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Chapter I Introduction CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1. Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking at Global Level. In 2012 an estimation was made indicating that 183,000 death cases were a consequence of drug abuse (range: 95,000 – 226,000), or a mortality rate of 40 deaths in a million (range: 20.8-49.3) among the population between the age of 15-64 years. Compared to 2011 a decrease is seen, particularly in reporting the number of deaths in some Asian countries. At global level it is estimated that 162-324 million people have abused a drug at least in a lifetime, (3.5%-7% from the world population in the age of 15-64 years), in particular consumption of cannabis, opioids, cocaine or ATS. UNODC, UNAIDS and WHO have estimated that there are approx. 12.7 million People Who Inject Drugs/PWID (range: 8.9 – 22.4 million), or 0.27% of the population between 15-64 years of age (range: 0.19% - 0.48%). This rate is specially high in the regions of East and South-East Europe, where the number of PWID is 4.6 times higher than the average global rate. It is estimated that 13.1% or 1.7 million of the total PWID population are HIV infected (range: 0.9-4.8 million). As the largest opium poppy producer in the world Afghanistan indicates an increase in opium cultivation (from 154,000 Ha in 2012 to 209,000 Ha in 2013). Globally, the illegal area of opium production covers 296,720 Ha. There is even evidence that Afghanistan heroin has reached the black market in Oceania and S.E.Asia, which was formerly supplied from S.E. Asia. In 2012 global seizures of illegal heroin and morphine indicate a decrease compared to the previous year. Nevertheless, total seizures remained larger than in 2010 and the earlier years. However, in some regions such as East and S.E. Europe, South Asia and Oceania seizures of heroin increased in 2012. In 2012 the area of cocaine production indicates a decrease to the lowest level since 1990, i.e. 133,700 Ha, or 14% from 2011. However, cocaine seizures increased to 671 tons in 2012, from 634 tons in 2011. This increase is particularly seen in South America, West and Central Europe. Production and cultivation of cannabis remain evenly spread out, while North Africa, Middle East and S.E. Asia continue as the center of hashish production. Although Afghanistan shows a decreasing trend in the area of cannabis cultivation, production of hashish increased from 2011 due to the increase of cannabis resin per hectare. A decrease is seen in the abuse of cannabis at global level, as is indicated by the decline of cannabis consumption in some of the countries of West and Central Europe. Journal of Data on the Prevention and Eradication of Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking (P4GN) 1 Year 2014 Edition 2015 Disclosures of illegal ATS manufacture, mostly for the production of Shabu, continues to increase. From the total seized 144 tons of ATS half was confiscated in North America, and one-fourth in the regions of East Asia and S.E. Asia. Seizures of Ecstasy are still on the rise in 2012, the greatest part occurred in East and S.E. Asia, followed by Europe. Likewise with drug dealing and precursor trade through the internet continue to increase, both in the value of transactions and the sale of the drug. There is evidence of the sale of NPS through the internet, likewise the sale of high quality cannabis, heroin, MDMA, and cocaine. The emerging new NPS also add to the challenges in handling the drug problem (Till December 2013 348 NPS are in circulation from 21 in July 2012). A far greater number of NPS (234 substances) under control at international level. From 2003 – 2012 the number of cases pertaining to ownership and drug circulation also indicate an increase. The majority of arrrested suspects are male. There are various reasons for the involvement of women, depending on the trafficking of certain types of drug. The highest percentage is indicated in the group of sedatives (25%). Based on analysis of countries forwarded to UNODC the conclusion is that from 2010 – 2012, 77 countries produce precursor chemicals, 122 export precursors, and 150 import these substances. Asian countries also export 59% of the total export of precursors in that same period. Measures in the control of precursor chemicals greatly affects the decline in diversion of this chemical for the production of drugs. These efforts are seen in the increase of successful interdiction of shipments which is 12 times greater in the period 2010-2012 compared to 1990-1992. With the global heightening of precursor control clandestine precursor laboratories are forced to implement strategies such as: utilizing the latest and sophisticated methods in obtaining precursor chemicals, make use of transit countries with weak control, new organizations that focus on supplying precursor chemicals, make use of the internet, etc. 2. Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking at Regional Level. Based on the available data drug consumption at regional level is parallel or somewhat lower than at the global level. Momentary estimation indicates that cannabis is the most abused with an annual rate of 1.9% (among population between 15-64 years), followed by ATS (excluding ecstasy), with a prevalence of 0.7%, while ecstasy at the rate of 0.4%, opiates 0.35%, and cocaine 0.05%. Consumption of shabu and NPS is still on the rise in part of the regions of East S.E. Asia. Shabu in tablet form is mostly used in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam. Crystal shabu in Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Japan, Philippines and Korea. Seizures of ecsasy increased three fold in 2012 than in the previous years. Journal of Data on the Prevention and Eradication of Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking (P4GN) 2 Year 2014 Edition 2015 NPS markets are also on a rapid rise. Ketamine has long been consumed in this region, indicating a stable trend, while kratom is used as a traditional stimulant in Malaysia, Myanmar and Thailand. Consumption of synthetic cannabinoids is reported in China, Indonesia, Japan, Korea and Singapore. North-West and Central Asia has a high prevalence of opiates together with the high prevalence of PWID and HIV: 28.8% in North-West Asia and 7.7% in Central Asia. Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan indicate the highest global prevalence of opiates (an average of 1.5% of the adult population in the three mentioned countries), the highest rate of 0.8% in Central Asia (twice the global average). 3. Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking at National Level. The outcomes of a research conducted by BNN in cooperation with Center of Health Research, University of Indonesia in 2014 entitled “National Survey on the Development of Drug Abuse in Indonesia” indicate that the prevalence of drug abuse has reached the rate of 2.18%, or approx. 3.8 – 4.1 million people have ever used drugs in the past year (current users) in the age group of 10-59 years. The first drug of abuse vary in each province. Cannabis (gele, cimeng, marijuana, getok) is still the most mentioned in all provinces (6%), particularly in Papua (92%), West NusaTenggara (NTB) (84%), Maluku (82%), and West Kalimantan (79%). Aside from Cannabis the second most used as the first drug is Shabu (yaba, SS, tastus, ubas), and Ecstasy. Shabu dominates East Kalimantan (49%), South Sumatera (19%), and North sumatera (13%). While Ecstasy is the first drug of abuse in Riau Islands (22%), South Sumatera (16%), North Sumatera (11%), Lampung (10%), and Bali (9%). The average age of the first injecting drug use is 19-20 years, The youngest age is 10 years. The average of the last drug injection is 1 to 5 days from the time of the survey. Respondents admit they have been injecting drugs regularly since 10 to 12 months or one year ago. This indicates that most of the respondents belong to the category of new injecting drug users, which is seen from the range of time in drug consumption, i.e. between one month to 48 months, or 4 years. The gate of transmission of the various diseases among PWID is needle sharing. Reduction of needles is the key in the HIV/AIDS intervention program, by distributing free syringes. Respondents admit that they use 30 to 120 needles a months. There is no difficulty in the access of needles. Nearly most of the free needles are provided by NGOs. However, some respondents admit buying only some needles. The fact is the practice of needle sharing is still a problem, although with the existence of LASS program. Most of them share the needle with 2-3 others. The majority use the needle at home (64%) or at unoccupied or empty houses/buildings/shop houses (23%). Journal of Data on the Prevention and Eradication of Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking (P4GN) 3 Year 2014 Edition 2015 Based on data from BNN Deputy of Rehabilitation 3,988 drug abusers all over Indonesia have received Therapy and Rehabilitation in 2014. The largest number in the age group of 26-40 years (2,488). The most consumed drug among the group is shabu (2,463), followed in order by cannabis (1,429), the next in a row is a type of heroine (659), ecstasy (468) and benzodiazepines (355). According to drug classification in 2014, there is an increasing trend of narcotic cases with a rise of 8.32% in 2013, from 21,269 cases to 23,038 cases in 2014. The largest decrease of cases is the trend of psychotropic substances indicating a percentage of 48.01% from 1,612 cases in 2013 to 838 cases in 2014.
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