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Charakterisierung Von Ernährungsphysiologischen Und Technologischen Eigenschaften Der Milch Und Wirtschaftliche Analyse Von Rinderrassen Im Berggebiet

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Charakterisierung Von Ernährungsphysiologischen Und Technologischen Eigenschaften Der Milch Und Wirtschaftliche Analyse Von Rinderrassen Im Berggebiet Aus dem Institut für Tierzucht und Haustiergenetik Professur für Tierzüchtung der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen Charakterisierung von ernährungsphysiologischen und technologischen Eigenschaften der Milch und wirtschaftliche Analyse von Rinderrassen im Berggebiet INAUGURAL – DISSERTATION zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades (Dr. agr.) im Fachbereich Agrarwissenschaften, Ökotrophologie und Umweltmanagement der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen vorgelegt von Dipl. Ing. agr. Thomas Zanon aus Bozen, Südtirol Gießen, 2020 Mit Genehmigung des Fachbereiches Agrarwissenschaften, Ökotrophologie und Umweltmanagement der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen Dekan: Prof. Dr. Klaus Eder Prüfungskommission: 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Sven König 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Dr. Matthias Gauly Prüfer: Prof. Dr. Klaus Eder Prüfer: Prof. Dr. Georg Erhardt Vorsitzende: Prof. Dr. Gesine Lühken Tag der Disputation: 18.09.2020 2 Diese Arbeit wurde im Rahmen des Forschungsprojektes „EIFEAL - European Region Tyrol- South Tyrol-Trentino as Land of Solutions” durchgeführt (CUP-Kodex: I56C18002030002). Es gibt mehr als eine bunte Kuh. Es lebe die Vielfalt der Natur. (Deutsches Sprichwort) For a farm to achieve sustainability, it must be able to take advantage of current opportunities, while managing the conditions that expand future possibilities. (Darnhofer et al. 2010) 3 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS TABELLENVERZEICHNIS ..................................................................................................................... 6 ABBILDUNGSVERZEICHNIS ................................................................................................................. 8 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG............................................................................................................................. 9 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................................ 13 KAPITEL 1 ................................................................................................................................................ 17 1.1 Milchwirtschaft in Südtirol .................................................................................................................... 17 1.2 Gerinnungseigenschaften der Milch ...................................................................................................... 18 1.3 Mineralstoffgehalt in der Milch ............................................................................................................. 20 1.4 Mittelinfrarot Spektroskopie zur Bestimmung der Milchqualität ......................................................... 21 1.5 Besonderheit von lokalen Rinderrassen ................................................................................................ 22 Ziele der Arbeit .......................................................................................................................................... 23 Referenzen ................................................................................................................................................... 25 KAPITEL 2 ................................................................................................................................................ 32 BULK MILK QUALITY AS AFFECTED BY CATTLE BREED COMPOSITION OF THE HERD IN MOUNTAIN AREA ................................................................................................................................... 32 References ................................................................................................................................................... 43 KAPITEL 3 ................................................................................................................................................ 56 QUALITY PROFILE OF SINGLE-BREED ALPINE GREY AND PINZGAUER BULK MILK ........... 56 References ................................................................................................................................................... 65 KAPITEL 4 ................................................................................................................................................ 75 MILK YIELD AND QUALITY OF ORIGINAL BROWN CATTLE FARMED IN ITALIAN ALPINE REGION ...................................................................................................................................................... 75 References ................................................................................................................................................... 90 4 KAPITEL 5 .............................................................................................................................................. 108 A COMPARISON OF ANIMAL-RELATED FIGURES IN MILK AND MEAT PRODUCTION AND ECONOMIC REVENUES FROM MILK AND ANIMAL SALES OF FIVE CATTLE BREEDS REARED IN ALPS REGION ................................................................................................................... 108 References ................................................................................................................................................. 125 KAPITEL 6 .............................................................................................................................................. 138 6.1 Bulk milk quality as affected by cattle breed composition of the herd in mountain area ................... 139 6.2 Factors affecting bulk milk composition, somatic cell score, coagulation ability and mineral content of dual-purpose Alpine Grey and Pinzgauer cattle ........................................................................................ 140 6.3 Milk yield and quality of Original Brown cattle farmed in Italian alpine region ................................ 141 6.4 A comparison of animal-related figures in milk and meat production and economic revenues from milk and animal sales of five cattle breeds reared in Alps region ............................................................. 143 Referenzen ................................................................................................................................................. 144 Schlussfolgerungen der Arbeit ............................................................................................................... 149 ERKLÄRUNG ......................................................................................................................................... 151 5 TABELLENVERZEICHNIS KAPITEL 2 Table 1. Frequency (%) of herds according to breed composition in the observed period Table 2. Descriptive statistics of bulk milk samples Table 3. Pearson correlations (P<0.001) between the investigated milk traits Table 4. Least squares means (LSM) and standard errors (SE) of the investigated milk traits for the fixed effect of herd composition Table 5. Contrast estimates between different herd compositions KAPITEL 3 Table 1. Descriptive statistics of bulk milk traits. Table 2. Pearson correlations between milk composition traits, coagulation properties and minerals (P<0.05). Table 3. F-value and significance of fixed effects included in the analysis of variance for bulk milk traits. Table 4. Least squares means of bulk milk traits for the fixed effect of breed. Table 5. Least squares means of bulk milk traits for the interaction between breed and seasons of sampling. KAPITEL 4 Table 1. Descriptive statistics of milk yield, composition, somatic cell score, coagulation properties, casein fractions, minerals and fatty acid (FA) composition of Original Brown cows. Table 2. Pearson correlations between milk yield (kg/d), composition traits, coagulation parameters, casein fractions (% crude protein), and minerals (mg/kg) 6 Table 3. Pearson correlations between individual and groups of milk fatty acids (g/100 g total FA) with milk yield, composition traits, coagulation parameters, casein fractions (% crude protein), and minerals (mg/kg) Table 4. Least squares means of milk yield, composition, somatic cell score, coagulation properties, casein fractions, minerals and fatty acid (FA) composition across parities. KAPITEL 5 Table 1. Least square means of production traits for dairy cattle breeds. Different superscript letters within row indicate statistical significance (p< .05). Table 2. Least square means for economic traits between cattle breeds. Different superscript letters within row indicate statistical significance (p< .05). Table 3. Contrast estimates between different breeds with standard error (SE) and p-value set at different significance level. 7 ABBILDUNGSVERZEICHNIS KAPITEL 2 Figure 1. Frequency of single-breed (solid bar) and multi-breed herds (striped bar) according to different average herd size in (a) 2014 and (b) 2018 KAPITEL 4 Figure 1. Distribution of the 23 farms involved in the study in the province of Bolzano. Figure 2. Distribution of calvings of primiparous (dashed bar, n = 154) and multiparous (solid bar, n = 366) cows across calving seasons. Figure 3. Least squares means of (a) fat, protein and casein content, and (b) lactose content and somatic cell score (SCS) throughout lactation. Figure 4. Least squares means of (a) rennet coagulation time (RCT), curd firmness 30 min after enzyme addition to milk (a30) and curd-firming time (k20), and (b) α-casein, β-casein and κ-casein fractions throughout lactation. Figure 5. Least squares means of milk (a) Ca, K and P, and (b) Mg and Na throughout lactation. Figure 6. Least squares means
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