Chapter 24: Reproduction in Plants Computer Test Bank Essarily Those of the Hybrid
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A Multigenotype Maize Silk Expression Atlas Reveals How Exposureâ
Genetics, Development and Cell Biology Publications Genetics, Development and Cell Biology 2020 A multigenotype maize silk expression atlas reveals how exposure‐related stresses are mitigated following emergence from husk leaves Colton McNinch Iowa State University Keting Chen Iowa State University, [email protected] Tesia Dennison Iowa State University Miriam Lopez U.S. Department of Agriculture Marna D. Yandeau-Nelson Iowa State University, [email protected] See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/gdcb_las_pubs Part of the Agronomy and Crop Sciences Commons, Cell and Developmental Biology Commons, and the Plant Breeding and Genetics Commons The complete bibliographic information for this item can be found at https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ gdcb_las_pubs/263. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/howtocite.html. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Genetics, Development and Cell Biology at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Genetics, Development and Cell Biology Publications by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A multigenotype maize silk expression atlas reveals how exposure‐related stresses are mitigated following emergence from husk leaves Abstract The extraordinarily long stigmatic silks of corn (Zea mays L.) are critical for grain production but the biology of their growth and emergence from husk leaves has remained underexplored. Accordingly, gene expression was assayed for inbreds ‘B73’ and ‘Mo17’ across five contiguous silk sections. Half of the maize genes (∼20,000) are expressed in silks, mostly in spatiotemporally dynamic patterns. -
Fungal Pathogens of Maize Gaining Free Passage Along the Silk Road
pathogens Review Fungal Pathogens of Maize Gaining Free Passage Along the Silk Road Michelle E. H. Thompson and Manish N. Raizada * Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-519-824-4120 (ext. 53396) Received: 19 August 2018; Accepted: 6 October 2018; Published: 11 October 2018 Abstract: Silks are the long threads at the tips of maize ears onto which pollen land and sperm nuclei travel long distances to fertilize egg cells, giving rise to embryos and seeds; however fungal pathogens also use this route to invade developing grain, causing damaging ear rots with dangerous mycotoxins. This review highlights the importance of silks as the direct highways by which globally important fungal pathogens enter maize kernels. First, the most important silk-entering fungal pathogens in maize are reviewed, including Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium verticillioides, and Aspergillus flavus, and their mycotoxins. Next, we compare the different modes used by each fungal pathogen to invade the silks, including susceptible time intervals and the effects of pollination. Innate silk defences and current strategies to protect silks from ear rot pathogens are reviewed, and future protective strategies and silk-based research are proposed. There is a particular gap in knowledge of how to improve silk health and defences around the time of pollination, and a need for protective silk sprays or other technologies. It is hoped that this review will stimulate innovations in breeding, inputs, and techniques to help growers protect silks, which are expected to become more vulnerable to pathogens due to climate change. -
The Ferns and Their Relatives (Lycophytes)
N M D R maidenhair fern Adiantum pedatum sensitive fern Onoclea sensibilis N D N N D D Christmas fern Polystichum acrostichoides bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum N D P P rattlesnake fern (top) Botrychium virginianum ebony spleenwort Asplenium platyneuron walking fern Asplenium rhizophyllum bronze grapefern (bottom) B. dissectum v. obliquum N N D D N N N R D D broad beech fern Phegopteris hexagonoptera royal fern Osmunda regalis N D N D common woodsia Woodsia obtusa scouring rush Equisetum hyemale adder’s tongue fern Ophioglossum vulgatum P P P P N D M R spinulose wood fern (left & inset) Dryopteris carthusiana marginal shield fern (right & inset) Dryopteris marginalis narrow-leaved glade fern Diplazium pycnocarpon M R N N D D purple cliff brake Pellaea atropurpurea shining fir moss Huperzia lucidula cinnamon fern Osmunda cinnamomea M R N M D R Appalachian filmy fern Trichomanes boschianum rock polypody Polypodium virginianum T N J D eastern marsh fern Thelypteris palustris silvery glade fern Deparia acrostichoides southern running pine Diphasiastrum digitatum T N J D T T black-footed quillwort Isoëtes melanopoda J Mexican mosquito fern Azolla mexicana J M R N N P P D D northern lady fern Athyrium felix-femina slender lip fern Cheilanthes feei net-veined chain fern Woodwardia areolata meadow spike moss Selaginella apoda water clover Marsilea quadrifolia Polypodiaceae Polypodium virginanum Dryopteris carthusiana he ferns and their relatives (lycophytes) living today give us a is tree shows a current concept of the Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris marginalis is poster made possible by: { Polystichum acrostichoides T evolutionary relationships among Onocleaceae Onoclea sensibilis glimpse of what the earth’s vegetation looked like hundreds of Blechnaceae Woodwardia areolata Illinois fern ( green ) and lycophyte Thelypteridaceae Phegopteris hexagonoptera millions of years ago when they were the dominant plants. -
Vegetative Reproduction of Trifolium Stoloniferum Stolons
Vegetative Reproduction of Trifolium stoloniferum Stolons Author: Penny Sparks Project Advisor: David Barker Trifolium stoloniferum (Running Buffalo Clover) is a stoloniferous, perennial legume that is native to Southern Ohio, KY, WV, and IN. It is a federal endangered species. Little is known about its reproductive and growth rates both in the greenhouse as well as in its natural habitat. Plants in the greenhouse produced long stolons but it was not known if these could be used to propagate new plants. The objectives of this research was to determine i) if T. stoloniferum stolons could be clipped and grown to form a daughter plant and ii) to determine if stolon size affected shoot or root production. Plants were grown from germplasm from the USDA-GRIN collection. Accession 631732 of T. stoloniferum was selected and stolons were randomly cut from mature plants in 1, 3, and 8 node pieces. These stolon pieces were planted in soil-less media 5 cm deep in the Kottman Greenhouse and grown for two weeks in full sun with watering as needed and no added fertilizer. At the end of the study, nodes were examined for new shoot and root growth and the amounts were recorded. All three node sizes had a similar success rate of new overall growth, with 90% of nodes producing shoots or roots. The 1- and 3-node stolon pieces had 2.20 and 1.85 shoots per node respectively and 2.50 and 1.61 shoots per node respectively. The 8-node stolon pieces had the majority of their shoot and root growth on the terminal end of the stolon piece. -
Mosses and Ferns
Mosses and Ferns • How did they evolve from Protists? Moss and Fern Life Cycles Group 1: Seedless, Nonvascular Plants • Live in moist environments to reproduce • Grow low to ground to retain moisture (nonvascular) • Lack true leaves • Common pioneer species during succession • Gametophyte most common (dominant) • Ex: Mosses, liverworts, hornworts Moss Life Cycle 1)Moss 2) Through water, 3) Diploid sporophyte 4) Sporophyte will gametophytes sperm from the male will grow from zygote create and release grow near the gametophyte will haploid spores ground swim to the female (haploid stage) gametophyte to create a diploid zygote Diploid sporophyte . zygo egg zygo te egg te zygo zygo egg egg te te male male female female female male female male Haploid gametophytes 5) Haploid 6) The process spores land repeats and grow into new . gametophytes . Haploid gametophytesground . sporophyte . zygo egg zygo te egg te zygo zygo egg egg te te male male female female female male female male Haploid gametophytes • Vascular system allows Group 2: Seedless, – Taller growth – Nutrient transportation Vascular Plants • Live in moist environments – swimming sperm • Gametophyte stage – Male gametophyte: makes sperm – Female gametophyte: makes eggs – Sperm swims to fertilize eggs • Sporophyte stage – Spores released into air – Spores land and grow into gametophyte • Ex: Ferns, Club mosses, Horsetails Fern Life Cycle 1) Sporophyte creates and releases haploid spores Adult Sporophyte . ground 2) Haploid spores land in the soil . ground 3) From the haploid spores, gametophyte grows in the soil Let’s zoom in Fern gametophytes are called a prothallus ground 4) Sperm swim through water from the male parts (antheridium) to the female parts (archegonia)…zygote created Let’s zoom back out zygo zygo egg egg te te zygo egg te 5) Diploid sporophyte grows from the zygote sporophyte Fern gametophytes are called a prothallus ground 6) Fiddle head uncurls….fronds open up 7) Cycle repeats -- Haploid spores created and released . -
Plant Reproduction
AccessScience from McGraw-Hill Education Page 1 of 10 www.accessscience.com Plant reproduction Contributed by: Scott D. Russell Publication year: 2014 The formation of a new plant that is either an exact copy or recombination of the genetic makeup of its parents. There are three types of plant reproduction considered here: (1) vegetative reproduction, in which a vegetative organ forms a clone of the parent; (2) asexual reproduction, in which reproductive components undergo a nonsexual form of production of offspring without genetic rearrangement, also known as apomixis; and (3) sexual reproduction, in which meiosis (reduction division) leads to formation of male and female gametes that combine through syngamy (union of gametes) to produce offspring. See also: PLANT; PLANT PHYSIOLOGY. Vegetative reproduction Unlike animals, plants may be readily stimulated to produce identical copies of themselves through cloning. In animals, only a few cells, which are regarded as stem cells, are capable of generating cell lineages, organs, or new organisms. In contrast, plants generate or produce stem cells from many plant cells of the root, stem, or leaf that are not part of an obvious generative lineage—a characteristic that has been known as totipotency, or the general ability of a single cell to regenerate a whole new plant. This ability to establish new plants from one or more cells is the foundation of plant biotechnology. In biotechnology, a single cell may be used to regenerate new organisms that may or may not genetically differ from the original organism. If it is identical to the parent, it is a clone; however, if this plant has been altered through molecular biology, it is known as a genetically modified organism (GMO). -
Cornsilk As an Alternate Functional Ingredient Wan Rosli Wan Ishak & Nurhanan Abdul Rahman
13 Cornsilk as an Alternate Functional Ingredient Wan Rosli Wan Ishak & Nurhanan Abdul Rahman INTRODUCTION Corn trees have been cultivated about 5000 years ago and it is known to be derived from a wild grass native to Mexico and Central America (Dermastia et al., 2009). The name ‘Zea’ comes from the Greek word which means cereal or grain and the word ‘mays’ is adopted from a Spanish voyager named Columbus, who collected the grain and brought it over to Europe from America (Desjardins & McCarthy, 2004; Eckhoff et al., 2009). Since its domestication, corn plant spreads rapidly around the world in the 15th century, mainly in the temperate regions (Eckoff et al., 2009). Corn is introduced into Mediterranean and South East Asia region in the 16th century by the Portuguese (Desjardin & McCarty, 2004). Corn tree is about 5 to 7 feet tall having long and green leaves attached to its stalk. It requires a warm weather climate, nutrient rich soil and abundant moisture for growth. Corn plant is monoecious which means both male and female flowers develop on the same plant. Its male flower or sometimes referred to as tassel is located on top of the plant while the female flower developed from shoots and arises from between the stalk and leaf sheath. Female inflorescence also refers as an ‘ear’. Normally, two to three shoots are found within one stalk of the corn plant. Male inflorescences are seen on top of a corn plant and are actively involved in pollination. During germination, the male pollen fertilises a young ovule which later grows into an embryonic plant. -
Bazzania Gray (Lepidoziaceae, Marchantiophyta) in Central Java, Indonesia
BIODIVERSITAS ISSN: 1412-033X Volume 19, Number 3, May 2018 E-ISSN: 2085-4722 Pages: 875-887 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d190316 Bazzania Gray (Lepidoziaceae, Marchantiophyta) in Central Java, Indonesia LILIH KHOTIMPERWATI1.2,♥, RINA SRI KASIAMDARI2,♥♥, SANTOSA2, BUDI SETIADI DARYONO2 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Universitas Diponegoro. Jl. Prof. Soedharto, Tembalang, Semarang 50275, Central Java, Indonesia. Tel./fax.: +62-024-76480923, ♥email: [email protected] 2Department of Tropical Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada. Jl. Teknika Selatan, Sekip Utara, Sleman 55281, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Tel./fax.: +62-274-546860, ♥♥email: [email protected] Manuscript received: 20 February 2018. Revision accepted: 21 April 2018. Abstract. Khotimperwati L, Kasiamdari RS, Santosa, Daryono BS. 2018. Bazzania Gray (Lepidoziaceae, Marchantiophyta) in Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 875-887. Bazzania has the largest species of the family Lepidoziaceae (Marchantiophyta). This genus is abundant in the moist montane forest. Diversity of Bazzania in Java insufficiently reported, especially publications about its diversity in Central Java have never been reported. Therefore this study aimed to explore the diversity of Bazzania in Central Java. Studies of the Bazzania were based on the specimens collected from three mountains in Central Java, i.e. Mt. Lawu, Mt. Ungaran and Mt. Slamet. The observation in the laboratory was done based on the morphological and anatomical feature of the stem, lateral leaf, underleaves (amphigastria) and microphyll. Identification of the species used the existing literature that contains key identification, description or illustration of the Bazzania. Eleven species of Bazzania were identified from Central Java, namely Bazzania calcarata, B. japonica, B. -
Reproductive Morphology
Week 3; Wednesday Announcements: 1st lab quiz TODAY Reproductive Morphology Reproductive morphology - any portion of a plant that is involved with or a direct product of sexual reproduction Example: cones, flowers, fruits, seeds, etc. Basic Plant Life cycle Our view of the importance of gametes in the life cycle is shaped by the animal life cycle in which meiosis (the cell division creating haploid daughter cells with only one set of chromosomes) gives rise directly to sperm and eggs which are one celled and do not live independently. Fertilization (or the fusion of gametes – sperm and egg) occurs inside the animal to recreate the diploid organism (2 sets of chromosomes). Therefore, this life cycle is dominated by the diploid generation. This is NOT necessarily the case among plants! Generalized life cycle -overhead- - alternation of generations – In plants, spores are the result of meiosis. These may grow into a multicellular, independent organism (gametophyte – “gamete-bearer”), which eventually produces sperm and eggs (gametes). These fuse (fertilization) and a zygote is formed which grows into what is known as a sporophyte - “spore-bearer”. (In seed plants, pollination must occur before fertilization! ) This sporophyte produces structures called sporangia in which meiosis occurs and the spores are released. Spores (the product of meiosis) are the first cell of the gametophyte generation. Distinguish Pollination from Fertilization and Spore from Gamete Pollination – the act of transferring pollen from anther or male cone to stigma or female cone; restricted to seed plants. Fertilization – the act of fusion between sperm and egg – must follow pollination in seed plants; fertilization occurs in all sexually reproducing organisms. -
9 Asexual Reproduction and Cloning in Plants
Self-assessment questions 9.01 9 Asexual reproduction and cloning in plants 1 In natural vegetative propagation, which of the following structures are most likely to give rise to new individuals: (a) stems, (b) roots, (c) buds, (d) leaves, (e) flowers? 2 The drawing shows a plant which reproduces vegetatively. (a) What will need to happen before shoots A - C become independent plants? (b) How might a gardener assist this process? (c) What name is given to the horizontal stem in this kind of propagation? (d) Name a commercially grown fruit whose plants are propagated in this way A B C 3 Before stem cuttings are planted, the cut end of the stem is often dipped in a hormone powder. What is the point of this? 4 The following are thought to be some of the advantages of either vegetative reproduction or sexual reproduction: produces greater variety in the offspring, good at colonising new areas, reduces competition from other species, maintains desirable qualities in the offspring, good at colonising favourable areas Make a table with these qualities under the headings of 'Sexual reproduction' and 'Vegetative reproduction'. 5 If a gardener wanted to propagate a useful variety of apple tree in a way which maintained all its desirable qualities, which of the following techniques would be used: (a) planting stem cuttings in potting compost (b) grafting stem cuttings onto a rootstock (c) grafting buds on to a root stock (d) growing the seeds produced from the useful variety (e) cross-pollinating the variety with another good variety and growing -
Garden STEM at Home Plant Cuttings: Super Rooters
Garden STEM at Home Plant Cuttings: Super Rooters WE GROW MINDS, TOO. PLANT CUTTINGS: SUPER ROOTERS OBJECTIVE: STUDENTS WILL LEARN ONE METHOD OF PROPAGATION - USING STEM CUTTINGS. BACKGROUND Propagation is any method or process that grows new plants from a variety of sources, including seeds, cuttings and other plant parts. Seeds are typically produced as a result of sexual reproduction. As a result, the genetic makeup of the resulting seed is a recombination of the contributing plants. Cuttings, though, are a method of vegetative reproduction. This means the new plants are a clone of the single parent that contributed the cutting. INSTRUCTIONS 1. Not all plants can be rooted in water after taking a cutting. Choose from some of the best: pothos, begonia, coleus, impatiens, African violet, creeping fig or ivy. Marigolds will also work, but not as easily (so if you choose them, try a second variety at the same time!). 2. Take a cutting, using a clean pair of scissors, knife or gardening shears, from a mature plant stem or vine. 3. Remove any lower leaves along the portion that will be submerged. 4. Place in a vase of fresh water and locate in a sunny spot. 5. Refresh water every few days. 6. As soon as roots form, you’ll be able to place in fresh potting soil. Water well until established and then water as normal. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES KidsGardening.org Make New Plants and Keep the Old Activity: https://kidsgardening.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Make-New-Plants-and-Keep-the-Old.pdf Gardenista: Houseplants 101 https://www.gardenista.com/posts/houseplants-101-how-to-propagate-cuttings-roots-leaves/ The Sill: Plant Propagation for Beginners: https://www.thesill.com/blogs/diy/plant-propagation-for-beginners Propagating Plants: How to Create New Plants for Free by Alan Toogood; ISBN: 1465480129 II WWW.DALLASARBORETUM.ORG. -
Biol 211 (2) Chapter 31 October 9Th Lecture
S.I. Biol 211 Biology 211 (2) Week 7! Chapter 31! ! VOCABULARY! Practice: http://www.superteachertools.us/speedmatch/speedmatch.php? gamefile=4106#.VhqUYGRVhBc ! Alternation of Angiosperm: A Antheridia: The Archegonia: The generations: A life cycle flowering vascular sperm producing egg-producing involving alternation of a plant that produces structure in most structure in most multicellular haploid seed within mature land plants except land plants except ovaries (fruits). The angiosperms angiosperms stage (gametophyte) with angiosperms form a a multicellular diploid single lineage stage (sporophyte). Occurs in most plants and some protists. Artificial selection: Bisexual Carpel: The female Diploid: Having two Deliberate manipulation gametophyte: One reproductive organ sets of by humans, as in animal gametophyte that in a flower, chromosomes (2n) and plant breeding, of produces both eggs contains the ovary, the genetic composition and sperm which contains of a population by ovules, which allowing only individuals contain the with desirable traits to megasporangia reproduce Double fertilization: An Endosperm: A Fruit: In Gametangia: The unusual form of triploid (3n) tissue angiosperms, a gamete-forming reproduction seen in in the seed of a mature, ripened structure found in flowering plants, in which flowering plant plant ovary, along all land plants one sperm cell fuses with an (angiosperm) that with the seeds it except angiosperms. egg to form a zygote and the serves as food for contains and Contains an other sperm cell fuses with two polar nuclei to form the the plant embryo. adjacent fused antheridium and triploid endosperm Functionally parts, often archegonium. analogous to the functions in seed yolk of an egg dispersal Gametophyte: In Gymnosperm: A Haploid: Having Heterospory: In organisms undergoing vascular plant that one set of seed plants, the alternation of makes seeds but chromosomes production of two generations, the does not produce distinct types of multicellular haploid form flowers.