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Università Degli Studi Di Padova UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI PADOVA Dipartimento di AGRONOMIA ANIMALI ALIMENTI RISORSE NATURALI E AMBIENTE - DAFNAE SCUOLA DI DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN: SCIENZE ANIMALI INDIRIZZO:GENETICA, BIODIVERSITA’, BIOSTATISTICA E BIOTECNOLOGIE CICLO: XXIV SVILUPPO DI METODI PER LA GESTIONE DI RAZZE AUTOCTONE ITALIANE Direttore della Scuola: Ch.mo Prof. Martino Cassandro Coordinatore d’indirizzo: Ch.mo Prof. Roberto Mantovani Supervisore: Ch.mo Prof. Roberto Mantovani Dottorando: Manolo Cappelloni A Luca 2 INDICE ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................................................... 5 RIASSUNTO ....................................................................................................................................................... 7 1. INTRODUZIONE ........................................................................................................................................... 10 1.1 IL RUOLO DEI CONTROLLI FUNZIONALI SUL PATRIMONIO ZOOTECNICO NAZIONALE. .......................... 10 1.2 I METODI UFFICIALI DI CONTROLLO FUNZIONALE E LA GESTIONE DEL DATO. ....................................... 13 1.3 L’EVOLUZIONE DEL CONCETTO DI SPECIE E RAZZA ................................................................................. 14 1.4 LE DIFFERENZE TRA LIBRO GENEALOGICO E REGISTRO ANAGRAFICO. ................................................... 17 1.5 LE ATTIVITÀ INERENTI LA GESTIONE DEL REGISTRO ANAGRAFICO. ........................................................ 18 1.6 LA CONSANGUINEITÀ NELLE SPECIE DI LIBRO GENEALOGICO E DI REGISTRO ANAGRAFICO. ................ 23 1.6.1 LE PROBLEMATICHE AD ESSA CORRELATE. ......................................................................................................... 26 1.7 LA BIODIVERSITÀ E GLI EFFETTI DELLE ATTIVITÀ UMANE. ...................................................................... 27 1.8 BIODIVERSITÀ E RISORSE GENETICHE ANIMALI (RGA) ............................................................................ 30 1.9 L’EROSIONE GENETICA E IL RISCHIO DI ESTINZIONE DELLE RISORSE AUTOCTONE LOCALI . ................... 33 1.10 LA PERDITA DI BIODIVERSITÀ –SCENARIO INTERNAZIONALE. .............................................................. 38 1.11 LA PERDITA DI BIODIVERSITÀ –SCENARIO ITALIANO. ........................................................................... 40 1.12 LA SITUAZIONE DELLE RISORSE GENETICHE ANIMALI IN ITALIA. .......................................................... 49 1.13 LA CONSERVAZIONE E LA VALORIZZAZIONE DELLE RAZZE AUTOCTONE. ............................................ 55 1.13.1 IL QUADRO NORMATIVO INTERNAZIONALE. .................................................................................................... 55 1.13.2 IL QUADRO NORMATIVO NAZIONALE ............................................................................................................... 58 2. ANALISI STRUTTURALE SUI DATI DEI CONTROLLI FUNZIONALI LATTE E STUDIO DEI TREND FENOTIPICI PER RAZZA. ............................................................................................................................................................ 61 2.1 I CONTROLLI FUNZIONALI IN ITALIA ........................................................................................................ 61 2.2 OBIETTIVI DEL LAVORO ........................................................................................................................... 64 2.3 MATERIALI E METODI ................................................................................................................................ 64 2.4 RISULTATI E DISCUSSIONE ......................................................................................................................... 67 3. INDAGINE SULLA VARIABILITA’ GENETICA DELLE RAZZE BOVINE AUTOCTONE ITALIANE ISCRITTE AL REGISTRO ANAGRAFICO (R.A.B.). .................................................................................................................... 88 3.1 RAZZE E POPOLAZIONI IN ITALIA. ........................................................................................................... 88 3.2 APPROCCI PER LA VALUTAZIONE DELLA CONSANGUINEITÀ E DELLA DIVERSITÀ GENETICA NELLE POPOLAZIONI. ............................................................................................................................................... 88 3.3 STATO DELL’ARTE SULLO STUDIO DELLA DIVERSITA' GENETICA NELLE RAZZE BOVINE AUTOCTONE ITALIANE ........................................................................................................................................................ 91 3.4 OBIETTIVI DEL LAVORO ........................................................................................................................... 92 3.5 MATERIALI E METODI ................................................................................................................................ 93 3.5.1 LE RAZZE OGGETTO DI STUDIO ............................................................................................................................ 93 - AGEROLESE ....................................................................................................................................................... 93 - BURLINA ........................................................................................................................................................... 94 - CABANNINA ...................................................................................................................................................... 94 - CALVANA .......................................................................................................................................................... 95 - CINISARA .......................................................................................................................................................... 95 - GARFAGNINA ................................................................................................................................................... 96 - MODENESE ....................................................................................................................................................... 96 3 - MODICANA ....................................................................................................................................................... 96 - MUCCA PISANA ................................................................................................................................................ 97 - PEZZATA ROSSA D’OROPA ................................................................................................................................ 97 - PONTREMOLESE ............................................................................................................................................... 98 - PUSTERTALER SPRINZEN .................................................................................................................................. 98 - SARDA .............................................................................................................................................................. 99 - SARDO BRUNA................................................................................................................................................ 100 - SARDO MODICANA ......................................................................................................................................... 100 - VARZESE - OTTONESE - TORTONESE. ............................................................................................................. 100 3.5.2 RACCOLTA E PREPARAZIONE DEI DATI............................................................................................................... 104 3.5.3 ANALISI DEI PEDIGREE ....................................................................................................................................... 105 3.5.4 CALCOLO DELL’INBREEDING .............................................................................................................................. 106 3.6 RISULTATI ............................................................................................................................................... 107 3.6.1 DATI DEMOGRAFICI E CONSISTENZA DEI PEDIGREE .......................................................................................... 107 3.6.2 REFERENCE POPULATION E PEDIGREE COMPLETENESS .................................................................................... 108 3.6.3 NUMBER OF EQUIVALENT GENERATIONS ......................................................................................................... 108 3.6.4 FOUNDERS E ANCESTORS .................................................................................................................................. 109 3.6.5 AVERAGE RELATEDNESS .................................................................................................................................... 110 3.6.6 INBREEDING ....................................................................................................................................................... 110 3.7 DISCUSSIONE .......................................................................................................................................... 116 4. SVILUPPO DI UN TEST-DAY MODEL APPLICABILE
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