Lake Kivu Gas Extraction Report on Lake Stability July 2006 Lake Kivu Gas Extraction Report on Lake Stability July 2006 Report no. 62721-0001 Issue no. 0 Date of issue July 12, 2006 Prepared By an expert committee consisting of: George Kling, University of Michigan, USA,
[email protected] Sally MacInty re, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA,
[email protected] Jørgen S. Steenfelt, COWI, Denmark,
[email protected] Finn Hirslund, COWI, Denmark,
[email protected] Lake Kivu Gas Extraction 1 Table of Contents 0 Reader's guide 4 1 Executive Summary 5 2 Charge of Expert Committee 8 3 Summary and Recommendations 10 3.1 Background 11 3.2 Potential risks 12 3.3 Gas Reserves and Method of Extraction 15 3.4 Environmental impact 20 3.5 Monitoring programme 21 3.5.1 Rationale and components 21 3.6 Oversight and Responsibilities for the Monitoring Programme 23 4 Density, Stratification and Stability 25 4.1 Background for gas accumulation in lakes 25 4.2 Factors that influence water density 26 4.3 Normal Mixing and Transport Mechanisms 27 4.3.1 Movements and Transport on Molecular Scale 27 4.3.2 Temperature Induced Turbulent Mixing 28 4.3.3 Effects of external forces 28 4.3.4 Effects of internal waves 29 4.4 Lake Kivu 29 4.4.1 Lake Kivu density structure 30 4.4.2 Details of mixing and stratification 33 4.5 Gas Production and Gas Accumulation 35 4.6 Measurements of gas concentrations 36 5 Risks 39 5.1 Nature of Risks 39 J:\OS 25 Projecten\O72 Advice on Lake Ki vu Stability Monitoring\Documentati e wg works hop Lac Ki vu\Expert Committee Report Final version.doc .