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Best Practices and Key Considerations for Transit Electrification and Charging Infrastructure Deployment to Deliver Predictable

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Best Practices and Key Considerations for Transit Electrification and Charging Infrastructure Deployment to Deliver Predictable BEST PRACTICES AND KEY CONSIDERATIONS FOR TRANSIT ELECTRIFICATION AND CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE DEPLOYMENT TO DELIVER PREDICTABLE, RELIABLE, AND COST-EFFECTIVE FLEET SYSTEMS JUNE 2020 AUTHORS Dr.Josipa Petrunic, President & CEO Dr. Elnaz Abotalebi, Researcher & Project Lead Dr. Abhishek Raj, Researcher 2 COPYRIGHT © 2020 Information in this document is to be considered the intellectual property of the Canadian Urban Transit Research and Innovation Consortium in accordance with Canadian copyright law. This report was prepared by the Canadian Urban Transit Research and Innovation Consortium for the account of Natural Resources Canada. The material in it reflects the Canadian Urban Transit Research and Innovation Consortium’s best judgment, in light of the information available to it at the time of preparation. Any use that a third party makes of this report, or any reliance on or decisions to be made based on it, are the responsibility of such third parties. The Canadian Urban Transit Research and Innovation Consortium accepts no responsibility of such third parties. The Canadian Urban Transit Research and Innovation Consortium accepts no responsibility for damages, if any, suffered by any third party as a result of decisions made or actions based on this report. UPDATE: COVID-19 PUBLICATION IMPACT The publication of this report has been delayed by three months due to the COVID-19 global pandemic. This report, and the majority of research included within it, was completed primarily between September 2019 and March 2020 – prior to the novel coronavirus pandemic affecting local economies and transit revenue across Canada. While efforts have been made to include relevant announcements by Canadian transit agencies since that time, specifically as they relate to electric buses, many investment decisions and funding programs related to municipal green infrastructure deployments may change this year as a result of the financial crisis unfolding in cities across the country. Canadian Urban Transit Research and Innovation Consortium (CUTRIC) Consortium de recherche et d’innovation en transport urbain au Canada (CRITUC) Suite 1801-1 Yonge Street Toronto, ON M5E 1W7 [email protected] 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures _________________________________________ 6 List of Tables __________________________________________ 7 List of Acronyms _______________________________________ 8 Executive summary ____________________________________ 12 Introduction __________________________________________ 15 Literature review ______________________________________ 17 Transit electrification technologies ___________________________________________ 17 Electric bus types and technologies __________________________________________ 19 Battery electric buses (BEBs) _______________________________________________ 20 Fuel cell electric buses (FCEBs) ____________________________________________ 26 Overview of current charging standards for BEVs and BEBs ______________________ 31 Charging systems for EVs: overview _________________________________________ 31 Charging systems for EVs: protocols and standards _____________________________ 35 Overview of key industry original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and suppliers _____ 41 Core vehicle manufacturers ________________________________________________ 43 Core suppliers and integrators ______________________________________________ 47 Global BEB adoption overview ______________________________________________ 48 United States ________________________________________________________________ 48 Europe _____________________________________________________________________ 51 China and other countries ______________________________________________________ 53 Global FCEB adoption overview ____________________________________________ 54 United States ________________________________________________________________ 54 Europe _____________________________________________________________________ 54 Overview of Canadian cities adopting BEBs ___________________________________ 55 Vancouver, British Columbia ____________________________________________________ 55 Edmonton, Alberta ____________________________________________________________ 56 Grande Prairie, Alberta ________________________________________________________ 56 St. Albert, Alberta _____________________________________________________________ 56 Winnipeg, Manitoba ___________________________________________________________ 57 Toronto, Ontario ______________________________________________________________ 57 4 Brampton, York Region, TransLink: CUTRIC-led “Pan-Canadian Electric Bus Demonstration & Integration Trial: Phase I” _______________________________________________________ 58 Laval, Québec _______________________________________________________________ 60 Longueuil, Québec ____________________________________________________________ 60 Montréal, Québec ____________________________________________________________ 60 CUTRIC-led “Pan-Canadian Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Demonstration & Integration Trial: Phase I” __________________________________________________ 61 Use of electric buses for school transportation _________________________________ 63 Market readiness of Canadian provinces and territories for fleet electrification _________ 65 British Columbia ______________________________________________________________ 65 Alberta _____________________________________________________________________ 67 Saskatchewan _______________________________________________________________ 68 Manitoba ___________________________________________________________________ 69 Ontario _____________________________________________________________________ 70 Québec ____________________________________________________________________ 76 New Brunswick ______________________________________________________________ 79 Nova Scotia _________________________________________________________________ 79 Prince Edward Island __________________________________________________________ 80 Newfoundland and Labrador ____________________________________________________ 81 Yukon ______________________________________________________________________ 82 Northwest Territories __________________________________________________________ 83 Nunavut ____________________________________________________________________ 83 Summary ______________________________________________________________ 84 Qualitative data outcomes: findings from interviews with transit agencies 86 Methodology ____________________________________________________________ 88 Qualitative data analysis __________________________________________________ 89 Canadian transit agency interview outcomes _______________________________________ 89 Opportunities ________________________________________________________________ 94 Challenges __________________________________________________________________ 98 Solutions __________________________________________________________________ 104 U.S. transit agency insights _______________________________________________ 106 Additional summary outcomes _____________________________________________ 108 Focus group consultation session outcomes: Montréal ________ 110 Methodology ___________________________________________________________ 110 Focus group consultation outcomes _________________________________________ 111 Opportunities _______________________________________________________________ 111 5 Challenges _________________________________________________________________ 113 Solutions __________________________________________________________________ 116 Summary _____________________________________________________________ 119 Transit electrification and ZEB panel outcomes from CUTRIC’s 1st Canadian Low-Carbon Smart Mobility Technology Conference, Winnipeg, MB (September 2019) ______________________________________________ 121 Methodology ___________________________________________________________ 121 Transit agencies _____________________________________________________________ 122 Challenges _________________________________________________________________ 123 Solutions __________________________________________________________________ 124 Manufacturers __________________________________________________________ 125 Opportunities _______________________________________________________________ 126 Challenges _________________________________________________________________ 126 Solutions __________________________________________________________________ 127 Utilities _______________________________________________________________ 128 Opportunities _______________________________________________________________ 129 Challenges _________________________________________________________________ 129 Solutions __________________________________________________________________ 129 Summary of conference panel sessions, Winnipeg _____________________________ 130 Conclusion __________________________________________ 132 Recommendations ____________________________________ 134 References __________________________________________ 137 Appendix A: Interview Invitation Letter ____________________ 152 Appendix B: Interview Questions _________________________ 155 6 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Overview of a battery electric bus (BEB) powertrain [3]. ............................................................ 17 Figure 2. Well-to-wheel approach for electricity generation through to the end-use [6]. When electricity is renewably generated, BEVs, BEBs, FCEVs and FCEBs can be near zero-emissions. When electricity
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