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Local Cattle Breeds in Europe Development of Policies and Strategies for Self-Sustaining Breeds

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Local cattle breeds in Europe Development of policies and strategies for self-sustaining breeds edited by: Sipke Joost Hiemstra Yvett e de Haas Asko Mäki-Tanila Gustavo Gandini Local cattle breeds in Europe Local cattle breeds in Europe Development of policies and strategies for self-sustaining breeds edited by: Sipke Joost Hiemstra Centre for Genetic Resources, the Netherlands (CGN), Wageningen University and Research Centre, Lelystad, the Netherlands Yvette de Haas Centre for Genetic Resources, the Netherlands (CGN), Wageningen University and Research Centre, Lelystad, the Netherlands Asko Mäki-Tanila MTT Agrifood Research, Joikonen, Finland Gustavo Gandini Department VSA, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy Wageningen Academic P u b l i s h e r s This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned. Nothing ISBN: 978-90-8686-144-6 from this publication may be translated, e-ISBN: 978-90-8686-697-7 reproduced, stored in a computerised DOI: 10.3921/978-90-8686-697-7 system or published in any form or in any manner, including electronic, mechanical, reprographic or photographic, without prior Photos cover: written permission from the publisher: CGN and INIA Wageningen Academic Publishers P.O. Box 220 Photos breedcases: 6700 AE Wageningen Veeteelt The Netherlands Kerry Cattle Society www.WageningenAcademic.com MTT EURECA Consortium Partners The individual contributions in this publication and any liabilities arising from them remain the responsibility of the First published, 2010 authors. The publisher is not responsible for possible © Wageningen Academic Publishers damages, which could be a result of content The Netherlands, 2010 derived from this publication. Table of contents List of breed cases 11 Acknowledgements 12 Contributors 13 Contributions from EURECA Consortium and EURECA Experts 13 Contributions from farmers, stakeholders and National Coordinators 15 Chapter 1 Introduction 16 Sipke Joost Hiemstra 1.1 Why conserve local breeds? 18 1.2 Towards better strategies for the management of local cattle breeds 19 1.3 The EURECA approach 19 1.4 This publication 20 References 21 Chapter 2 Trends in cattle diversity and cattle production in Europe: from popular to niche 22 Katriina Soini and Yvette de Haas 2.1 Introduction 24 2.2 Interest in breeds and breeding increases 25 2.3 Local breeds in and between the wars 28 2.4 Modernisation of agricultural production 29 2.5 Extending food markets 30 2.6 Decline of local cattle breeds 31 2.7 New policy turns 32 2.8 21st century: new opportunities for local breeds? 33 2.9 Conclusions 36 References 38 Local cattle breeds in Europe 7 Chapter 3 State of local cattle breeds in Europe 40 Delphine Duclos and Sipke Joost Hiemstra 3.1 Introduction 42 3.2 Europe-wide local cattle breed survey among National Coordinators 44 3.3 Conclusions 55 References 55 Chapter 4 Viewing differences and similarities across local cattle farming in Europe 58 Gustavo Gandini, Clara Díaz, Katriina Soini, Taina Lilja and Daniel Martín-Collado 4.1 Introduction 60 4.2 Detecting factors affecting sustainability of local breed farming 61 4.3 Identification of the farmer types keeping local cattle breeds 68 4.4 Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats affecting cattle diversity 73 4.5 Conclusions 77 References 77 Chapter 5 Role and state of cryopreservation in local cattle breeds 78 Flavia Pizzi, Delphine Duclos, Henri Woelders and Asko Mäki-Tanila 5.1 Organisational aspects of cryopreservation programmes 80 5.2 Sampling strategies 82 5.3 Operations of cryopreservation programmes 87 5.4 Factors affecting cryopreservation programmes 89 5.5 Conclusions 95 References 95 8 Local cattle breeds in Europe Chapter 6 Assessment and management of genetic variation 98 Asko Mäki-Tanila, Jesus Fernandez, Miguel Toro and Theo Meuwissen 6.1 Cattle breed diversity 100 6.2 Importance of genetic variation 101 6.3 Describing the state of variation 102 6.4 Acceptable levels for Ne (∆F) 107 6.5 Estimation of Ne (∆F) 108 6.6 Management of genetic variation 112 6.7 Conclusions 116 References 117 Chapter 7 Decision-making tools for the development of breed strategies 120 Daniel Martín-Collado, Gustavo Gandini, Yvette de Haas and Clara Díaz 7.1 Introduction 122 7.2 The SWOT analysis: a decision-making tool 124 7.3 The use of SWOT analysis for the development of conservation strategies 127 7.4 Definition of the local cattle production system 127 7.5 Identification of driving factors: strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats 129 7.6 Identification and prioritisation of strategies for development and conservation purposes 131 7.7 Conclusions 139 References 139 Local cattle breeds in Europe 9 Chapter 8 Recommendations for the management of local cattle breeds in Europe 142 Sipke Joost Hiemstra, Asko Mäki-Tanila and Gustavo Gandini EURECA objectives 144 8.1 Policies and strategies for local cattle breeds anticipating livestock sector dynamics 144 8.2 Monitoring the state of local cattle breeds in Europe 145 8.3 Who is keeping local cattle breeds? 145 8.4 Use of decision-making tools for the development of individual breed strategies 146 8.5 Common policies and strategies 147 8.6 Management of genetic variation within local cattle breeds 147 8.7 Breeding programmes for maintaining/improving the performance 148 8.8 Cryopreserved gene banks 148 8.9 Self-sustaining breeds and sustainable local cattle farming 149 8.10 The final question: Did our research contribute to making breeds self-sustaining? What did we learn from the EURECA project? 150 Keyword index 151 10 Local cattle breeds in Europe List of breed cases Lãnsisuomenkarja, Lsk – Western Finncattle 27 Brandrode Rund – Deep Red Cattle 35 Ferrandaise 46 Polska Czerwona – Polish Red 53 Modenese 57 Kerry Cattle 63 Reggiana 70 Blanc Bleu Mixte – Dual-Purpose Belgian Blue 83 Groninger Blaarkop – Groningen White Headed 92 Villard de Lans 97 Itäsuomenkarja, kyyttö – Eastern Finncattle 103 Alistana-Sanabresa 111 Avileña-Negra Ibérica – Avilena Negra Iberica 126 La Pie Rouge de Type Mixte – Dual-Purpose Red and White 133 Maas Rijn IJssel – Meuse-Rhine-Yssel 141 Local cattle breeds in Europe 11 Acknowledgements This book is the result of Action EURECA 012 AGRI GEN RES 870/2004 (EURECA). The EURECA project ‘Towards self-sustainability of EUropean, REgional, CAttle breeds’ was undertaken by a Consortium of 10 European partners (10 countries) between 2007 and 2010. The Consortium investigated different factors affecting the sustainability of local breed farming. Through the exchange of experiences and research outcomes across countries, and through interaction with a variety of stakeholders, the Consortium aimed to contribute to the conservation of local cattle breeds in Europe. The EURECA project received financial support from the European Commission, Directorate- General for Agriculture and Rural Development, under Council Regulation (EC) No 870/2004. The financial support from the EC served as co-funding for the national funding sources of the project. Therefore, the Consortium partners are particularly grateful to the national funding agencies for their important role in supporting the strengthening of conservation policies and strategies for local cattle breeds across Europe, and – last but not least – to the farmers, stakeholders and experts who contributed voluntarily to the project with data and opinions on the topic of the EURECA project. 12 Local cattle breeds in Europe Contributors A great many people contributed to this publication. Although this book was written by a limited few, the assistance of many individuals employed by EURECA Consortium partners and other collaborating experts (listed below) was crucial for the development of the project, for data collection and for analysis of the data. Contributions from EURECA Consortium and EURECA Experts Centre for Genetic Resources, the Netherlands (CGN) Wageningen University and Research Centre, Lelystad, the Netherlands (EURECA coordinator) • Sipke Joost Hiemstra • Yvette de Haas • Rita Hoving • Lucia Kaal • Myrthe Maurice-van Eijndhoven • Debbie Bohte-Wilhelmus • Jack Windig • Henri Woelders Institut de l’Elevage, Paris, France (EURECA Consortium partner) • Delphine Duclos • Laurent Avon • Xavier Dornier • Marina Hohl • Lenaig Menuet • André Pflimlin Department VSA, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (EURECA Consortium partner) • Gustavo Gandini • Federica Turri • Michele Musella IBBA CNR, Milan, Italy (EURECA Expert) • Flavia Pizzi Local cattle breeds in Europe 13 Université de Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Unité de Zootechnie Groupe de Génétique et Amélioration animales, Gembloux, Belgium (EURECA Consortium partner) • Nicolas Gengler • Frédéric Colinet • Elodie Bay Association Wallonne de l’Elevage, Recherche et Développement, Ciney, Belgium (EURECA Expert) • Patrick Mayeres MTT Agrifood Research, Finland (EURECA Consortium partner) • Asko Mäki-Tanilla • Katriina Soini • Taina Lilja Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Dpto. Mejora Genética Animal, Madrid, Spain (EURECA Consortium partner) • Clara Diaz • Jesús Fernández • Daniel Martín-Collado • Miguel Toro Institute of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Ås, Norway (EURECA Consortium partner) • Theo Meuwissen National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakow, Poland (EURECA Consortium partner) • Zenon Choroszy Irish Cattle Breeding Federation (ICBF), Cork Bandon, Ireland (EURECA Consortium partner) • Francis Kearney • Brian Wickham Estonian
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  • GLAS SPECIFICATION for GLAS Tranche 2

    GLAS SPECIFICATION for GLAS Tranche 2

    DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOOD AND THE MARINE GLAS SPECIFICATION for GLAS Tranche 2 30th December 2015 Revised 17/9/2020 Eastát Chaisleáin Bhaile Sheáin, Co. Loch Garman, Y35 PN52 Johnstown Castle Estate, Co Wexford, Y35 PN52 T +353 53 9163400; Lo Call 0761 06 4415 www.gov.ie/agriculture Contents: Introduction 4 Abbreviations: 6 Actions: Minimum/ Maximum Units, Completion deadlines and Payment Rate 7 Arable Grass Margins 9 Bat Boxes 11 Bird Boxes 13 Conservation of Solitary Bees (Boxes) 15 Conservation of Solitary Bees (Sand) 17 Conservation of Farmland Birds 18 1. Breeding Wader and Curlew Specification 18 2. Chough 21 3. Corncrake 23 4. Geese and Swans 25 5. Grey Partridge 27 6. Hen Harrier 31 7. Twite (A, B and C) 35 Catch Crops 41 Commonage Management Plan (CMP) & Commonage Farm Plan (CFP) 44 Coppicing of Hedgerows 47 Environmental Management of Fallow Land 49 Farmland Habitat (Private Natura) 51 Laying of Hedgerows 53 Low Emission Slurry Spreading 55 Low Input Permanent Pasture 57 Minimum Tillage 60 Planting a Grove of Native Trees 61 Planting New Hedgerow 63 Protection and Maintenance of Archaeological Monuments 65 Protection of Watercourses from Bovines 69 Rare Breeds 72 Riparian Margins 75 Traditional Dry Stone Wall Maintenance 77 2 Traditional Hay Meadow 79 Traditional Orchards 81 Wild Bird Cover 83 Appendix 1a: Diagram for spiral out mowing for Corncrake Meadows 86 Appendix 1b: Grey Partridge eligible land areas 87 Appendix 1c: Twite eligible land areas. 88 Appendix 2: Interaction between Organic Farming Scheme (OFS) and GLAS 89 Appendix 3: Approved Native Hedgerow Species 90 Appendix 4: Native Irish trees for Planting a Grove of Native Trees 91 Appendix 5: Example Provenance Declaration Form for Planting of a Grove of Native Trees 93 Appendix 6: Campaign for Responsible Rodenticide Use Code (CRRU) 95 Appendix 8: Example of Bird box dimensions 97 Appendix 9: Example of Bee box dimensions 98 Appendix 11: Rare Breed Societies 100 Appendix 12: Activities Requiring Consent (ARC) List 102 Appendix 13: Information note for certain Natura site types.