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UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, MERCED Ronald Reagan's Race UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, MERCED Ronald Reagan’s Race to Space: American Atomic Diplomacy and SDI in the Age of Reykjavik A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in World Cultures by Bradford David Johnston Committee in charge: Professor Sean Malloy, Chair Professor Jan Goggans Professor Gregg Herken Professor Nathan Monroe 2013 Copyright Bradford David Johnston, 2013 All rights reserved The Dissertation of Bradford David Johnston is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Professor Jan Goggans Professor Gregg Herken Professor Nathan Monroe Professor Sean Malloy Chair University of California, Merced 2013 iii Dedicated to Natalie Johnston iv Table of Contents Dissertation Signature Page, iii Acknowledgments, vi Curriculum Vita, vii Abstract, x Introduction, 1 Chapter One Providential Destiny and Technological Evangelism: The Roots of Ronald Reagan’s Worldview, 8 Chapter Two Communists and Bridge Lamps: The Deepening Worldview of Ronald Reagan 14 Chapter Three Racing to Win: Ronald Reagan, the Committee on the Present Danger, and the American Quest for Strategic Superiority 27 Chapter Four Racing to Zero? The Transnational Nuclear Freeze Movement and the Reagan Administration’s Atomic Diplomacy 41 Chapter Five Racing to Heaven: Domestic Politics, Nuclear Fears, and Ronald Reagan’s Technological Solution 63 Chapter Six From Geneva to Reykjavik 83 Chapter Seven Running in Place: The Reykjavik Summit and SDI 105 Conclusion 130 End Notes 134 v Acknowledgments Many people deserve my acknowledgment and thanks, though for brevity’s sake I will keep this short. I would like to thank my mother, Marlene Williams, for encouraging me to read widely as a boy with our weekly trips to the library, and my father, David C. Johnston, for the many fine talks we have had over the years about the past. My brothers Anthony, Aaron, Bryce, and Kadin, and my step-parents Rick Williams and Karrie Ladd, have been a source of inspiration, and all have been there for me at one time or another. I am lucky to have such a wonderful family. I also would like to acknowledge my fellow graduate students in the World Cultures program, all of whom contributed much to my education. I especially would like to signal out Richard Ravalli, Trevor Albertson, and Joel Buetal for their ongoing support and friendship. Mitch Mylegarrui, meanwhile, unraveled many a knot for me at UC Merced, and Professors Ruth Mostern, Christian Ricci, Katie Winder, and Susan Asmussen enriched my education. My wonderful wife, Natalie Johnston, deserves my gratitude. With good cheer she has endured one too many one-sided discussion of Ronald Reagan’s atomic diplomacy. The following organizations contributed generous funds which enabled me to complete this dissertation: University of California Humanities Research Institute; University of California, Merced Graduate Division; and the World Cultures Graduate Group. The helpful staff members of the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library also were instrumental to the completion of this dissertation. In closing, I was blessed with a great dissertation committee. Gregg Herken sparked an interest in the Cold War and atomic diplomacy within me, and provided valuable feedback as this project evolved. Jan Goggans made me to be a better writer, and Nathan Monroe generously agreed to be an outside reader with very little notice. His probing questions at the dissertation defense were much appreciated. Above all, I would like to thank Sean Malloy for his tireless and generous efforts as my dissertation advisor. His steady hand, insightful and intelligent advice, and good humor have served me well over the years. vi Curriculum Vita Bradford David Johnston [email protected] EDUCATION University of California, Merced, Doctor of Philosophy, 2013 World Cultures Graduate Group Dissertation Title: “Ronald Reagan’s Race to Space: American Atomic Diplomacy and SDI in the Age of Reykjavik” Advisor: Professor Sean Malloy Major Field of Study: Modern U.S. political, diplomatic, social, and cultural history California State University, Stanislaus, Master of Arts in history (international relations emphasis), 2002 Advisor: Professor Nancy Taniguchi Cowell College, University of California, Santa Cruz, Bachelor of Arts in history (European emphasis), 1997 Senior Thesis: “Not Holy Enough: The Bishop’s War of 1639-1640” (submitted to Professor Buchanan Sharpe) Advisor: Professor Mark Traugott TEACHING EXPERIENCE Pasadena City College, Instructor of History (full-time, tenure-track), spring 2012- present Courses planned and taught: U.S. History, 1492-1876; U.S. History, 1876-present; World History Through 1500 University of California, Merced, Teaching Fellow, summer 2008 – summer 2011 Courses planned and taught: Forging of the U.S., 1606-1877; Modern U.S. History, 1877-present; The United States and the Vietnam War (upper-division) vii Second Reader for numerous senior theses in history, University of California, Merced, spring 2009. University of California, Merced, Teaching Assistant, fall 2005 – spring 2008 Modesto Junior College, Adjunct Instructor of History, fall 2007 – spring 2012 Foothill College, Adjunct Instructor of History, spring and summer 2012 Humphreys College, Modesto, California, Lecturer, 2005 California State University, Stanislaus, Teaching Assistant, spring 2001 History of Modern Mexico CONFERENCE PRESENTATIONS “Poster Presentation on Dissertation Research,” Second Annual Meeting of the University of California Humanities Research Institute, Santa Cruz Museum of History, Santa Cruz, California, April 2012 “Ronald Reagan’s Role in the End of the Cold War,” Roundtable Discussion Participant, American Historical Association - Pacific Coast Branch Annual Conference, Santa Clara University, August 2010 “SDI and America’s Providential Destiny,” American Historical Association - Pacific Coast Branch Annual Conference, Santa Clara University, August 2010 “Ronald Reagan and America’s Providential Destiny,” Annual Meeting of the Society of Historians of American Foreign Relations, Virginia, June 2009 “Containment and the Toxicity of American Cold War Culture,” Biennial Meeting of the Association of the Study of Literature and Environment, Wofford College, South Carolina, June 2007 “Anarchy in the UK: An Historical Assessment of the Sex Pistols,” American Historical Association – Pacific Coast Branch Conference, University of British Columbia, August 2001 "Anarchy in the U.K.: An Historical Assessment of the Sex Pistols," Phi Alpha Theta Northern California Regional Conference, Santa Clara University, April 2001 viii ACADEMIC AWARDS Outstanding Graduate Student Teaching Award, University of California, Merced, 2005/2006 school year Best Graduate Student Paper, Phi Alpha Theta Northern California Regional Conference, Santa Clara University, April 2001 Phi Alpha Theta, The National Honor Society in History, inducted 2001 SELECTED FELLOWSHIPS AND GRANTS University of California Humanities Research Institute Graduate Fellow, 2011-2012 school year ($25,000) UC Humanities Research Institute Graduate Fellow, spring 2011 ($10,000) Graduate Student Association Dissertation Research Fellowship, spring 2012, University of California, Merced ($3885) Graduate Student Association Summer Dissertation Research Fellowship, UC Merced, 2011 ($3500) World Cultures Summer Research Fellowship, UC Merced, 2010 Graduate Student Travel Grant, WCH Graduate Group, UC Merced, 2009 Graduate Student Travel Grant, WCH Graduate Group, UC Merced, 2007 Travel Grant, Department of History, California State University Stanislaus, 2001 PROFESSIONAL SERVICE “Ronald Reagan’s Liberal Faith and His Nuclear Policy,” Foundation Trustee’s Meeting, University of California, Merced, October 2009 (invited talk). Paper Critic, Phi Alpha Theta Northern California Regional Conference, California State University, Stanislaus, April 2009. ix Abstract Bradford David Johnston Ronald Reagan’s Race to Space: American Atomic Diplomacy and SDI in the Age of Reykjavik World Cultures, University of California, Merced, 2013 Professor Sean Malloy, Chair This dissertation explores Ronald Reagan’s historic 1986 summit with Mikhail Gorbachev in Reykjavik. Through the analysis of primary source documents from the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and other sources I have excavated the intellectual origins of Reagan’s atomic diplomacy, and sought to explain his fateful decision to cling to the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) in the face of Gorbachev’s tantalizing offer to eliminate all strategic nuclear weapons over a 10- year time period. Ultimately, I argue that Reagan’s faith in the transformative and innocent qualities of American military technology, and his belief in the providential destiny of the United States fueled his quest for strategic superiority, his vision of SDI, and his conduct at Reykjavik. I also consider many other factors which influenced Reagan’s atomic diplomacy, including the exigencies of domestic and global politics, and the transnational nuclear freeze movement. I conclude that Reagan may have missed a grand opportunity to halt what he most dreaded: an arms race which now threatens to spiral out of control on earth and into the heavens. x Introduction Mikhail Gorbachev shocked the world at the famed Reykjavik summit in October 1986 when he proposed that the United States and the Soviet Union make deep cuts in each nation’s respective nuclear arsenals with the goal
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