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Romania and Transylvania in the 20Th Century

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Romania and Transylvania in the 20Th Century Romania and Transylvania in the 20th Century Ildikó Lipcsey Pre-publishing, unlectored edition Translated by A. Dani and T. Szappanos Edited by P. Csermely Budapest, 2004 1 Table of Contents PREFACE ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 I. THE GREAT NATIONAL DREAM COMES TRUE ................................................................................... 14 II. THE COMMUNIST TAKEOVER: 1945-1948............................................................................................. 52 III. THE GHEORGHIU-DEJ ERA ................................................................................................................... 73 IV. THE CEAUSESCU-ERA: 1965-1989 .......................................................................................................... 90 V. TRANSITION ATTEMPTS........................................................................................................................ 118 VI. THE REALITIES OF ROMANIAN INTERNAL POLITICS.................................................................. 139 VII. ON THE WAITING LIST: 1997.............................................................................................................. 147 VIII. ON THE THRESHOLD OF NEW ELECTIONS: 1999 ........................................................................ 161 APPENDIX A – THE ROMANIAN INTELLIGENCE SERVICE ................................................................ 173 APPENDIX B - SABIN GHERMAN ARTICLE............................................................................................. 186 APPENDIX C – ADRIAN SEVERIN ARTICLE............................................................................................ 189 BIOGRAPHICAL ENDNOTES ...................................................................................................................... 191 GEOGRAPHIC PLACE NAMES ................................................................................................................... 202 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................................ 204 2 Preface Background Romania lies in the Lower Danube basin, in South-Eastern Europe. Situated between East, South and Central Europe, transitional is the most outstanding characteristic feature of the country's geography, history, economy, society, culture and civilization. Its territory covers 237,500 square kilometers with a population of 22,760,449 and a boundary of 3152.9 km. in length. The country, which can be considered the catchment basin of the Danube River, is not homogenous either from a geographic or historical point of view. It comprises several distinct areas: the Eastern Carpathians, the Southern Carpathians, the Banate Mountains, the Transylvanian Erzgebirge (Ore Mountain), the Transylvanian Basin, the Plain of the Tisza River, the Sub-Carpathians, the Romanian Plain, the Mountains of Oltenia and Géta, the Moldova Mountains and Dobrudja. Its moderate continental climate is often affected by fronts arriving from the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Oak, beech and pine forests cover its hills and mountains, and the rich flora of Alps, woods, steppes, ponds, marshlands, rivers and the sea can also be found there. The country's natural resources are extraordinarily abundant.1 From historical point of view, it consists of three main areas: the Eastern-European Moldova and the Southern European or Balkan Wallachia (Hung: Havasalföld) united in 1859, and Transylvania, that represented a Central European model of development, annexed in 1920.2 Romania had laid claims to territories of each of its neighbors, namely, Hungary, the Ukraine, Russia, the Republic of Moldova, the rump Yugoslavia and Bulgaria. This claim is based on a 13th century theory, widely spread in the Roman Catholic Romanian community - its proportion was more than fifty percent of the population in the 19th century – and kept alive in the Latin-German- Hungarian cultural circles. Ideologically, it is based on the theory of Daco-Roman or Daco-Romanian Continuity. This theory gives foundation to Romanian territorial claims not only on Moldova, which was occupied by Russia and Austria, but also on Eastern Hungary and Transylvania. (Transylvania incorporates the so-called historic Erdély [Transylvania] and Bánát as well as Arad, Bihar, Szatmár and Máramaros counties.) Regarding the geographical distribution of the Romanian community, it was quite scattered. Data relating to it were gathered, at the end of the 19th century, from (inexact) Balkan, Russian, Austrian, Hungarian and Romanian statistical surveys. Accordingly, the number of Romanians living outside of Romania (that is, outside the Kingdom of Hungary) in the 1880's was estimated as follows: Bukovina and Vienna circa 200,000 Bessarabia c. 1,000,000 Bulgaria c. 50,000 Serbia c. 150,000 Albania c. 200,000 Epirus c. 250,000 Macedonia c. 350,000 Greece c. 30,000 The population of Romania, including minorities: 1864 4,093,452 1878 4,485,696 1918 7,250,000 The number of Romanians living in Hungary also followed a rising trend:3 1 Bulla, Béla - Mendel, Tibor - Kocsis, Károly: The geography of the Carpathian Basin (A Kárpát-medence földrajza). Budapest, Lucidus Publishing, 1999. 2 Borsi, Kálmán Béla: United or on separate paths. The intertwined history of the Kossuth emigration and Romanian national aspirations (Együtt vagy külön utakon. A Kossuth-emigráció és a román nemzeti törekvések kapcsolatának története). Magveto Publishing, Budapest, 1984. 3 Katus, László: Hungarians, nationalities reflected in the census. 1850-1910 (Magyarok, nemzetiségek a népszámlálás tükrében. 1850-1910). History (História). 1982, issue 4-5. pp. 18-21. 3 1900 2,798,559, 16.6% of the population 1910 2,948,186, 16.1% of the population Ethnic changes in Transylvania While during the 13th century, Romanian family names were found only in six out of 1,000 settlement, by the 15th century, 100,000 of Transylvania's half a million population were of Romanian origin. At the end of the 1600's, their numbers grew to almost one-third, 200,000 of the 700,000 inhabitants.4 In the 17th century, in the wake of wars - Hungarians and Szeklers (Székely) were subject to military service - and epidemics, Transylvania's population decreased by half. The decline affected primarily the Hungarian community, as its number diminished by 40 percent, while the Romanian community increased by 150 percent. This demographic explosion took place at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries. The estimated number of emigrants from the Romanian Grand Duchy can be put at 350,000.5 This represents a several hundred percent increase. Therefore, the attractions of the more developed living conditions and more moderate seigniorial burdens, and as a result of invitation, the number of Romanian inhabitants gradually exceeded that of both the Hungarians and the Germans (Saxons and Schwabians). According to data developed by the academician Domokos Kosáry, the ethnic division in Transylvania in the 18th century appeared as follows:6 Hungarian Saxon Romanian Total Szekler 1730 195,000 110,000 420,000 725,000 1761 271,000 120,000 547,000 983,000 1794 350,000 150,000 800,000 1,300,000 Between the end of the 18th and the middle of the 19th century, the population of Transylvania increased by one third, from 1.5 to above 2 million. The estimates are supplanted by the more reliable data obtained in the population censuses of 1786, 1787 and 1850-1851. The ethnic and national division of the Grand Duchy’s population according to contemporary church statistics, estimates and the population census of 1850-1851. Romanian Hungarian German Gypsy Jewish Total % % % % % population 1766* 58.9 52 27.5 41 13.6 953,886 6.5 1,453,742 1773 63.5 24.2 12.3 1,066,017 1786 30.5 49.7 18.2 0.7 0.2 1,664,545 1794 50 33** 12.5*** 4.3 0.1 1,458,559 1844 60.1 28.6 10 0.8 0.2 2,143,310 1850-51 59.5 25.9 9.4 3.8 0.8 2,062,379 * ** *** Denominational distribution of Transylvania's population, 1850 to 1910.7 Denomination 1850 1880 1900 1910 Roman Catholic 219,536 263,816 331,199 375,325 4 History of Transylvania, vol. I (Erdély története, I. köt.). Akadémiai Publishing, Budapest, 1987. pp. 341-346. 5 Ibid, vol. II. pp. 809, 978. 6 Kosáry, Domokos: The Influx of the Vlahs (Az oláhok beözönlése). Hungarian Review (Magyar Szemle), October, 1940. pp. 246-253. 7 Transylvanian-Hungarian Yearbook, 1918-1929 (Erdélyi Magyar Évkönyv. 1918-1929). Juventus Publishing, Cluj Napoca (Kolozsvár), 1930. pp. 1-7. 4 Greek Catholic 664,154 575,866 691,896 749,404 Greek Orthodox 621,852 662,936 748,928 792,864 Protestant 196,356 199,551 222,346 229,028 Unitarian 45,112 55,068 64,494 67,749 Jewish 15,606 29,993 53,065 64,074 11,692 Other 893 423 366 611 The ethnic-national distribution of historic Transylvania's population based on the combined population censuses of 1850/51 and 1930 (according to the pre-1848 regional division).8 The counties and the The Szekler regions The Saxon regions Transylvania, including vicinity of Fogaras the Partium Ethnicity 1850/51 1930 1850/51 1930 1850/51 1930 1850/51 1930 Romanian 781,791 1,203,046 54,246 102,167 207,810 320,650 1,043,847 1,625,863 Hungarian 159,396 319,613 303,975 440,243 25,063 68,288 488,434 828,144 German 46,166 56,887 1,163 2,399 141,425 177,738 191,754 237,024 Jewish 10,644 45,229 1,042 10,370 165 9,725 11,851 65,324 Gypsy 41,117 41,750
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