Hoogwaardig Openbaar Vervoer in Leuven: Onderzoek Naar Vervoerswijzekeuze En Overstapbereidheid, Met Toepassing Op De As Diest-Leuven-Tervuren

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Hoogwaardig Openbaar Vervoer in Leuven: Onderzoek Naar Vervoerswijzekeuze En Overstapbereidheid, Met Toepassing Op De As Diest-Leuven-Tervuren Hoogwaardig openbaar vervoer in Leuven: onderzoek naar vervoerswijzekeuze en overstapbereidheid, met toepassing op de as Diest-Leuven-Tervuren Bram Huyghe Thesis voorgedragen tot het behalen van de graad van Master of Science in de ingenieurswetenschappen: verkeer, logistiek en intelligente transportsystemen Promotor: prof. dr. ir. Pieter Vansteenwegen Academiejaar 2015 – 2016 Master of Science in de ingenieurswetenschappen: verkeer, logistiek en intelligente transportsystemen Hoogwaardig openbaar vervoer in Leuven: onderzoek naar vervoerswijzekeuze en overstapbereidheid, met toepassing op de as Diest-Leuven-Tervuren Bram Huyghe Thesis voorgedragen tot het behalen van de graad van Master of Science in de ingenieurswetenschappen: verkeer, logistiek en intelligente transportsystemen Promotor: prof. dr. ir. Pieter Vansteenwegen Assessor: prof. dr. Stef Proost Begeleiders: dr. ir. arch. Matthias Blondia dhr. Joost Swinnen Academiejaar 2015 – 2016 c Copyright KU Leuven Zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van zowel de promotor als de auteur is overnemen, kopi¨eren, gebruiken of realiseren van deze uitgave of gedeelten ervan verboden. Voor aanvragen tot of informatie i.v.m. het overnemen en/of gebruik en/of realisatie van gedeelten uit deze publicatie, wend u tot Centre for Industrial Management, Celestijnenlaan 300A Bus 2422, B-3001 Heverlee, +32-16-322567. Voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de promotor is eveneens vereist voor het aanwenden van de in deze masterproef beschreven (originele) methoden, producten, schakelingen en programma's voor industrieel of commercieel nut en voor de inzending van deze publicatie ter deelname aan wetenschappelijke prijzen of wedstrijden. Dankwoord Met het einde van mijn studieloopbaan in zicht en na meer dan 600 uur naar het finale resultaat te hebben toegewerkt, wil ik aan het begin van dit document graag iedereen bedanken die heeft bijgedragen tot de totstandkoming van deze thesistekst. In de eerste plaats gaat mijn dank uit naar professor Vansteenwegen om mij de mogelijkheid te bieden dit onderwerp uit te werken en mijn voorlopige versies kritisch na te lezen. Zijn opmerkingen en adviezen hebben bijgedragen tot het gericht kunnen bijsturen, verbeteren en aanvullen van deze tekst. Tevens wil ik hem bedanken om mij te vergezellen tijdens de tussentijdse meetings met de mensen van De Lijn. Daarnaast verdient mijn thesisbegeleider, Matthias Blondia, eveneens een gemeende bedanking. Ook hij las mijn eerste versies na, was een aanspreekpunt voor vragen en stond altijd paraat om te brainstormen over mogelijke verbeteringen en de verdere uitdieping van mijn thesistekst. Een derde bedanking gaat uit naar Joost Swinnen en zijn collega’s bij De Lijn Vlaams-Brabant. Tijdens onze meetings bracht hij telkens interessante denkpistes naar voren en stuurde hij de inhoud waar nodig bij, zodat deze thesis nog beter bij hun verwachtingen en eigen onderzoek kon aansluiten. Vervolgens eveneens een uitdrukkelijk woord van dank aan mijn ouders, omdat ze mij gedurende mijn hele schoolcarrière altijd hebben gesteund en er zo mee voor zorgden dat mijn studies tot een succesvol einde konden gebracht worden. Tot slot bedank ik ook zeker nog mijn vriendin, Marianne. Het samenleven met een student wiens dagen zich de laatste maanden vooral vulden met bussen en trams, was immers niet altijd evident. Toch stond zij altijd klaar met koekjes, brownies en een helpende hand. Bram Huyghe Abstract Deze thesis stelt zich tot doel om het idee van hoogwaardig openbaar vervoer (HOV) in Leuven verder uit te werken, door het, zowel in termen van vervoerswijzekeuze als overstapbereidheid, concreet te maken en waar nodig en mogelijk ook specifiek te gaan toepassen op de as Diest-Leuven-Tervuren. Voor het deel vervoerswijzekeuze levert een overzicht van mogelijke opties en de evaluatie van hun voor- en nadelen (in termen van gebruiksperspectief en technische haalbaarheid) op zichzelf al een interessant eindresultaat. Dit resultaat vormt echter ook de perfecte basis om het immense aanbod aan fabrikanten en bijhorende voertuigmodellen te herleiden tot een eerste selectie van een 16-tal voertuigen (trams en bussen), die het meest geschikt lijken voor een HOV-as in en rond Leuven. In een volgende fase wordt deze selectie nog bijkomend uitgediept aan de hand van een extra vergelijking op basis van enkele relevante parameterwaarden. De geselecteerde parameters zijn namelijk een maatstaf voor allerlei effecten (in termen van maatschappelijke baten), die beïnvloed worden door de specifieke voertuigkeuze. De bijkomende vergelijking in tabelvorm vormt opnieuw reeds een interessant en overzichtelijk geheel op zichzelf, maar blijkt daarnaast ook een goede aanvulling om uiteindelijk enkele voorkeursalternatieven naar voor te kunnen schuiven. In het deel overstapbereidheid wordt er (aan de hand van een theoretisch kader op basis van internationale literatuur) in eerste instantie vastgesteld dat een bepaling van de maximale overstapkost, op basis van een vergelijking van de totale gegeneraliseerde kosten voor een OV-verplaatsing en verplaatsing met de eigen wagen, niet vanzelfsprekend is. Anderzijds kan echter wel op verschillende manieren worden nagegaan dat het aandeel en de impact van een overstap op de gehele verplaatsing aanzienlijk is en dat hier, vanuit het perspectief van de OV-exploitant, vaak nog belangrijke opportuniteiten aanwezig zijn. De verschillende beïnvloedbare factoren vallen daarbij typisch in twee groepen op te delen, zijnde de operationele planning en de ruimtelijke uitbouw van de overstaplocatie. Voor deze laatste groep wordt er daarom in een tweede sectie een concrete evaluatiemethodiek opgesteld om zowel bestaande infrastructuur te kunnen evalueren en bijsturen, als om mogelijke locaties voor nieuw aan te leggen infrastructuur tegen elkaar af te wegen. De evaluatie van de bestaande halteinfrastructuur wordt daarbij toegepast op de haltes Leuven Station, Leuven Gasthuisberg en Diest Station en mogelijke locaties voor nieuw aan te leggen infrastructuur worden onderzocht voor de omgeving van de halte Leuven Station. Inhoud 1 Context & onderzoeksvraag ............................................................................................ 1 1.1 Beschrijving context ......................................................................................................... 3 1.1.1 Algemeen .................................................................................................................. 3 1.1.2 Beknopt overzicht van de beschouwde as Diest-Leuven-Tervuren .......................... 3 1.2 Vertaling naar onderzoeksvragen .................................................................................... 5 2 Methodologie & afbakening ............................................................................................ 7 2.1 Methodologisch overzicht deel vervoerswijzekeuze ....................................................... 9 2.2 Methodologisch overzicht deel overstapbereidheid ..................................................... 10 3 Deel vervoerswijzekeuze ................................................................................................ 11 3.1 Inleiding .......................................................................................................................... 13 3.2 Overzicht en evaluatie van mogelijke opties ................................................................. 13 3.2.1 Type materieel ........................................................................................................ 13 3.2.2 Sturing ..................................................................................................................... 15 3.2.3 Aandrijving .............................................................................................................. 18 3.2.4 Evaluatie aan de hand van voor- en nadelen .......................................................... 26 3.3 Eerste selectie van voertuigmodellen en fabrikanten ................................................... 36 3.3.1 Selectie van klassieke tramvoertuigen .................................................................... 37 3.3.2 Selectie van trams op banden ................................................................................. 39 3.3.3 Selectie van klassieke busvoertuigen ...................................................................... 39 3.3.4 Selectie van bussen met tramkarakteristieken (‘trambussen’) .............................. 42 3.4 Meer gedetailleerde vergelijking van de geselecteerde modellen ................................ 42 3.4.1 De maatschappelijke kosten-baten analyse als leidraad bij het bepalen van de belangrijkste parameters voor de meer gedetailleerde vergelijking ............................... 42 3.4.2 Vergelijking van de geselecteerde voertuigmodellen ............................................. 48 3.4.3 Belangrijkste vaststellingen en besluitvorming bij de resultaten uit 3.4.2 ............. 51 3.5 Conclusie ........................................................................................................................ 55 4 Deel overstapbereidheid ................................................................................................ 57 4.1 Theoretisch kader op basis van internationale literatuur .............................................. 59 4.1.1 Inleiding ................................................................................................................... 59 4.1.2 De overstapkost als deel van de totale gegeneraliseerde
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