Tesi Finale Dottorato

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Tesi Finale Dottorato INDICE GENERALE 1. INTRODUZIONE............................................................................................................................3 1.1. La tracciabilità dei prodotti di origine animale: alcuni elementi.........................................3 1.2. Elementi di genetica molecolare..........................................................................................4 1.2.1. I marcatori genetici.......................................................................................................4 1.2.2. Lo stato di avanzamento nello studio del genoma degli animali di interesse zootecnico...............................................................................................................................6 1.3. Tracciabilità dei prodotti di origine animale e genetica molecolare....................................8 1.4. I prodotti “monorazza”.......................................................................................................10 1.5. Genetica e biochimica del colore del mantello: alcuni elementi........................................16 1.6. Genetica molecolare e colore del mantello........................................................................19 1.6.1. Il gene MC1R nella specie bovina.............................................................................21 1.6.2. Il gene MC1R nella specie suina................................................................................26 1.6.3. Il gene KIT nella specie bovina..................................................................................26 1.6.4. Il gene KIT nella specie suina....................................................................................27 2. PRINCIPALI RAZZE BOVINE OGGETTO DI STUDIO............................................................29 2.1. Razza Frisona.....................................................................................................................29 2.2. Razza Bruna.......................................................................................................................31 2.3. Razza Pezzata Rossa Italiana.............................................................................................32 2.4. Razza Reggiana..................................................................................................................33 2.5. Razza Bianca Val Padana...................................................................................................34 2.6. Razza Rendena...................................................................................................................35 2.7. Razza Jersey.......................................................................................................................37 3. ALTRE RAZZE BOVINE OGGETTO DI STUDIO.....................................................................39 3.1. Razza Chianina...................................................................................................................39 3.2. Razza Grigio Alpina...........................................................................................................40 3.3. Razza Marchigiana.............................................................................................................41 3.4. Razza Piemontese...............................................................................................................43 3.5. Razza Romagnola...............................................................................................................44 3.6. Razza Valdostana Castana..................................................................................................45 3.7. Razza Valdostana Pezzata Nera.........................................................................................46 3.8. Razza Valdostana Pezzata Rossa........................................................................................47 3.9. Razza Pezzata Rossa Oropa o Razzetta d’Oropa...............................................................48 1 3.10. Razza Swedish Red and White........................................................................................49 3.11. Razza Red Danish............................................................................................................50 3.12. Razza Charolaise..............................................................................................................51 3.13. Razza Salers.....................................................................................................................51 3.14. Razza Aberdeen Angus....................................................................................................52 3.15. Razza Hereford.................................................................................................................52 4. RAZZE SUINE OGGETTO DI STUDIO......................................................................................54 4.1. Razza Cinta Senese............................................................................................................54 4.2. Razza Large White.............................................................................................................54 4.3. Razza Duroc.......................................................................................................................55 4.4. Razza Landrace..................................................................................................................56 4.5. Razza Hampshire...............................................................................................................56 4.6. Razza Pietrain....................................................................................................................57 4.7. Razza Meishan...................................................................................................................58 5. RAZZE CUNICOLE OGGETTO DI STUDIO.............................................................................59 6. OBIETTIVI DELLA TESI.............................................................................................................66 7. CONCLUSIONI...........................................................................................................................130 8. BIBLIOGRAFIA..........................................................................................................................132 9. RINGRAZIAMENTI...................................................................................................................146 2 1. INTRODUZIONE Uno dei punti di forza del sistema produttivo italiano è costituito dalla straordinaria gamma e varietà di prodotti agroalimentari. Tra questi, i prodotti tipici e tradizionali costituiscono un settore portante e addirittura vitale, non tanto per quanto riguarda numero di aziende e di addetti, ma soprattutto perché ciascun prodotto, sviluppatosi e affermatosi in rapporto a precisi ambiti territoriali e contesti sociali, economici e culturali, rappresenta di per sé un valore. Nell'elenco nazionale previsto dal DM 350/1999 risultano inseriti al momento 1.424 prodotti tradizionali riferiti ad alimenti di origine animale (il 58% del totale), 689 dei quali derivati da carni, 585 da latte e 98 ittici. Alcuni di questi prodotti di origine animale sono prodotti “monorazza” cioè ottenuti dalle produzioni di animali appartenenti alla stessa razza e rappresentano importanti elementi per la salvaguardia e la valorizzazione di queste popolazioni animali, dei territori, a volte marginali, e delle tradizioni. La trasparenza circa l’origine dei prodotti alimentari, ed in particolare dei prodotti animali, è ormai considerata una componente importante della qualità e della sicurezza, così come viene percepita dai consumatori. Inoltre, rappresenta un importante elemento per la competitività e la valorizzazione di questi prodotti nei mercati sia a livello locale, che a livello nazionale e internazionale oltre che per la difesa degli stessi produttori da imitazioni e contraffazioni che potrebbero danneggiare dal punto di vista economico l’intera filiera e minare la fiducia dei consumatori. In questo quadro generale si inserisce la presente tesi che mira a sviluppare metodologie innovative di tracciabilità per i prodotti carnei e dei prodotti lattiero-caseari “monorazza” che possano essere eventualmente introdotte nei vari disciplinari di produzione a tutela degli allevatori e di tutta la filiera e che abbiano come riflesso positivo la valorizzazione di alcune razze di interesse zootecnico allevate in Italia e all'estero. 1.1. La tracciabilità dei prodotti di origine animale: alcuni elementi Nel settore delle produzioni animali per tracciabilità si intende la capacità di mantenere il controllo dell’origine dei prodotti e dell’identità degli animali lungo i diversi passaggi della filiera, dall’allevatore alla vendita al dettaglio. La necessità di mettere a punto sistemi efficaci ed economici per tracciare i prodotti di origine animale ha assunto un’importanza sempre maggiore da quando la globalizzazione del commercio e l’industrializzazione dei processi produttivi hanno reso impossibile il controllo diretto della 3 produzione alimentare da parte dei consumatori. Inoltre, in Europa, la fiducia nella sicurezza degli alimenti di origine animale è notevolmente diminuita a seguito delle recenti emergenze BSE e diossina. La tracciabilità, oltre a fornire un sistema di controllo per l’igiene e la sicurezza degli alimenti, permette di garantire il consumatore da possibili frodi,
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