“Der Vogel Mit Dem Bunteren Gefieder”

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“Der Vogel Mit Dem Bunteren Gefieder” WITHOLD BONNER “Der Vogel mit dem bunteren Gefieder” Redevielfalt als Maskerade in der Prosa Brigitte Reimanns ACADEMIC DISSERTATION To be presented, with the permission of the Faculty of Humanities of the University of Tampere, for public discussion in the auditorium B 332, Pyynikintie 2, Tampere, on October 13 th, 2001, at 12 o’clock. Acta Universitatis Tamperensis 835 University of Tampere Tampere 2001 ACADEMIC DISSERTATION University of Tampere, The School of Languages and Translation Studies Institut für Sprach- und Translationswissenschaften Finland Distribution University of Tampere Sales Office Tel. +358 3 215 6055 P. O. B o x 617 Fax +358 3 215 7685 33101 Tampere [email protected] Finland http://granum.uta.fi Cover design by Juha Siro Printed dissertation Electronic dissertation Acta Universitatis Tamperensis 835 Acta Electronica Universitatis Tamperensis 130 ISBN 951-44-5208-9 ISBN 951-44-5209-7 ISSN 1455-1616 ISSN 1456-954X http://acta.uta.fi Tampereen yliopistopaino Oy Juvenes Print Tampere 2001 Für Helmi, die auch so gerne das Märchen von der kleinen Seejungfrau hört Danksagung Wenn ich mich recht entsinne, habe ich mit der Arbeit an diesem Projekt ernsthaft im Jahre 1994 begonnen. Zumindest war ich Ende Mai jenes Jahres zum ersten Mal zu Gast in der Brigitte-Reimann-Sammlung des Literaturzentrums Neubrandenburg, die damals noch nicht im ehemaligen Wohnhaus der Autorin, sondern provisorisch in Feldberg untergebracht war, in einer malerisch gelegenen Villa direkt am See - mit eigenen Gästezimmern sowie Schlüssel zu Ruderboot und Fahrradkeller. Dass die Wahl auf Brigitte Reimann fiel, war insofern ein Zufall, als sie eine der wenigen Schriftsteller war, deren publiziertes Gesamtwerk ich gelesen hatte. Weniger zufällig war, dass meine Wahl auf eine Autorin aus der DDR fiel. Ich habe von 1959 - damals war ich zehn - bis 1985 in West-Berlin gelebt, umgeben von einem Land, das mich in seinem Anders-Sein interessierte, wenn auch nicht faszinierte. Ein Resultat der Tagesausflüge nach Ost-Berlin waren die Bücher, eingewickelt in grobes, holzhaltiges Verpackungspapier und von einem dicken Gummiband zusammengehalten, mit denen ich mich abends in der Westberliner U-Bahn wiederfand zwischen Menschen, die unter Ost-Berlin hindurch von Tegel nach Alt-Mariendorf fuhren. Der Diskurs von der DDR als Repräsentantin des antifaschistischen Widerstands, der der Herrschaftssicherung in diesem Staat dienen sollte und wovon später ausführlicher die Rede sein wird, hat auch mich nicht unbeeinflusst gelassen und bei aller Abwehr gegenüber dem so preußisch-vertrauten „real existierenden Sozialismus“ das Interesse an ihm und der dort entstandenen Literatur über die geographische Nähe hinaus beeinflusst. Nicht zufällig ist schließlich die Beschäftigung mit einer Autorin, die sehr jung an Krebs gestorben ist. Denn diese Krankheit hat in meiner engeren Familie eine allzu wichtige Rolle gespielt. Auch wenn es nie Gegenstand der Analyse gewesen ist, hat das Interesse am Zusammenhang von unaufhebbaren Double Binds und psychosomatischer Äußerung die Wahl des Untersuchungsgegenstands mit beeinflusst. Die Arbeit an diesem Buch hat sich über einen längeren Zeitraum hingezogen. Dazu wie auch zur fortwährenden Modifikation einer Konzeption, die zunächst ausschließlich von den veröffentlichten Texten Brigitte Reimanns ausgegangen war, hat nicht zuletzt die Fülle neuen Materials beigetragen, das im Laufe dieser Jahre veröffentlicht bzw. auf andere Weise zugänglich wurde. Hier sind zu nennen die Gutachten im Rahmen des sog. Druckgenehmigungsverfahrens, die Akten Brigitte Reimanns beim Bundesbeauftragten für die Unterlagen des Staats- sicherheitsdienstes der ehemaligen DDR, die Briefwechsel mit Christa Wolf, Hermann Henselmann und der ehemaligen Mitschülerin Veralore Schwirtz sowie weitere Korrespondenzen in der Brigitte-Reimann-Sammlung. Zu nennen sind weiterhin die von Angela Drescher hervorragend edierten Tagebücher, die Typoskripte letzter Hand der Autorin zu Franziska Linkerhand und die darauf beruhende ungekürzte Neuausgabe des Romans im Aufbau-Verlag und schließ- lich die erst kürzlich wiedergefundenen, bis dahin verloren geglaubten Typo- skripte zu den unveröffentlicht gebliebenen Prosafragmenten Die Denunziantin und Wenn die Stunde ist, zu sprechen sowie Joe und das Mädchen auf der Lotusblume. Meine Arbeit zu Brigitte Reimann ist zwar mit großem räumlichem und wachsendem zeitlichem Abstand zum Lebensraum der Autorin, nicht aber in der Abgeschiedenheit eines „stillen Gelehrtenzimmers“ entstanden. Zur Fertig- stellung haben viele beigetragen, denen ich hier Dank sagen möchte: Zunächst den beiden Gutachtern Elizabeth Mittman und Wolfgang Emmerich für ihre Mühe, wobei letzterem besonderer Dank gebührt. Seine positiven Kommentare zu meinem Vortrag auf einer Konferenz in Tromsø bedeuteten für mich eine große und wichtige Ermutigung, den eingeschlagenen Weg weiter zu verfolgen. Zu großem Dank verpflichtet bin ich Frau Prof. Piitulainen vom germanistischen Seminar der Universität Tampere. Sie hat mich und meine literaturwis- senschaftliche Arbeit mit einer Offenheit aufgenommen, wie sie in der weit- gehend sprachwissenschaftlich orientierten Germanistik in Finnland nicht immer selbstverständlich ist. Ihr habe ich auch ein Stipendium der Universität Tampere zu verdanken, das es mir ermöglichte, die Arbeit in relativer Ruhe abzuschließen. Danken möchte ich Christa Wolf für ihre Auskünfte, sowie ihr und insbesondere Dr. Hans Burgartz für die großzügige Genehmigung, aus Briefen von und an Brigitte Reimann sowie aus unveröffentlichten Typoskripten der Autorin zitieren zu dürfen. Mein ganz besonderer Dank richtet sich an die Mitarbeiterinnen des Literaturzentrums Neubrandenburg und vor allem an Heide Hampel, die mich immer wieder auf neues Material aufmerksam gemacht und mir erste Publi- kationsmöglichkeiten geboten hat. Dank sagen möchte ich ferner Angela Drescher und Martina Langermann, die sich über Jahre hinweg geduldig meine jeweils neuesten Einsichten zu Brigitte Reimann angehört und fachkundig kommentiert haben. In diese Gespräche hat sich in den letzten Jahren verstärkt ― zunächst als Thema, später sie selbst in all ihrer Lebendigkeit ― unsere Tochter Helmi eingemischt. Ihr gilt es zu danken für die Erkenntnis, dass eine derartige Arbeit auch abgeschlossen werden muss, damit man wieder mehr Zeit für andere ― und insbesondere sie ― hat. Mein ganz persönlicher Dank gilt schließlich Arja, ohne die ich nicht verstanden hätte, dass man träumen kann und danach versuchen, sich diese Träume auch zu erfüllen. Überhaupt hätte ich diese Arbeit nie begonnen, wenn sie mich nicht eines Tages im Februar 1980 angerufen hätte. Aber das ist schon wieder eine andere Geschichte ... Vantaa, im September 2001 Withold Bonner Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung: Von Bildern, Vorbildern und gesprungenen Spiegeln 13 2. Autoren der Nachkriegsgeneration in Selbstzeugnissen 33 2.1. Generationszugehörigkeit als Versteckspiel? 37 2.2. Momente der Bindung an die neue Ordnung 39 2.3. Gegenläufige Erfahrungen 50 2.4. Trotz alledem ... 62 2.5. Der Konflikt brach von innen aus 70 2.6. Gender und Generation 72 3. Die Geschwister: Ähnlich, aber nicht gleich Verschiedene Druckfassungen der Texte Brigitte Reimanns 83 3.1. Die Frau am Pranger 87 3.2. Die Geschwister 91 3.3. Franziska Linkerhand 94 4. Selbsterziehung und Erziehung in den frühen Texten Brigitte Reimanns 103 4.1. Literaturkonzepte und -politik in der SBZ und frühen DDR 103 4.1.1. Funktion des schulischen Literaturunterrichts und seine Wirkung auf eine Schülerin 107 4.1.2. Institutionalisierung der Rekrutierung und Erziehung junger Autoren 110 4.2. Selbsterziehung: Die frühen veröffentlichten Texte 113 4.2.1. Zur Legitimität revolutionärer Gewalt 115 4.2.2. Einsicht in die Notwendigkeit unbedingter Disziplin bis zum Tod 120 4.2.3. Das Proletariat als historisches Subjekt und Auftraggeber der Künstler 123 4.3. Selbsterziehung und Erziehung: Die Denunziantin 127 4.4. Erziehung: Wenn die Stunde ist, zu sprechen, Joe und das Mädchen auf der Lotosblume und Zehn Jahre nach einem Tod 134 4.4.1. Wenn die Stunde ist, zu sprechen 135 4.4.2. Joe und das Mädchen auf der Lotosblume 138 4.4.3. Zehn Jahre nach einem Tod und der Kampf gegen die „harte Schreibweise“ 141 5. EvaKatjaKathrinHelenaRechaElisabethFranziska: Die fremde Freundin oder Toccata und Fuge für die Fremde 149 6. Liebe im Dreieck 165 6.1. Zur öffentlichen Rezeption der Dreiecksbeziehungen in den Texten Brigitte Reimanns in DDR und BRD 167 6.2. Bewegungsgesetze des Dreiecks 181 6.2.1. Töchter, Mütter und Madonnen 182 6.2.2. Inszenierung von Weiblichkeit in der Adoleszenz 187 6.2.3. Identifikationsversuche mit dem Vater 190 6.2.4. Der Familienroman der Neurotikerin 193 6.2.5. Die Männer im Dreieck 197 6.2.5.1. Der Grundtypus Ersatzvater bzw. Sohn des Ersatzvaters 198 6.2.5.2. Der Grundtypus Bruder bzw. Doppelgänger des Bruders 203 6.2.6. Zum Inzestuösen der Beziehungen der Protagonistinnen 211 6.2.6.1. Exkurs in Ein neues Kapitel 212 6.2.6.2 Die inzestuöse Beziehung der Protagonistin zum Mann vom Typ Ersatzvater / Sohn des Ersatzvaters 217 6.2.6.3. Die inzestuöse Beziehung der Protagonistin zum Mann vom Typ Bruder / Doppelgänger des Bruders 220 7. Maskerade als Identität 225 7.1. Maskerade als Zeichen politischer Nicht-Zugehörigkeit 228 7.2. Joan Riviere und die Maskerade der Weiblichkeit 230 7.2.1. Die Protagonistinnen als androgyne Töchter ihrer Väter und der Wunsch nach gesellschaftlicher Macht 234 7.2.2. Olympia und das eigene Begehren 236 7.2.3. Franziskas Maskeraden der Weiblichkeit
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