INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directfy from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of conqiuter printer. The quality of this reproduction is d^endent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrougb, substandard margins, and in^oper alignment can adversety affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing firom left to right in equal sectionssmall with overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photogrsq>hs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for aiy photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313.'761-4700 800.'521-0600 THE HOUSEHOLD DIVISION OF LABOR IN HOKKAIDO, JAPAN DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Deborah Lynn Moore, B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1996 Dissertation Committee: Approved by R.H. Moore E . Bourguignon Advisor C. Chen Department of Anthropology UMI Number: 9620046 Copyright 1996 by Moore, Deborah Lynn All rights reserved. UMI Microform 9620046 Copyright 1996, by UMI Company. Ail rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Copyright by Deborah Lynn Moore 1996 To the Women in My Family, especially Martha Ellen Williams 11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would first like to thank Dr. Richard H. Moore for his advice and support since the time when I was a freshman at Ohio State University. It is in no small part due to his encouragement and guidance that I have been able to finish this dissertation. I would also like to express my appreciation to the other members of my dissertation review committee, Dr. Erika Bourguignon and Dr. Chung-min Chen for contributing their time and energies. I also thank members of my family, especially to Larry Moore for his unfailing help, steadfast support and assistance throughout my many years at the university. Without his help, I could never have completed this dissertation. A special note of appreciation is extended to my sister, Teresa, for her computer and technical assistance in the preparation of the dissertation manuscript. Finally, I would like to thank the members of the faculty of Hokkaido National University for their encouragement and support. In particular, I wholeheartedly thank Dr. Osamu Aoki; without his assistance my research in Japan would have been impossible. Ill VITA 1987............. B.A. with honors in the field of Anthropolgy, The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 1989............. M.A., Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1989-199 0........ GTA position; Teaching and Assisting in Introduction to Cultural Anthropology and Introduction to Physical Anthropology Courses at Ohio State University. 1990-199 1........ GRA position; Assisting Dr. Myung-hye Kim in translation and compilation of her research in Seoul, Korea 1991-199 4 ........ GTA position; Teaching and Assisting in Introduction to Cultural Anthropology and Introduction to Physical Anthropology Courses at Ohio State University. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Anthropology Anthropology of Japan Anthropology of Gender Political Economy of Women Family Organization IV TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ......................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................. ill VITA . ........................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ..................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES.................................... viii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ........................... 1 The Importance of Women's Economic Contribution in the Household................................. 3 Theoretical Considerations ...................... 5 Public/Private Models of the Household in Anthropology ........................... 6 The Conceptualization of the Family in Anthropology ............................. 15 The Concept of Patriarchy................... 24 Research Setting ............................... 28 Research Methodology ........................... 33 Research Participants .......................... 40 Chapter-by-Chapter Outline ...................... 52 CHAPTER II: HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF HOKKAIDO ....... 56 CHAPTER III: HISTORY OF THE SEXUAL DIVISION OF LABOR IN J A P A N ........................... 76 Women and Wage Labor .............................80 Women's Labor in the Family and Household ....... 89 CHAPTER IV: FOCUS ON HOKKAIDO FAMILIES: WOMEN AND THE HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY .................... 97 The Household Division of Labor in Hokkaido........................................ 99 Marital Relationships in Hokkaido ............. 118 Women and Household Resources Allocation and Management................................. 122 Women, Men and Childcare........................ 127 Women, the Family and Ideology...................137 V CHAPTER V: VIGNETTES OF HOKKAIDO WOMEN; 23 DETAILED CASE STUDIES.............................. 143 Women on Marriage .............................. 146 Farm Women on Life on the F a r m ...................157 Grandmothers Speak-out ........................ 162 Women on Education.............................. 175 Women on Household Labor ........................ 180 Women's Labor Conditions Outside the Home .... 185 Widows of Hokkaido.............................. 192 Women on the Husband's Family and the Natal Family ................................... 201 CHAPTER VI: CONCLUSION ............................ 207 APPENDIX A: MAPS ....................................226 APPENDIX B: RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE ................. 229 BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................... 249 VI LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Description of Fourteen Shibetsu Interview Respondents ........................ Table 1.2 Description of Nine Sapporo Shibetsu Interview Respondents ............... Table 1.3 Description of Fifty-one Hiroshima Interview Respondents ............... 43 Table 4.1 The Population of Shibetsu, Japan from 1920-1995 .......................... 101 Table 4.2 The Population of Hiroshima, Japan from 1920-1995 .......................... 109 Table 6.1 The Number of Nuclear Families, Extended Families and One-Person Households (as a Percentage of All Private HH) In Shibetsu - As of 1990 ............. 209 vil LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1. Map of Japan ............................ 227 Figure 1.2. Map of Hokkaido ........................ 228 Vlll CHAPTER I Introduction This research focuses on women's role in the family, familial and gender ideology. It explores the inner-workings of the family, including inequalities, negotiation, and resistance, pertaining to the division of labor within households in the Hokkaido Region of Japan. The primary question posed by this research is what is the present-day household division of labor in Hokkaido, how is it different as well as similar to the rest of Japan, and how are these differences and similarities reflected in the family. The intra-household processes of labor distribution, resource allocation and its consequences are analyzed from the point of view of women. These women live and work in households consisting of husbands, children, and sometimes including parents and/or in-laws. Rather than focusing on women as a universal, homogeneous grouping, the study encompasses gender as a relational concept. It centers on women who are analyzed in terms of economic standing, life-cycle stage, personal life history, and age. Additionally, Hokkaido has a very different history from the other islands of Japan such as, Honshuu, Shikoku and Kyuushu. These historical differences are reflected in the views of the Hokkaido people as related to 2 family relationships and ideology. As Bailey (1991:5) has asserted, regional variations and distinctions are critical in understanding Japanese society. Thus, researchers of Japanese culture should consider regional differences before simply overgeneralizing from one area of Japan to another. Academic scholarship, particularly in the United States and in Europe, but also in Japan, has focused on wage work and the conditions of paid labor done outside the home by Japanese women in urban areas in Honshuu. This is especially true in the case of large cities such as Tookyoo and Osaka (e.g., Roberts 1994; Osawa 1992; Takenaka 1991; Molony 1991; Carney & O'Kelly 1990; Kondo 1990; Saso 1990; Fujita 1989; Upham 1987; Ito 1986; Matsumoto 1976). As Kim (1992:157) has already noted, very little academic attention has been devoted to the nature of women's work in the context of the urban family. However, without detailed studies of women's unpaid