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INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI film* the text directly from the original or copy submitted Unis, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer primer. Hie quality of this reproduction is dependent npon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, prim bleedthrough, substandard margin*, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note wiQ indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g^ maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. A Bell & Howell information Company 300 NorthZ«eb Road.Ann Arbor.Ml 48106-1346USA 3l3'761-4700 800.521-0600 CUSTOMARY PRACTICE AND LEGAL CODES OF SUCCESSION AND INHERITANCE IN JAPAN DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Nobuko Imai Thurn, B.A., M.A., M.A. The Ohio State University 1995 Dissertation Committee: Approved by R .H. Moore E. Bourguignon AdvisoV C . Chen Department of Anthropology UMI Number: 9534078 Copyright 1995 by Thurn, Nobuko Imai All rights reserved. UMI Microfora 9534078 Copyright 1995# by UMI Conpany. All rights reserved. This nicrofora edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17# United States Code. UMI 300 North Seeb Road Ann Arbor# MI 48103 Copyright by Nobuko Imai Thurn 1995 To My Husband Martin Thurn ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deepest appreciation to Professor Richard Moore for his guidance during my years as a graduate student and for encouragement to finish my dissertation. His enthusiasm for scholarship and intellectual and warm friendly advice always helped and uplifted my spirit. I would also like to thank the other members of my advisory committee, especially Professor Erika Bourguignon for her many years of teaching, scholarly advice, editing, and providing useful suggestions for my dissertation; and Professor Chung-min Chen for broadening my perspectives and providing valuable suggestions. I thank my husband, Martin, for correcting and editing my English, and for making a computer program for drawing kinship diagrams. Without his patience and help, I would not have been able to accomplish this difficult task as a graduate student and a mother of two little boys. I also thank God for making me decide to continue my study when I had all but given up, and for giving me a lot of inspiration to complete the dissertation. VITA 1981............... B.A. , Sociology, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan 1981-1985 .......... instructor for Japanese Language, Berlitz School, Tokyo, Japan 1985-1987 .......... GTA position: Teaching Japanese 1987 ............... M.A., East Asian Language and Literature, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1988 ............... M.A., Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1988-1989 .......... Coordinator, Japan Business Information Service, Institute for Japanese Study, The Ohio State University 1990-1993 .......... Research Specialist III, Computer- Accelerated Language Learning Educational Project, University Center for International Studies, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 1993-1994 .......... GRA position: Assist Dr. Richard Moore in translating reduced version of Toyohara Mura: Hito to Tochi no Rekishi {Toyohara Village: History of people and land) from Japanese to English FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Anthropology Anthropology of Kinship Ethnopsychiatry Anthropology of Business iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.......................................... iii VITA .......................................................iv TABLE OF CONTENTS.......................................... V LIST OF TABLES............................................ ix LIST OF FIGURES........................................... xi CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION.....................................1 Pertinent Issues........................................1 Aspects Necessary for the Study of Japanese Kinship 6 Theoretical Contribution to the Field of Anthropology . 14 Chapter-by-Chapter Outline.............................15 CHAPTER II: METHODOLOGY....................................18 Library Research ...................................... 18 Household Diagrams.................................... 20 Constructing Household Diagrams by Computer ........ 22 Household Registry.................................... 24 About the Case Studies................................ 25 Field Interviews...................................... 29 As a Native Anthropologist ............................ 39 CHAPTER III: KINSHIP THEORIES..............................42 History of Kinship Theory..............................42 Theories of inheritance and Succession ............. 47 Descent and Corporativity..........................54 Confusion Between Kinship and Descent .............. 57 Kindred ........................................... 59 Japanese Kinship System............................60 l£ (Household)................................. 61 Shinaoku and fi&zo&u.............................63 v Theory of Fictive Kinship..............................70 Ddzoku Relationships.................................. 72 CHAPTER IV: NON-CORPORATE SUCCESSION.......................81 Confusion Over the Concepts of "Succession" and "inheritance* in Japan..........................81 History of Succession and Inheritance in Japan ........ 83 Ancient Japan (before 600 A.D.) ....................83 Ritsury6 Period (600-1100) .........................84 Feudal Period (1100-1600) ..........................87 Succession and Inheritance Under the Tokugawa Regime (1615-1868)..........................89 Regional Variations in Succession Patterns.............94 Western vs. Eastern J a p a n ..........................99 Study of Regional Variation by Izumi et al........ 103 Timing of Succession and Inheritance, and inkvo ...108 Variations of Succession Patterns.....................113 Male Primogeniture................................114 Male Primogeniture in the Meiji Civil Code 116 Succession of Ancestor Worship.................120 Last-born Child Succession........................125 Ultimogeniture in Suwa District................131 Case Study 1. "Y* Household of Suwa District .......................... 133 Ultimogeniture in Usuki District, Miyazaki Prefecture.............................136 Case Study 2. "H" Household in Minamikata Village............................137 Case Study 3. "F* Household in Tomi Village............................138 Case Study 4. Oni i/onba System in Morozuka Village............................139 Case Study 5. *11* Household...............141 Case Study 6. "12" Household...............142 First-born Child Succession.......................145 Case Study 7. Anekatoku in "A" Household.......150 Case Study 8. "M* Household....................151 Case Study 9. "S* Electric Company.............153 Selective Succession..............................155 Case Study 10. "M* Household Revisited........ 156 Adoption............................................. 157 Fictive Kinship Created by Adoption . .............157 History of Adoption in J a p a n ......................162 Adoption (v6shi) in Late 20th Century Japan ...... 166 Adoption for Tax Purposes ........................ 171 Case Study 11. *T" Construction Company....... 172 vi Case Study 12. “F2" Household..................176 Mnkov6shi (Adopted Son-in-law) ....................177 Case Study 13. *M' Clinic...................... 181 Case Study 14. *M3" Household.................. 185 CHAPTER V: CORPORATE SUCCESSION...........................188 Ideology in the Family-owned Business in Japan ........ 188 The Ideology and Corporativity of Ddzoku ........... 189 Merchant dSzoku .................................. 192 D6zoku Companies (d6zoku gaisha) ................. 195 The Tax System of Ddzoku Companies ................199 Succession of a Business..............................201 Case Study 15. *T* Company........................205 Non-successors to Extend Business.................208 Case Study 16. *H" Clothing Store.............. 208 Case Study 17. *0' Candy Store................. 210 Case Study 18. *1* Department S t o r e ............... 212 Strategies for Company Succession................ 219 The Successor Problem................................ 221 CHAPTER VI: INHERITANCE.................................. 225 issues of Inheritance................................ 225 Partible and Impartible Inheritance...............226 Inheritance of Non-material Goods .................232 Regional Variations in Inheritance................233 Inheritance and Land Problems.....................237 Inheritance
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