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Opium Trade in Rajasthan
TRADE AND CULTIVATION OF OPIUM IN MALWA AND RAJASTHAN DURING 1750-1900 THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF IBoctor of ^l)ilo£;opl)p IN 'I ''•/;I \^ }^ BY N^D. FAISAL ABDULLAH Under theJSupervision of -— ^ Prof. B?i^Bhadani CENTRE OF ADVANCED STUDY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH ilNDIA) 2008 k) 'iM^^^h^ '"'/" n On''"'^ 2i|fi| 1^!) •• n-.t' . .: T7346 1 I Dedicated to the loving memory of My Niece Naseem Ara & Brother-in-law S. A. Siddique ^€ CENTRE OF ADVANCED STUDY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH- 202 002 B.L. BHADANI Professor of History Chainnan & Coordinator Dated: CERTIFICATE Certified that Md. Faisal Abdullah worked under my supervision on the topic ""^Trade and Cultivation of Opium in Malwa and Rajasthan during 1750-1900". This thesis is the original work of the candidate and I find it suitable for submission for the award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. (Prof B.L. Bhadani) Supervisor Telephones: (0571) 2703146 (O); 2403387 (R); Fax No. (0571) 2703146; Internal: 1480 and 1482 I CONTENTS CONTENTS Page No. Acknowledgements i-iii Abbreviations iv-v Introduction 1-10 Chapter I The English East India Company and the Opium Trade: A Brief Introduction 11-25 Chapter II Opium Cultivation in Malwa 26-60 Chapter III Opium Cultivation in Rajasthan 61-83 Chapter IV Opium Trade in Rajasthan 84-101 Chapter V Opium Trade in Malwa 102-127 Chapter VI Indigenous Merchants and East India Company in Opium Trade 128-147 Chapter VII The British Opium Policy: Impact on Cultivators and Merchants 148-163 Conclusion 164-170 Glossary 171-174 Bibliography 175-187 Appendices Plate ACBCMIOWlLi&Ci TS <1.« <^' ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS At the very outset, I express my gratitude and thanks to the Almighty for enabling me to complete this research thesis. -
Administrative Report on the Census of the Central India Agency, Madhya Pradesh
ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF THE CENTRAL INDIA AGENCY, 1921 BY Lieut.-Colonel C. E. LUARD, C.I.E., M.A. (Oxon.), 1.A., Superintendent of Census Operations CALOUTTa SUl'ElUXTENDENT GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA 19;?·~ Agents tor the Sale of Books Published by the Superintendent of Government Printing, India, Calcutta.. OJ EUROPE. COl1:stable & Cn., 10, Or .. n·~c StrJet, L)i'Jester Squa.re, Wneldon & Wesley. Ltd., 2, 3 & 4, Arthur Street, London, W.C. New Oxford Street, London, W. C. 2. Kegan Pa.nl, Tr'cndl, Trnbne" & Co., 68.;4, Carter L"ne, E.C., "au :J\I,New OKlord Street, London, Messrs. E~st and West Ltd.., 3, Victoria St., London, W.C S. W 1. BernMd Quaritch. 11. Gr",fton Stroot, New Bond n. H. Blackwell, GO & 51, Broad SLreet, OxfonJ:. Streot, London, W. Deighton Bell & Co., Ltd., Ca.mbridge. P. S. King & Sons, 2 & 4. Grea.t Smith Street Westminst~r, London, S.W. Oliver & Boyd, Tw"eddalo Ccmrt, Edinburgh. H. S. King & Co .• 65, Cornhill, E.C., and 9, Pal E. Ponsonby, Ltd., l!6, Grafton Stroot, Dublin. Mall, London, W. Ea.rnest Leroux, 28, Rue Bonap"rte, Pal'is. Grindla.v & Co., 54. Parliament Street, London, S.W. Lnzac & Co, 46, Grea.t Hussell Street, London, W.C· MarLinu. Nijhoil', Tho Hague, Holla.nd. W. Thacker & Co., 2, Crew La.no, London, E.C. Otto Harrassowitz" Leipzig. T. }<'isher Unwin, Ltd., No. I, Adelphi Terrace, Friedlander and Sohn, Berlin. London, W.C. IN INDIA AND CEYLON. Thacker, Splllk & Co., Calcutta and Simla. -
Treaties, Engagements and Sanads
A COLLECTION OF TREATIES, ENGAGEMENTS AND SANADS RELATING TO INDIA AND NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES COMPILED BY C. U. AITCHISON, B.C.S., UNDER SECRETARY TO THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA IN THE FOREIGN DEPARTMENT VOL. IV CONTAINING THE TREATIES, &c., RELATING TO THE CENTRAL INDIA AGENCY. PART I--CENTRAL INDIA AGENCY, BHOPAL AGENCY AND SOUTHERN STATES OF CENTRAL INDIA AND MALWA AGENCY. Revised and continued up to the end of 1930 under the authority of the Fbreign and Political Department. CALCUTTA. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA CENTRAL PUBLICATION BRANCH 1933 Price Rs. 6-4 or 10. Government of India Publications are obtainable from the Government of India Central Publi- cation Branch, 3, Government Place, West, Calcutta, and from the following Agents :- EUROPE. OFFIan OF TnE HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR INDIA. INDIA HoiUS. ALDWYCH. LONDON, W. C. 2 And at all Booksellers. INDIA AND CEYLON : Provincial Book Depots. MADRAS :-Superintendent, Government Press, Mount Road, Miadras. BOMBAY :-Superintendent, Government Printing and Stationery, Queen's Road, Bombay. SIND :-Library attached to the Office of the Commissioner in Sind, Karachi. BEKOAL :-Bengal Secretariat Book Dep~t, Writers' Buildings, Room No. 1, Ground Floor, Calcutta. UNITED PROVINCES OF AGRA AND OUDR :-Superintendent of Government Press, United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, Allahabad. pUNJAB :-Superintendent, Government Printing, Punjab, Lahore. BURMA :-Superintendent, Government Printing, Burma, Rangoon. CENTRAL PROVINCES AND BERAR :-Superintendent, Government Printing, Central Provinces, Nagpur. ASSAl :- Superintendent, Assam Secretariat Press, Sbillong. BIAQ AaD ORISSA :-Superintendent, Government Printing, Bihar and Orissa P. 0. Gulzarbagh, Patna. NORTH-WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE :-Manager, Government Printing and Stationery, Peshawar. Thacker Spink & Co., Ltd., Calcutta and Simla. -
LEAGT'e of NATIONS Communicated to the Council And
LEAGT'E OF NATIONS Communicated to the C.11.M.11.1946.XI. Council and the Members (0.C/A.K.1942/57) of the League. ANNEX (Issued in English only). Geneva, January 22nd, 1946. TRAFFIC IN OPIUM AND OTHER DANGEROUS DRUGS. ANNUAL REPORTS BY GOVERNMENTS FOR 1942. INDIAN STATES. Communicated by the Government of India. Note by the Acting,. Secretary-General. In accordance with Article 21 of. the Convention of 1931 for limiting the Manufacture and regulating the Distribution of Narcotic Drugs, the Acting Secretary-General has the honour to communicate the above-mentioned report to the parties to the Convention. The report is also communicated to other States and to the Advisory Committee on Traffic in Opium and other Dangerous Drugs. (For the form of annual reports, see document.0.C .1600). NOTE ON PRODUCTION, CONSUMPTION, IMPORT AND EXPORT, ETC. OF OPIUM AND OTHER DANGEROUS DRUGS IN INDIAN STATES RELATING TO THE YEAR 1942.. NOTE.- Wherever figures for the calendar year‘-1942 are not available they have been given for the Hindi Sammat 1999 which corresponds closely to the British Indian financial year 1942-43. In certain cases they have.also been given for the State financial year 1941-42 which generally began either from October 1st or November 1 st, 1941. 1. General position regarding use., manufacture and sale of each drug separately.- The position during the year under report was practically the same as reported in the ’Note' for the previous year. The States are now fully conscious of the evil effects of drug addiction and the measures which they have adopted to suppress this pernicious habit have been-satisfactory. -
Aachen (Germ.)
INDEX A.AO .A.IS Aachen (Germ.), 1048, 1070 Addis Ababa (Ethiopia), 945-49, Aalborg (Denmarl<). 905 1010 Aargau (Switz.), 1376. 1378 Adelaide (S. Australia), 439, 446, Aarhus (Denmark), 905, 906 486, 487, 488, 503 Aas (Norway), 1251 Adelie LAnd (Antarctic), 435 Abaco Is. (BahamaR), 418 Aden, 222-25, 340, 341, 1496 Abadan (Persia), 1279, 1285 -opium, 150 Abaiang Is. (Pacific), 539 Adi Is. (N. Guinea), 1241 Ahajo (Cuba), 890 Admiral tv Is. (Bismarck Arch.), 507, Abakan (U.S.S.R.), 1436 508 Abancay (Peru), 1289 Adola (Ethiopia), 948 Abastuman (U.S.S.R.), 1455 Adrar (Mauritania), 995 Abemama Is. (Pacifi<o), 539, 540 Adrar Temar (Flp. Sahara), 1357 Abt'okuta (Nigeria), 315 Adrianople (Turkey), 1406 Abercorn (Rhodesia), 285 Adygei ( R.S.F.S.R.), 1443 Aberdeen (U.K.), 63, 64, 69, 70 Adzharian Rep. (Georgia), 1455 Aberdeen (S. Dakota), 716 .tEgean Is., Greek, 1076, 1080 Aberystwyth (U.K.), 69, 70 .tEtolia (Greet•e), 1075 Abidjan (Fr. W. Africa), 993, 999 Afghanistan, 761-65 Abilene (Texas), 722 Afyon (Turkey), 1406, 1410 Abkhazia (Georgi&), 1455, 1456 Agadez (Niger), 998 Abo (Finland), 953 Agadir (Morocco), 1033 Abo.Bjorneborg (Finland), 952 AgalPga Is. (!11.auritius), 345 Ahoisso (Fr. W. Afri .. a), 999 Agnil.a (Guam), 754 Abor Hills (Assam), 167 AgdAr, Austand Vest (Norway),l250 Aboso (Gold Const), 324 Agion Oros (Greet"e), 1075 Abqaiq (Arabia), 1341, 1342 Agra (prov.), see Uttar Pradesh A bra (Philippines), 1301 Agra (town), 142. 181, 182 Abruzzie e Molise (lta.ly), 1157 Agri (1'nrke:v). 1406 Abu Dhabi (Arabia), 774 Agryz (U.S.S.R.), 1436 Abu Zenima (Egypt), 935 Aguadul<·e (Panama), 1264 Ahyssinia, Hee Ethiopia, 944-50 A~ruaR<•aliAnteR (ME!xiro), 1209, 1210 A~ajutla (El Salvador), 943 Ahmadi (Kuwait), 773 Act~rnania (Greece), 1075 Ahm . -
Vol. I. Ch.7. CHAPTER 7 Suits by Aliens and by Or Against Rulers
Vol. I. Ch.7. CHAPTER 7 Suits by Aliens and by or against Rulers, Ambassadors, Envoys etc. 1. The Code of Civil Procedure (Amendment) Act, 1951 (No. Changes in II of 1951) has substituted new Sections 83 to 87B in the Law. Code for the old sections 83 to 87. The changes made in the law on the subject should be carefully studied. 2. (1) Alien friends may sue in any court of competent Aliens. jurisdiction as if they were citizens of India. Alien enemies can also sue in the like manner but with the permission of the Central Government Provided they are residing in India. Every person residing and carrying on business without a licence of the Central Government in a foreign country at war with India, is for this purpose, deemed to be an alien enemy residing in a foreign country (Section 83). (2) The Provisions in this part of the Code are silent as to suits against aliens, whether friends or enemies. Such suits would be governed by the general provisions of Civil Procedure Code. 3. (1) Any 'foreign State' can sue in a competent court in Foreign States and Foreign India to enforce a private right vested in the Ruler or Rulers. in any of its officers in his public capacity. (Section 84.) The Central Government can appoint recognised agents for such Foreign Rulers by whom appearances, acts and applications under the Code may be made on behalf of such Ruler. The appointment can be for a specified suit or suits or for all such suits in which the Ruler may be a party. -
Indian Archaeology 1987-88 a Review
INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1987-88 —A REVIEW EDITED BY M.C.JOSHI Director General Archaeological Survey of India PUBLISHED BY THE DIRECTOR GENERAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA NEW DELHI 1993 Cover : TisseruStupa,Leh,Ladakh Cover layout & design: Raj Nath Kaw 1992 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA GOVERNMENT OF INDIA Price :Rs. 250.00 PRINTED AT BENGAL OFFSET WORKS, 335, KHAJOOR ROAD, KAROL BAGH, NEW DELHI-1 10005. PHONE: 524200,7510455 PREFACE I am happy to place before the scholars the Indian Archaeology 1987-88—A Review not very long after the publication of the previous issue. We are making efforts to bring the publication of the Review up to date; this, however, would depend on timely submission of material by contributors. It has been our experience that, in many cases, several reminders have to be given for sending material to us for inclusion in the Review which results in delay of its publication. I am sure, with the cooperation of different institutions and the State Departments of Archaeology and Museums and my own colleagues in different Branches and Circles of the Survey it would be possible for us to maintain regularity of its publication. The present issue of the Review is more voluminous than the previous ones and thus reflects also increased activities in different fields of archaeology. Out of several excavations reported in this issue, I may mention the work at Banawali, Thanesar, Sanghol, Hampi, Sannathi, Daulatabad, Lalitagiri, Udaigiri, Fatehpur Sikri, Sravasti, Balikeshwar, Chandel, Harsud, etc. by the Survey, at Kuntasi jointly by the Deccan College, Pune, and the Gujarat State Department of Archaeology, at Mangalkot by the University of Calcutta, at Kotasur by the Visvabharati, Maihar by the Allahabad University, Ganeshwar by the Department of Archaeology and Museums, Rajasthan State and at Shikarpur by the Department of Archaeology, Government of Gujarat. -
3 1891 CAN.Pdf
'" ..... , ... .' \J (\~ X X Vi! l 1J{ \'(ll/ REPOR'r ON THE CENSUS OF CENTRAL INDIA, 1891. CHAPTER I. SECTION I.-GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF CENTRAL INDIA. Central India, the aggregate of States under the political care of the Geographical description of Agent to the Governor General in Central India, Central India. may be roughly described as a great triangle, the base of which is the course of the Narhada Irem Mathwar, adjoining Rewa Kantha, to about 60 miles east of Hoshilllgabad, contiGlled in an imaginary line to about 60 miles east of the town of Rewa: and the apex is the most northerly point- in the course of 'the Chambal, about 30 mL!es south of Agra. The triangle is by no means a p6.J.'fect one: Rajputana stretches -ipto it on the north-west, the North-Western Provinces on the north-east, and the'Cent!'al Pro. viQces on .the south-east; while .t~e Ind.ore territory in N~mar extends ov~~ Narbada mto Kandesh and Bntlsh Nlmar; and there IS a break of continuity near Jhansi, between the States of Urchha and Datia. 2. Central India has otherwise been described as two irregular and detached tracts of territory, converging near Jhansi, and stretching in an arc east and west across the middle of the continent. 3· This immense territory, covering 78,2 19 square miles, contains 79 Geographical confusion of States States, Thakurats, etc., more or less independent. and Agencies. The larger of these are broken up into isolated parts, Gwalior and Indore, for instance, having territory in almost all the agencies into which Central India is politically divided; and this geographical confusion is aggr~vated by the fact that parts of Tonk and Jhalawar, States under the Raj. -
AAO Aachen (Germany), 1067,1077,1087 Aalborg (Denmark
INDEX AAO AIR Aachen (Germany), 1067,1077,1087 Adamawa (Nigeria), 330 Aalborg (Denmark), 921 Adams (Colorado), 627 Aalesund (Norway), 1275 Adana (Turkey), 1435 Aargau (Switz.), 1405. 1407 Addis Ababa (Ethiopia), 964-67, Aarhus (Denmark), 921, 922 1029 Aas (Norway), 1275 Adelaide (S. Australia), 439, 446, Abaco Is. (Hahamas), 419 485, 486, 487 Abadan (Persia). 1306 Adelie Land (Antarctic), 434, 1024 Abaiang Is. (Pacific), 539 Aden, 222-24, 339, 1525 Abajo (Cuba). 906 - opium, 150 Abancay (Peru), 1316 Admiralty Is. (Bismarck Arch.), 507, Abastvman (Georgia). 1484 508 Abdullapnr (India), 182 Adola (Ethiopia), 966 Abemama Is. (Pacific), 539, 540 Adrar (Mauritania), 1014 Abeokuta (Nigeria), 315 Adrar Temar (Sp. Sahara), 1385 Abercorn (N. Rhodesia), 302 Adygei (R.S.F.S.R.), 1472 Aberdeen (U.K.), 63, 64. 69, 70 Adzharian Rep. (Georgia), 1483 Aberdeen (S. Dakota), 723 Ai:gean Is., Greek, 1095, 1099 Aberystwyth (U.K.), 69,70 Ai:toUa (Greece). 1094 Abidjan (Fr. W. Africa), 1013, 1018 Afghanistan, 769-n Abilene (Texas). 729 Afyon (Turkey), 1435, 1440 Abkhazian Rep. (Georgia), 1483,1484 Agadez (Niger), 1017 Abo (Finland), 971 Agadir (Morocco), 1052 Abo-Bjiirneborg (Finland), 970 Agalega Is. (Mauritius), 343 Aboisso (Fr. W. Africa), 1018 Agana (Guam), 763 Abor Hills (Assam), 168 Agdenes (Norway), 1278 Aboso (Gold Coast), 324 Agder, AUBt and Vest(Norway), 1274 Abomey (Ivory Coast), 1019 Agion Oros (Greece), ]095 Abra (Philippines), 1329 Agordat (Eritrea), 1192 Abruzzie e MoUse (Italy), 1178 Agra (prov.), see United Provinces, Abu Dhabi (Arabia), 781 183-86 Abu Zenima (Egypt), 953 Agra (town), 142. ]84 Abyssinia, see Ethiopia, 963-68 Agri (Turkey), 1435 Acajutla (EI Salvador), 961 Aguadulce (Panama). -
Madhya Bharat & Bhopal, Report, Part I-A, Vol-XV
CENSUS OF INDIA. 1951 VoluDle xv MADHYA BHARAY' & BHOPAL - P ART I-A Report BY RANG LAL, B. A., Census Commirstoner, ~Madhya Bharat & Bhopal PRINTED IN INDIA BY THE LA'v PU.BLISHING HOUSE, :\LLAHABAD IN 1957. PUBLISHED BY THE MANACER OF PtJBLICATIO.!'\S, DELliI. NOTE The Statements made, views expressed and conclusions drawn in this Report are wholly the writer's responsibility in his personal capacity and do not represent. the views of the Government concerned. CONTENTS Pag~ Introduction i-vr CHAPTER I General, Population SECTION I -Preliminary Remarks II-Distribution and Density 3 III-Growth of General Population .. (l,. IV~-Movement 14- V-Natural Increase-Births and Deaths 17 VI-Livelihood Pattern 17 VII-Concludirig Remarks IS; CHAPTER II Rural Population I-Preliminary Remarks 21' II-General distribution and distribution among Villages Classified by Size of Rural Population 21 III-Growth 23- IV -Movement 26>, V -:-Jatural Increase Births and Deaths 26> VI-Livelihood Pattern 2& VII -Concluding Remarks 271 CHAPTER III Urban Population I-Preliminary Remarks 29' II-General distribution and distribution among Towns classified by Size of Urban Population 291 III-Growth of Urban Population " 30' IV-Movement 33 V--Natural Increase--Births and Deaths 33. VI-Livelihood Pattern .. 3:t. VII-Concluding Remarks 34 CHAPTER IV Agricultural Classes I-Preliminary Remarks 35- II-Agricultural Population Ratios, Self-supporting Persons and Dependants, Secondary Means of Livelihood of Agricultural Classes 36, III-Relative Proportion of different Agricultural -
Madhya Pradesh State Roads Project III (Rajgarh–Bagh and Manawar–Mangod Project)
Environmental Assessment Report Initial Environmental Examination for SH-35-38: Rajgarh–Bagh and Manawar–Mangod Project Road Project Number: 43063 November 2010 IND: Madhya Pradesh State Roads Project III Prepared by Government of Madhya Pradesh for the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Table of Contents Executive Summary …………………………………………………………………………viii 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Project Background/Rationale .......................................................................... 1 1.2. Project Preparatory Technical Assistance (PPTA) and Environmental Assessment ................................................................................................................. 2 1.3. Purpose of the Study ....................................................................................... 2 1.4. Extent of IEE .................................................................................................... 3 1.5. IEE Content ..................................................................................................... 3 1.6. Team Composition and Acknowledgements .................................................... 3 1.7. Methodology .................................................................................................... 3 1.7.1. Information/ data Sources ........................................................................... -
Census of Indi.'\
CENSUS OF INDI.'\_. 1951 VOLUME XV !\IADHYA BHARAT & BHOPAL PART 1-A REPORT ' . 'CENSUS OF~. JNDIA .. , . 1951- VOLUME XV . MADHYA BHARAT & BHPPAL PART 1-A REPORT BY RANG LAL, B. A., Census Commissioner, Madhya Bharat & Bhopal GWALIOR GOVERNMENT CENTRAL PRESS.YADHYA BHARAT 1954 Price Ra. 2J41- CONTENTS Pages. Introduction i-iv CHAPTER I General Population SECTION I Preliminary Remarks 1 II Distribution and Density 3 III Growth of General Population 6 /IV Movement 14' v Natural Increase-Births and Deaths 17 VI Livelihood Pattern 17 VII Concluding Remarks ... 18 CHAPTER II Rural Population I Preliminary Remarks 21 II General Distribution and Distribution among villages classified by size of Rural Population 21 III Growth 23 IV Movement 26 ,/ v Natural Increase-Births and Deaths 26 VI Livelihood Pattern 26 VII Concluding Remarks 27 CHAPTER III Urban Population I Preliminary Remarks t 29 II General Distribution and Distribution among Towns classified by Size of Urban Population 29 III Growth of Urban Population 30 /IV Movemel'\t 33 v Natural Increase-Births and Deaths 33 VI Livelihood Pattern 33 VII Concluding Remarks 34 CHAPTER IV Agricultural Classes I Preliminary Remarks 35 II Agricultural population Ratios, Self-supporting Persons and Dependants, Secondary :Means of Livelihood of Agricultural Classes . • • • • • • • 36 III Relative Proportion of different Agricultural Classes correlated to Distribution of land in Agri- cultural Holdings of different sizes. • • • • • • • • • • 40 IV Cultivators of land wholly or mainly owned and their dependants 40 v Cultivators of land wholly or mainly unowned and their dependants 40 VI Cultivating Labourers and their dependants 41 VII Non-cultivating owners of land, Agricultural rent receivers and their dependants - 41 VIII Active and Semi-active Workers in Cultivation - 42 IX P,rogress of Cultivation, correlated to the Growth of Population -.