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Cornsilk As an Alternate Functional Ingredient Wan Rosli Wan Ishak & Nurhanan Abdul Rahman

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Cornsilk As an Alternate Functional Ingredient Wan Rosli Wan Ishak & Nurhanan Abdul Rahman 13 Cornsilk as an Alternate Functional Ingredient Wan Rosli Wan Ishak & Nurhanan Abdul Rahman INTRODUCTION Corn trees have been cultivated about 5000 years ago and it is known to be derived from a wild grass native to Mexico and Central America (Dermastia et al., 2009). The name ‘Zea’ comes from the Greek word which means cereal or grain and the word ‘mays’ is adopted from a Spanish voyager named Columbus, who collected the grain and brought it over to Europe from America (Desjardins & McCarthy, 2004; Eckhoff et al., 2009). Since its domestication, corn plant spreads rapidly around the world in the 15th century, mainly in the temperate regions (Eckoff et al., 2009). Corn is introduced into Mediterranean and South East Asia region in the 16th century by the Portuguese (Desjardin & McCarty, 2004). Corn tree is about 5 to 7 feet tall having long and green leaves attached to its stalk. It requires a warm weather climate, nutrient rich soil and abundant moisture for growth. Corn plant is monoecious which means both male and female flowers develop on the same plant. Its male flower or sometimes referred to as tassel is located on top of the plant while the female flower developed from shoots and arises from between the stalk and leaf sheath. Female inflorescence also refers as an ‘ear’. Normally, two to three shoots are found within one stalk of the corn plant. Male inflorescences are seen on top of a corn plant and are actively involved in pollination. During germination, the male pollen fertilises a young ovule which later grows into an embryonic plant. Grain filling is usually occurring within 55 days after pollination until maturity (Nuss & Tanumihardjo, Functional Foods: Wonder of the World 2010). Corn fruits can be harvested between 100 and 140 days of planting during the moisture content of corn kernels reaches approximately 70-80% (Almeida et al., 2005). At this stage, the corn kernels are fully ripened and lining the whole cob could be in different sizes, depending on its varieties. The silks start to elongate from an ovule towards the tip of husk and this development occurs in 14 days. Within 3-5 days after emergence of silks from its husk at about 3.8 cm length, the silks are receptive to pollen grains. Majority of successful fertilisations of ovule occur at this early silk emergence that is within 10 days. The elongation of silks, however, starts to decrease over the next several days due to the senescence of silk tissue. However, one or two ear shoots may not be successfully pollinated thus unable to develop into a mature corn fruit. Unlike mature corn, these young corns do not produce corn kernel, instead consumed as a vegetable. These young corns are usually harvested 45 days after planting, while mature corn is harvested after 65-75 days of planting. Young corn ear grows as an unfertilised ovule. It is one of the popular Asian vegetable dishes or sometimes consumed as a pickle. In Malaysia, the new corn cultivar is grown in several parts of the country. A corn plant usually produces an average of four units of young corn ears. Unfortunately, the production of this vegetable is still insufficient to meet consumers demand. In term of nutritional value, young corn contains 90.1% moisture (fresh weight basis), 0.51% crude lipid, 0.26% protein, 0.44% ash and 30.4% total dietary fibre. Fructose and sucrose compositions are 5.30% and 5.40% respectively. However, the utilisation of young corn has expanded recently since a study has been conducted to include it as part of the ingredients in biscuit making. In that particular study, young corn ear was made into powder form and substituted with flour at 0-30% (Wan Rosli & Che Anis, 2012). Zea mays hairs or commonly known as cornsilk is a bundle of silky, long and yellowish strands which can be seen on top of corn fruit. The silks function as stigmas of a female flower, whereby every single strand of the silk is attached to the kernel (ovule) (Dermastia et al., 2009). As the fruit develops, silk elongates beyond the corn cob covering the edible part. The outermost layer part which is the green husk sheath protects the whole fruit. A typical cornsilk is 15-17 cm in length and functions as the stigma of a female corn fruit (Tao et al., 2006). The silk expression is regulated by 268 Cornsilk as an Alternate Functional Ingredient a cornsilk-specific gene known as zmgrp5 Zea( mays glycine-rich protein 5). This protein plays an important role in maintaining the silk structure during development (Tao et al., 2006). Moreover, environmental conditions and accumulation of the female fruit biomass during its development also have a great influence on the silking progress (Lemcoff & Loomis, 1994). On average, a young corn may produce about 40% of silks during its development. By referring to the production of young corn in Thailand for the year 2004, the country could produce nearly 70,000 tonnes of cornsilks which are considered as a large amount of by-product. Historically, cornsilk infusion is used as a therapeutic remedy. These ailments include inflammation of urinary bladder and prostate and treatment for irritation of urinary system. To date, numerous commercially viable traditional products prepared from cornsilk are available (El-Ghorab et al., 2007). In other therapeutic applications, Li et al. (2004) reported that infusion of cornsilk could help in elevating prostate problems, bed- wetting, carpel tunnel syndrome, oedema and obesity. It is also used to lessen the effect of premenstrual syndrome and to promote general relaxation. Cornsilk is also reported to be useful for treating urinary tract infections and cystitis. It is thought to be helpful in polyurea and other urinary problems associated with irritation of the bladder and urethral walls including prostate disorders. It is also reported to soothe and to relax the lining of the urinary tubules and bladder, thus relieving irritation and improving urine excretion (Steenkamp, 2003). Cornsilk contains various nutrients and phytochemicals including proteins, vitamins, alkaloids, tannins and mineral salts, carbohydrates, steroids and flavonoids as well as other volatile chemicals (Kwag, 1999). Biological activities of cornsilk constituents are well reported in the literature. These includes antibiotic activity towards corn earworm by a flavone glycoside such as maysin (Maksimovic & Kovacevic, 2003), attractant activity towards corn earworm Guevara et al. (2000), inhibition of IgE formation by glycoproteins (Tsuneo et al., 1993), immune enhancement by nonstarch polysaccharides and anticoagulant activity by neutral sugar or amino sugar derivatives (Abdel-Wahab et al., 2002). A biological study involving purification and characterisation of anticoagulant from cornsilk have also been reported (Choi & Choi, 2004). The result showed that cornsilk was used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia which affects glomerular function and potassium urinary excretion (Velazquez et al., 269 Functional Foods: Wonder of the World 2005) as well as the volatiles derived from cornsilk inhibited cultures of Aspergillus flavus (Zeringue, 2000). Other than these reported biological activities, the cornsilk from some corn species are consumed as tea and powdered as food additive and flavouring agents in several regions of the world (Koedam, 1986; Yesilada & Ezer, 1989). This chapter covers food and nutritional components, health benefits and potential applications of cornsilk. FOOD AND NUTRITIONAL COMPONENTS Chemical Composition of Cornsilk Chemical composition of cornsilk is not well documented compared to other parts of corn plant such as corn kernels (Lemcoff & Loomis, 1994; Yoon et al., 2006; Eckhoff et al., 2009; Nuss & Tanumihardjo, 2010) and husk (Hang & Woodams, 1999: 2000; Haraa et al., 2001; Padkho, 2011). However, cornsilk has been reported containing nutritional elements that are essential for human health such as carbohydrate, protein, vitamins, lipids, salts and minerals like calcium, potassium and magnesium (Guo et al., 2009). Besides these properties, cornsilk contains diverse classes of secondary metabolites such as sterols, flavonoids and anthocyanins which have embarked researchers to discover the compositions and benefits of the compounds. As shown in Table 13.1, moisture content of fresh cornsilk accounts for 83.90% while the other extracts record less than 1% moisture. Fresh cornsilk and its ethanolic extracts have minimal amounts of protein (1.13% and 2.57% respectively) while dried cornsilk is the richest source of protein (12.96%) followed by by aqueous extract (8.74%). Cornsilk ethanolic extract records the highest crude fat content compared with the other samples. The ethanolic extract contains 28.63% crude fat and it is significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of aqueous extract. Dried cornsilk and fresh cornsilk samples have 1.27% and 0.13% crude fat respectively. Besides, dried cornsilk has the highest percentage of ash (10.28%) compared with the aqueous and ethanolic extracts which have lower percentage of ash (7.60% and 6.11% respectively). 270 Cornsilk as an Alternate Functional Ingredient Table 13.1 Chemical compositions of cornsilk Cornsilk Moisture Crude lipid Protein Ash content (%) (%) (%) (%) Fresh 83.90 ± 0.13 ± 1.13 ± 0.90 ± 0.37 a 0.02 c 0.01 d 0.03 d Dried <1.00 b 1.27 ± 12.96 ± 10.28 ± 0.16 b 0.26 a 0.13 a Aqueous extract <1.00 b 0.17 ± 8.74 ± 7.09 ± 0.08 c 0.14 b 0.21 b Ethanolic extract <1.00 b 28.63 ± 2.57 ± 6.11 ± 0.96 a 0.68 c 0.13 c a-d Mean values within the same column with different superscript lowercase letters differ significantly (p<0.05). Based on the result presented in Table 13.2, a low level of soluble dietary fibre (SDF), 0.01 and 0.3 g/100 g, are found in fresh and dried cornsilk respectively.
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