled into English.

Aruna dan Lidahnya movie is adapted from Laksmi Pamuntjak’s novel with the

same name. This movie is different from other Indonesian films because it presents a

food traveler genre that is rarely produced by Indonesian producers. The theme and

style of this movie are very unique because the dialogue between the characters is not

only about the activity but also about political and social issues in Indonesia, such as

corruption and religion. Indonesian Minister of Finance, Sri Mulyani stated that this

movie becomes her favorite movie because there is much knowledge about a culture

that could be found in the storyline. Those reasons above prompt the writer to choose

Aruna dan Lidahnya movie as the object of the study.

In analyzing the subtitles, the writer applies the theory of translation strategies

proposed by Pedersen (2005). He states that there are two major orientations in the

strategy categorization. The first category is source language – oriented which consists

of retention, specification, and direct translation. The second category is target

language-oriented which consists of generalization, omission, and substitution.

Pedersen’s theory is appropriate to be used since the focus of this study is the way

ECRs in Aruna dan Lidahnya translated into English and to map whether it tends to

foreignization (SL oriented) or domestication (TL oriented).

Pedersen’s strategy categorization refers to the ideology of translation. The

ideology of translation according to Venuti (1995) is also categorized into the concept

SKRIPSI TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF... AISYAH ATTAMAMI IR - PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA 5

of domestication and foreignization which could be determined by comparing the result

of the strategies used. In domestication, the choice of words is going to be more familiar

explanation to the TL reader, so the translation product is more familiar to the TL

audience. Meanwhile, in the foreignization, the choice of words maintain the foreign

culture and foreign sense for the target reader.

In this regard, extralinguistic cultural references and extralinguistic culture-

bound items have been discussed in several studies. Sujarwanto (2014) discussed the

translation strategies and ideology of translation in Mirah of Banda novel. She used

Axiela’s theory to classify culture-specific items, Newmark’s theory to classify the

types of culture-specific items, and Pedersen's theory to analyze the translation

strategies in translating culture-specific items. Then, Mustapic (2016) discussed

American and British films with Croatian subtitles. She used Nedergaard-Larsen's

taxonomy to identify the extralinguistic culture-bound items and used Pedersen's

theory to analyze the translation strategies. Another study is about ECRs and

audiovisual translation (AVT) in the Indonesian subtitle of The Hundred Food Journey

movie (Rios 2017). He used Newmark’s cultural words theory, Pedersen’s ECRs

theory, and Dias Cintas to analyze the AVT.

This present study discusses the same topic: subtitle, extralinguistic culture-

bound items, ECRs, and ideology of translation. Yet, this study is focused more on the

translation of extralinguistic culture-bound items from Indonesian into English which

is still under research, especially in English department at Airlangga University.

Therefore, the aims of this study are elaborating the ECRs strategies in translating

SKRIPSI TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF... AISYAH ATTAMAMI IR - PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA 6

extralinguistic culture-bound items from Indonesian into English to reveal the ideology

of translation used.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Based on the background study, the researcher formulates three questions as

follows:

1. What are Extralinguistic culture-bound items of ECRs in the Aruna dan

Lidahnya movie based on Nedergaard-Larsen’s Theory (1993)?

2. What are the translation strategies of ECRs found in English subtitles of Aruna

dan Lidahnya movie based on Pedersen’s Theory (2005)?

3. What is the ideology of translation of ECRs found in Aruna dan Lidahnya

movie based on Venuti’s Theory (1995)?

1.3 Objective of the Study

a. To find and list extralinguistic culture-bound items of ECRs in the Aruna dan

Lidahnya movie.

b. To map the translation strategies of ECRs found in English subtitles of Aruna

dan Lidahnya movie.

c. To reveal the ideology of translation in translating ECRs in the Aruna dan

Lidahnya movie.

1.4 Significance of the Study

Theoretically, this study is designed to contribute to research on translation

studies area and introduces Pedersen’s theory(2005) of translation strategies in

SKRIPSI TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF... AISYAH ATTAMAMI IR - PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA 7

audiovisual media which has not been explored much as well as introducing the way

of translating extralinguistic culture-bound references in movie subtitles.

While practically, this study is expected to be used as references for students

who are interested in or planning to conduct similar research about

translation strategies in audiovisual media. It is also useful for translators to improve

knowledge about translating extralinguistic culture-bound items in movie subtitles.

1.5 Definition of Key Terms

Extralinguistic Culture- A verbal expression about realia, to cultural

Bound References (ECRs): items, which are not a part of the language

(Pedersen 2005).

Subtitle: A written text displayed at the bottom of the

screen (Cintas, Introduction - Audiovisual

Translation: An Overview of its Potensial 2009).

Foreignization: The translator uses word choices to maintain the

foreign culture (Venuti 1995).

Source Language: An original verbal language (Munday 2009).

Target language : A different verbal language (Munday 2009).

SKRIPSI TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF... AISYAH ATTAMAMI