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Socialist Male Personality’ in the GDR Youth Literature of the 1950S and 1960S

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Socialist Male Personality’ in the GDR Youth Literature of the 1950S and 1960S University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 8-2013 Be a Man, Comrade! Construction of the ‘Socialist Male Personality’ in the GDR Youth Literature of the 1950s and 1960s. Joanna Broda-Schunck [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the German Literature Commons, and the Other Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons Recommended Citation Broda-Schunck, Joanna, "Be a Man, Comrade! Construction of the ‘Socialist Male Personality’ in the GDR Youth Literature of the 1950s and 1960s.. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2013. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/2403 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Joanna Broda-Schunck entitled "Be a Man, Comrade! Construction of the ‘Socialist Male Personality’ in the GDR Youth Literature of the 1950s and 1960s.." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Modern Foreign Languages. Stefanie Ohnesorg, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Maria Stehle, Daniel H. Magilow, Elizabeth H. Sutherland Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Be a Man, Comrade! Construction of the ‘Socialist Male Personality’ in the GDR Youth Literature of the 1950s and 1960s. A DISSERTATION PRESENTED FOR THE DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEGREE THE UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE, KNOXVILLE JOANNA BRODA-SCHUNCK AUGUST 2013 ii Copyright@2013 by Joanna Broda-Schunck All rights reserved iii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my beloved husband, Nicolas Schunck, whose continuous support and encouragement made this achievement possible. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my deep gratitude to Dr. Stefanie Ohnesorg and Dr. Maria Stehle for their support and guidance during my tenure at the graduate school and in the work on this dissertation. I am very grateful to Dr. Maria Stehle for her help and continuous support in my research. Special thanks to Dr. Stefanie Ohnesorg for providing me with the opportunity to continue my education and for the help with all administrative issues. I would like to thank Dr. Elizabeth H. Sutherland and Dr. Daniel H. Magilow for serving on my doctoral committee. In addition, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to Troy Menzel and Nicolas Schunck for their help with the subtleties of the English language. v ABSTRACT One of the main goals of the East German government was the education of its population towards Socialism, and the creation of the new type of human – the Neue Mensch. The belief in the possibility of molding the next generation was particularly strong in the first decades of the German Democratic Republic (GDR), – in the 1950s and the 1960s. At the same time, the leaders of the regime presented the new Socialist state as the rightful heir to the German cultural and historical traditions. Both claims were aimed at strengthening the legitimacy of the Sozialistische Einheitspartei (SED – Socialist Unity Party). The SED wanted to influence every aspect of life, including gender. The proclaimed gender equality in the GDR entailed the inclusion of women in the Socialist ideal; however, the association in the public sphere with traits commonly attributed to men resulted in the use of masculine ideals as positive models for identification. The East German government celebrated certain “heroes” as models for successful Socialist engagement. These heroes present what I call “ideological masculinities”. In my analyses, I concentrate on how literature for children and young adults describes two of these models for its young readers: the Socialist soldier and the Socialist worker. I offer a theoretical model with which to read these representations and contextualize them within the social and political institutions of the GDR. Based on examples from a selection of canonic texts, I analyze the traits that authors depict as characteristics of the Neue Mensch and investigate their gender association. In the texts I examine, the combination of the goal of creating a new, better society based on the primacy of the working class, with the claim of being the rightful heir to the German, bourgeois traditions leads to a set of contradictions as to the expectations for the young generation. In addition, I show that even though education was aimed at the entire population (men and women) with the goal of creating gender equality, in East German literature for young adults of the 1950s and 1960s, traditional gender roles seems to take upper hand. vi Table of Contents Introduction: .................................................................................................................................... 1 Der Neue Mensch ....................................................................................................................... 1 Socialist Models in the GDR Culture ......................................................................................... 7 A Short History of the Establishment of Socialism in the German Democratic Republic ....... 12 Chapter 1: Masculinity as Propaganda? ........................................................................................ 17 Gender as a Socially Constructed Category .............................................................................. 17 Masculinities ............................................................................................................................. 21 Hegemonic Masculinity ............................................................................................................ 24 Ideological Masculinity ............................................................................................................ 26 Ideological Masculinities in/and GDR Realities....................................................................... 28 Chapter 2: GDR Organizations and Their Role in Creating the Neue Mensch ............................ 31 Freie Deutsche Jugend (FDJ) .................................................................................................... 32 Gesellschaft für Sport und Technik (GST) ............................................................................... 36 Nationale Volksarmee (NVA) .................................................................................................. 38 Staatssicherheit (Stasi) .............................................................................................................. 41 Freie Deutsche Gewerkschaftsbund (FDGB) ........................................................................... 42 Deutscher Turn- und Sportbund (DTSB) .................................................................................. 44 Schools ...................................................................................................................................... 45 Chapter 3: The Socialist Soldier Personality ................................................................................ 56 General Remarks on the Connection between Militarism and Masculinities in Western Societies .................................................................................................................................... 56 The Soldier Personality in Pre-GDR Germany ......................................................................... 58 The Soldier Personality in Early GDR Culture......................................................................... 62 The Soldier Personality in Selected GDR Educational Literature of the 1950s and 1960s ...... 69 The Novels Featuring Soldier Personalities .......................................................................... 69 Literary Representations of Traditional Soldier Characteristics ........................................... 77 Literary Representations of Socialist Soldier Characteristics ............................................... 87 Concluding Remarks about the Socialist Soldier Personality................................................... 95 Chapter 4: The Socialist Worker Personality .............................................................................. 100 vii General Remarks on the Connection between Work, Worker, and Masculinity in Western Societies .................................................................................................................................. 100 Work and Workers in Pre-GDR Germany .............................................................................. 105 The Worker in the Early GDR Culture ................................................................................... 109 The Worker in the Selected GDR Educational Literature of the 1950s and 1960s ................ 116 The Novels Featuring the Worker Personalities ................................................................. 116 Literary Representations of Traditional Worker Characteristics .......................................
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