1 Keusangan Bahasa Orang Asli Dan Peribumi Malaysia

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1 Keusangan Bahasa Orang Asli Dan Peribumi Malaysia 1 KEUSANGAN BAHASA ORANG ASLI DAN PERIBUMI MALAYSIA: IMPAK TERHADAP BAHASA MELAYU OLEH HAJI MOHD SHARIFUDIN YUSOP, PHD. FAKULTI BAHASA MODEN DAN KOMUNIKASI, UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA. MAKALAH RINGKAS Negara Malaysia merangkumi bahagian semenanjung yang terletak di antara Thailand di utara dan Singapura di selatan, serta terpisah dengan Sumatera oleh Selat Melaka di barat dan terpisah dengan Borneo oleh Laut China Selatan di timur. Selain itu di Borneo sebahagian daripada Malaysia diwakili oleh negeri Sabah dan Sarawak. Keluasannya mewujudkan diversiti yang ketara dari segi komposisi kaum yang keseluruhannya berjumlah sekitar 27 juta orang. Secara umumnya kesemua penduduk Malaysia boleh dikategorikan kepada kaum Bumiputera yang terdiri daripada suku-suku kaum Melayu di Semenanjung Malaysia, kaum Peribumi yang terdiri daripada suku-suku kaum Orang Asli di Semenanjung Malaysia dan puluhan suku kaum di Sabah dan Sarawak, serta kaum Cina dan India. Selain itu terdapat juga sebilangan kecil kaum berketurunan Siam di bahagian utara Semenanjung Malaysia, dan kaum peranakan Cina, India dan Portugis, juga di Semenanjung Malaysia. Kesemua kaum ini boleh dicirikan melalui bahasa ibunda atau bahasa pertuturan mereka dalam mandala keluarga dan mandala sosial seperti kejiranan, keagamaan, dan kemasyarakatan. Bagi kaum berketurunan Melayu, terdapat pelbagai suku yang mewakili seluruh Nusantara Melayu termasuklah keturunan Jawa, Bugis, Mandailing, Kampar, Riau, Aceh, Kerinci, Minang, Bawean, Banjar, Patani, Bangkahulu, Sulu dan sebahagian lagi yang kecil jumlahnya. Manakala bagi suku kaum Orang Asli pula terbahagi kepada tiga kelompok suku bangsa; iaitu Negrito, Senoi dan Melayu Proto atau dikenali juga sebagai Melayu Asli. Setiap satu suku bangsa ini terdiri daripada 6 suku kaum. Negrito terbahagi kepada Lanoh, Bateq, Kentak, Kensiu, Mendriq dan Jahai. Manakala Senoi pula terdiri daripada 2 Jahut, Che Wong, Semoq Beri, Mahmeri, Temiar dan Semai. Melayu Proto terdiri daripada Temuan, Duano, Kanaq, Semelai, Jakun dan Seletar. Di Sabah terdapat beberapa suku utama seperti Kadazan, Dusun, Murut, dan Bajau. Walau bagaimanapun terdapat tidak kurang daripada 50 subsuku peribumi ini yang dapat ditentukan berdasarkan kelainan bahasa masing-masing. Antaranya ialah Abai Sungai, Bajau, Balangingi, Banjar, Bisaya, Bonggi, Bookan, Brunei, Bugis, Chavacano, Dumpas, Dusun (Tengah, Sugut, Tambunan, Tempasuk), Gana, Idaan, Iranun, Jawa, Kadazan (Pantai, Klias, Labuk-Kinabatangan), Kalabakan, Kimaragang, Kuijau, Lotud, Melayu (Kokos, Sabah), Mapun, Minokok, Molbog, Murut (Selungai, Timogun), Paluan, Papar, Rungus, Sama, Selungai, Sembakung, Serudung, Tagal, Tatana, Tausug, Tebilung, Tidong, Tombonuwo, Wolio, Yakan. Sementara itu di Sarawak pula antara suku kaum yang ramai dari segi bilangannya termasuklah Iban, Melanau, Melayu Sarawak, Kenyah, dan Kayan. Selain itu terdapat suku-suku lain yang dikenal pasti berasaskan bahasa pertuturan mereka; iaitu Balau, Berawan, Biatah, Bintulu, Bisaya, Bukar Sadong, Bukitan, Daro-Matu, Iban, Jagoi, Kajaman, Kanowit, Kayan (Baram, Murik, Rejang), Kelabit, Kenyah (Bakung, Sebob, Tutoh, Hulu Baram, Barat), Kiput, Lahanan, Lara , Lelak, Lundayeh, Madang, Melanau, Narom, Okolod, Penan (Timur, Barat, Punan (Bah Biau, Batu), Remun, Sa ban, Sebuyau, Sekapan, Selako, Sian, Sibu, Tanjong, Tring, Tringgus, Tutong, Ukit. Bagi masyarakat Cina di Malaysia, secara umumnya mereka bertutur menggunakan dialek Mandarin, Kantonis, Hokkien, Teochew, Hainan, Hokchiu, Fuchow, dan Hakka. Manakala bagi kaum India pula mereka boleh dicirikan melalui penggunaan dialek Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu, Punjabi, Gujarati, Unrdu, dan Hindi. Terdapat juga penggunaan Kreol Papia Kristang oleh penduduk berketurunan Portugis, dan Pijin Baba yang digunakan oleh masyarakat Baba-Nyonya di Melaka. 3 Diversiti yang sedemikian seharusnya menjadikan salah satu dialek yang diangkat sebagai bahasa kebangsaan; iaitu dialek Melayu Johor-Riau sebagai bahasa yang sangat kaya dari segi khazanah leksikalnya. Namun walaupun kedudukan bahasa Melayu itu sebagai bahasa kebangsaan dan bahasa rasmi dijamin oleh Perlembagaan Malaysia melalui Fasal 152, banyak dasar-dasar sosial yang tidak memihak kepada bahasa itu. Terbaru pada tahun 2003 hingga 2012, bahasa Melayu digantikan oleh bahasa Inggeris dalam sistem pendidikan kebangsaan khususnya dalam konteks pengajaran dan pembelajaran subjek berasaskan sains dan matematik. Sebelum itu, bahasa Inggeris digunakan secara meluas dalam urusan rasmi secara lisan dan bertulis. Kebanyakan dasar ini dilaksanakan akibat berlakunya krisis keyakinan terhadap bahasa Melayu. Bahasa itu dianggap miskin dan dilihat tidak mampu lagi mengungkap perkembangan-perkembangan terbaru dalam pelbagai sektor kehidupan masyarakat Malaysia. Keadaan ini menjadi lebih buruk lagi apabila ada pihak swasta yang berani meletakkan syarat penguasaan bahasa asing seperti bahasa Mandarin kepada pencari-pencari kerja. Dalam situasi ekonomi yang dikuasai mereka, bahasa Melayu semakin terpinggir. Status bahasa Melayu semakin tergugat tatkala kuasa politik orang Melayu sekarang ini juga telah digugat oleh kaum-kaum lain. Makalah ini akan mengupas lebih lanjut tentang krisis keyakinan yang melanda bahasa Melayu dengan membuat rujukan khusus kepada usaha pengemblengan dan pendinamikan bahasa Orang Asli dan Peribumi Malaysia sebagai sumber penyelamat bahasa Melayu. Data dan maklumat diperoleh menerusi tinjauan literatur dan kajian lapangan yang dilakukan mulai 2000 dan masih berlangsung sehingga Disember 2009. Pemakalah memberi tumpuan kepada pencarian dan pengemblengan leksikal dan usaha pemasyarakatan yang dilakukan. Dalam memperjelaskan hal itu, makalah ini turut menyorot beberapa variabel yang menggugah bahasa Orang Asli dan Peribumi Malaysia sehingga membawa kepada status obsolesensi dan impak langsungnya terhadap bahasa Melayu. 4 DAFTAR PUSTAKA Asmah Hj. Omar. 1995. Rekonstruksi Fonologi Bahasa Melayu Induk. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Brenzinger, M. (pnyt.). 1992. Language Death: Factual and Theoretical Explorations with Special Reference to East Africa. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Collins, J.T. 1997. Dialek-dialek Melayu Yang Terancam Pupus? Laporan Dari Semenanjung Malaysia. Dlm. Jurnal Dewan Bahasa: 772-792. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Dorian, N.C. 1989. Investigating Obsolescence: Studies in Language Contraction and Death. New York: Cambridge University Press. Fishman, J.A. 2002. Endangered Minority Languages: Prospects for Sociolinguistic Research. International Journal on Multicultural Societies, Vol. 4, No. 2. UNESCO. .
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