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Profil Militantní Skupiny Ansar Dine

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Profil Militantní Skupiny Ansar Dine MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA FAKULTA SOCIÁLNÍCH STUDIÍ Katedra politologie Obor Bezpečnostní a strategická studia Profil militantní skupiny Ansar Dine Bakalářská práce Martin Bašta UČO: 384010 Vedoucí práce: doc. JUDr. PhDr. Miroslav Mareš, Ph.D. Imatrikulační ročník: 2010 Brno, 2013 - 2 - Prohlášení o autorství práce Prohlašuji, že jsem bakalářskou práci na téma Ansar Dine vypracoval samostatně a použil jen zdroje uvedené v seznamu literatury. V Brně, 15. 12. 2013 .................................................... Martin Bašta - 3 - Na tomto místě bych rád poděkoval doc. JUDr. PhDr. Miroslavu Marešovi, Ph.D. za cenné připomínky a odborné rady, kterými přispěl k vypracování této bakalářské práce. Dále bych chtěl poděkovat svým rodičům za to, že mi umožnili studium. - 4 - Anotace Bakalářská práce se zabývá analýzou militantní islamistické skupiny Ansar Dine působící v Mali. Ansar Dine dosud nebylo v česko-jazyčném prostředí významnějším způsobem popsáno. V teoretické části práce je pro konceptualizaci Ansar Dine použita typologie nestátních aktérů využívajících násilí od autorů S. Maira a P. Williamse s dílčí modifikací M. Janků a P. Zelenky. Tento konceptuální rámec byl zvolen za účelem vyjasnění pojmů, kterými bylo Ansar Dine zmatečně a mnohdy i nesprávně označováno. V druhé části práce je nejprve představen širší rámec vzniku a působení Ansar Dine v podobě kapitol o charakteristikách Mali a vzniku a průběhu malijského ozbrojeného konfliktu v letech 2012 a 2013. Poté jsou analyzovány jednotlivé aspekty skupiny Ansar Dine: organizace a struktura, vedení, taktika a výzbroj, ideologie a vazby Ansar Dine na jiné nestátní aktéry. V závěru práce je zhodnocen použitý konceptuální rámec. Klíčová slova: Ansar Dine, Mali, nestátní aktér, politické násilí, ozbrojený konflikt, islamismus, povstalectví, insurgency, terorismus, AQIM Annotation The aim of this bachelor thesis is to analyse the militant group Ansar Dine which is located in Mali. In Czech language, Ansar Dine has not previously been substantially assessed. In the theoretical part of the work there is introduced a typology of violent non-state actors from authors S. Mair and P. Williams with partial modification proposed by M. Janků and P. Zelenka. This conceptual framework was chosen mainly in pursue of clarification of terms Ansar Dine has been confusingly or mistakenly labelled with. In the second part of the thesis there is firstly introduced and described broader framework influencing creation and activity of Ansar Dine. There are two chapters dedicated to characteristics of Mali and origins and development of Malian armed conflict in 2012 and 2013. Subsequently there are analysed particular aspects of the group Ansar Dine: organization and structure, leadership, tactics and weaponry, ideology and relations of Ansar Dine to other non-state actors. The conceptual framework is evaluated in the conclusion. Keywords: Ansar Dine, Mali, non-state actor, political violence, armed conflict, Islamism, rebels, insurgency, terrorism, AQIM - 5 - Obsah Úvod .................................................................................................................................................... - 7 - 1. Metodologie ................................................................................................................................ - 9 - 2. Konceptualizace ........................................................................................................................ - 10 - 2.1 Mairova typologie ............................................................................................................. - 10 - 2.2 Williamsova typologie ...................................................................................................... - 13 - 2.3 Hraniční typy aktérů .......................................................................................................... - 17 - 3. Charakteristika Mali .................................................................................................................. - 20 - 4. Malijský vnitrostátní ozbrojený konflikt 2012-2013 ................................................................. - 22 - 5. Vznik a vývoj Ansar Dine ......................................................................................................... - 25 - 6. Organizace a struktura ............................................................................................................... - 28 - 7. Vedení ....................................................................................................................................... - 30 - 8. Taktika a výzbroj Ansar Dine ................................................................................................... - 32 - 9. Ideologie .................................................................................................................................... - 35 - 10. Vazby Ansar Dine na jiné nestátní aktéry ................................................................................. - 38 - 11. Aplikace konceptuálního rámce ................................................................................................ - 41 - Závěr .................................................................................................................................................. - 43 - Seznam použité literatury a pramenů ................................................................................................ - 44 - Seznam a překlad použitých zkratek ................................................................................................. - 53 - Počet znaků práce: 82 931 - 6 - Úvod Předmětem výzkumu této práce je militantní islamistická skupina Ansar Dine. Vznik a působení této skupiny jsou pevně spjaty s vypuknutím vnitrostátního ozbrojeného konfliktu v Mali probíhajícího v letech 2012 až 2013. Ansar Dine, jehož hlavním cílem bylo založení malijského státu na principu islámského práva šaría, hrálo v tomto konfliktu klíčovou úlohu. Přestože Ansar Dine pravděpodobně v žádném okamžiku své existence nepřesáhlo počet několika set případně několika málo tisíc příslušníků, byla tato skupina poměrně vážnou bezpečnostní hrozbou. Bezpečnostní hrozby a rizika představované touto skupinou vyplývaly především z vytvoření území pod kontrolou Ansar Dine, které se stalo útočištěm pro teroristické džihádistické organizace Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (dále jen AQIM) a Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa (dále jen MOJWA) a další. Ansar Dine ani malijskému konfliktu obecně se s výjimkou zničení svatyň a památek ve městě Timbuktu zapsaných na seznamu UNESCO či excesivních případů vynucování práva šaría nedostalo výraznější mediální pozornosti, což je jedním z důvodů, proč bylo Ansar Dine zvoleno jako téma bakalářské práce. Druhým důvodem je absence českého odborného textu věnujícího se této skupině, což je další motivace, proč o vytvoření takového textu usilovat. Plný název skupiny v arabském jazyce je „Harakat Ansar al-Dine“ (BBC 2013g), v překladu Hnutí obránců či ochránců víry. Skupina je nicméně uváděna pod řadou drobně se lišících přepisů. Je možné se setkat s těmito: Ansar Eddine, Ansar al-Din, Ansar ul-Din, Ançar Dine, Ansar ed-Din, Ansar al Deen, Ansar al Dine a další. Odborník na islámský radikalismus Tomáš Raděj se vyslovil pro používání českého přepisu „Ansár ad-Dín“. Tento přepis dle jeho názoru správně reflektuje historický kontext vývoje slova Ansár coby „věrných napomahačů Proroka Mohameda“ a slova „ad-Dín„ tedy věrouky (Raděj 2013). Tento názor odborníka použijeme jako vodítko, avšak ve snaze o jazykové sjednocení této práce vynecháme člen „ad“ a budeme uvádět název skupiny v anglickém jazyce, skupinu tedy budeme nazývat Ansar Dine. Sjednocení přepisů v této práci je do jisté míry komplikovaným úkolem. Přestože se snažíme o maximální možné sjednocení jazyka, v praxi se toto ukazuje jako obtížné a jsme nuceni přistoupit k určitému kompromisu mezi anglickým a českým jazykem. Názvy a termíny, které se dají označit za ustálené v českém jazyce, jsou tak i uváděny. Jedná o některá vlastní jména (např. M. Kaddáfí). Termíny z oblasti islámu či islámské věrouky (např. šaría či džihád) se taktéž snažíme uvádět v českých přepisech stejně jako většinu geografických názvů. V tomto - 7 - ohledu je velice cennou pomůckou a vodítkem jedna z mála českých monografií o Mali od Petra Zídka. V ostatních případech jsou používány anglické přepisy, a to zejména u názvů osob a organizací. V práci jsou hojně používány zkratky, což taktéž přináší určité jazykové komplikace. Zkratky, které jsou ustáleny v česko-jazyčném prostředí, jsou také tak uváděny (např. OSN nebo RB OSN). Často jsou v práci používány i zkratky z anglických názvů (např. AQIM, UNESCO či ECOWAS). Zvláštním případem, což vyplývá z faktu, že Mali a další regionální země byly francouzskými koloniemi, jsou zkratky vycházející z francouzských jmen (např. MNLA). Ohledně používání těchto zkratek však panuje v anglicko-jazyčném prostředí jasný úzus a s tímto k nim přistupujeme i v této práci. Bakalářská práce má dva základní cíle. Prvním cílem je pokus o konceptualizaci skupiny Ansar Dine na základě teorie tzv. nestátních aktérů využívajících násilí. Druhým cílem je vytvoření případové studie Ansar Dine. Na základě vytyčených cílů jsme zvolili odpovídající strukturu práce. V první teoretické části práce je představen zvolený konceptuální rámec. Ve druhé části práce poté postupujeme od obecného ke specifickému. V prvních kapitolách usilujeme o poskytnutí širšího pohledu na skupinu Ansar Dine. Nejprve
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