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Daftar Isi Kapasitas Mesin Dan Penggunaan Oleh Pabrikan Otomotif

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Daftar Isi Kapasitas Mesin Dan Penggunaan Oleh Pabrikan Otomotif Mesin 4 silinder segaris adalah mesin pembakaran dalam dengan keempat silindernya terpasang mendatar satu arah di dalam bak mesin. Silindernya bisa diletakkan mendatar atau miring terhadap poros mesin. Mesin ini sangat umum dipakai pada mobil dengan kapasitas mesin kecil karena konstruksinya mudah. Meskipun demikian, tipe mesin seperti ini juga menimbulkan getaran, dan getarannya semakin parah ketika kapasitas dan kekuatan mesinnya bertambah. Oleh karena itu, mobil bertenaga tinggi menggunakan mesin yang lebih kompleks dan menggunakan lebih dari 4 silinder. Belakangan ini, semua pabrikan mobil besar memproduksi mesin jenis ini. Mesin ini sendiri adalah jenis mesin paling populer, diikuti dengan V6. Sekitar tahun 2000-an, seiring dengan gencarnya pabrikan untuk membuat mobil ramah lingkungan, penggunaan mesin ini meningkat dari 30% pada tahun 2005 menjadi 47% tahun 2008. Daftar isi 1 Kapasitas Mesin dan Penggunaan Oleh Pabrikan Otomotif 2 Keseimbangan dan Kehalusan ( Balance and smoothness ) 3 Penggunaan oleh pabrikan otomotif o 3.1 Pada produksi mobil massal o 3.2 Mesin 4 segaris di Indonesia 4 Referensi Kapasitas Mesin dan Penggunaan Oleh Pabrikan Otomotif Konfigurasi untuk mesin 4 silinder segaris sangat cocok dan umum dipakai sampai kapasitas 2.4L (2400 cc). Meskipun begitu, kadang pabrikan mobil masih memakainya sampai 2.7L (2700cc). Mobil klasik dan antik biasanya masih memakai kapasitas lebih besar untuk mengejar keluaran tenaga dan torsi. Ford Model A misalnya, mempunyai mesin 4 silinder segaris dengan kapasitas 3.3L. Untuk mesin dieselnya, biasanya digunakan sampai kapasitas 3.0L. Pabrikan Mitsubishi sendiri sampai saat ini masih memakai mesin 3.2L 4 silinder segarisnya di Pajero (dinamai Shogun/Montero di beberapa tempat), dan Tata Motors masih memakai mesin berkapasitas 3.0L diesel di Spacio dan Sumo Victa. Toyota sendiri menggunakan mesin 4 silinder segaris di Seri Tipe B dari kapasitas 3.0L sampai 4.1L. Penggunaan terakhirnya ada di Toyota Mega Cruiser. Untuk kapasitas yang sangat kecil dapat ditemukan di mobil kei (Kei cars) di Jepang. Subaru menggunakan mesin ini melalui Subaru EN series; kapasitasnya mulai dari 550 cc (sekarang 660 cc) dengan variable valve timing, DOHC dan supercharger yang bisa menghasilkan tenaga 65 PS (48 kW; 64 bhp). Keseimbangan dan Kehalusan (Balance and smoothness) Gambar dari computer generated image (CGI) ini menunjukkan bagian dalam dari sebuah mesin 4 segaris dengan belt-driven double overhead camshafts dan 4 valve per silinder. Mesin 4 silinder segaris lebih halus daripada mesin dengan satu, dua, dan tiga silinder. Meskipun begitu, mesin ini bukanlah mesin dengan konfigurasi Keseimbangan mesin (Engine balance) yang terbaik. Pembakaran dalam mesin 4 silinder segaris pada dasarnya sudah mencapai keseimbangan mesin yang baik karena pistonnya bergerak secara berpasangan. Ketika satu pasang piston bergerak ke atas, satu pasang piston lagi bergerak ke bawah. Meskipun begitu, percepatan dan perlambatan piston lebih besar di putaran atas Crankshaft daripada putaran di bawah, karena batang penghubungnya (connecting rod) tidak bisa memanjang, yang menyebabkan gerak menjadi tidak sinusoidal. Akibatnya adalah ketika 1 pasang piston sedang berakselerasi cepat ke 1 arah, 1 pasang piston lainnya berakselerasi lebih lambat dengan arah yang berlawanan. Ketidaksetimbangan ini menimbulkan getaran. Getaran ini masih bisa ditoleransi pada mesin berkapasitas kecil dan bertenaga kecil, tapi getaran semakin parah seiring dengan bertambahnya kapasitas dan tenaga mesin. Kebanyakan mesin 4 silinder segaris di bawah kapasitas 2.0L masih bisa menoleransi getaran ini. Untuk mobil dengan kapasitas di atas 2.0L, kebanyakan pabrikan sudah menggunakan poros pengimbang (balance shaft) untuk menghilangkan getaran ini. Dari sistem yang ditemukan oleh Dr. Frederick W. Lanchester tahun 1911 dan mulai dipopulerkan Mitsubishi Motors tahun 1970an, sebuah mesin 4 segaris menggunakan 2 balance shafts yang berotasi dengan arah yang berlawanan pada 2 kali kecepatan crankshaft untuk mengimbangi perbedaan kecepatan di piston. [1] Meskpun begitu, pada mobil-mobil lawas juga ditemukan adanya mesin berkapasitas lebih dari 2.0L tapi tidak memakai balance shaft, seperti Citroën DS 23 yang berkapasitas 2.3L, Austin- Healey 100 1948 berkapasitas 2.7L, Ford Model A (1927) berkapasitas 3.3L, dan Mesin GM Iron Duke berkapsitas 2.5L yang banyak digunakan di mobil dan truk Amerika. Mesin-mesin ini masih menghasilkan tenaga kecil meskipun kapasitasnya cukup besar. [2] Mesin 4 silinder juga bermasalah dengan kehalusan mesinnya. Di mesin dengan silinder yang lebih banyak, tingkat kehalusannya bisa lebih baik. Oleh dari itu, biasanya mobil dengan enam atau 8 silinder dipakai di mobil-mobil mewah. Penggunaan oleh pabrikan otomotif Pada produksi mobil massal Mesin Ford Model T Mesin GTV 1750 Alfa Romeo 1970 Mesin mobil 4 silinder segaris terkecil yang pernah diproduksi adalah Mazda P360 Carol 1962- 1970. Kapasitas mesinnya hanya 358 cc, berkode Mazda DA. Honda juga pernah memproduksi mesin 4 segaris berkapasitas 356 cc pada truk T360 buatan 1963-1970. Mesin segaris pada motor, pernah diproduksi sampai 250 cc, seperti contohnya pada Honda CBR250. Kebanyakan mesin 4 segaris mempunyai kapasitas mesin di atas 700 cc, sampai maksimal kebanyakan sampai 2500 cc. Untuk kapasitas mesin lebih besar (sampai 6.1L) pernah digunakan di traktor (Kubota M135X) dan truk medium (Isuzu Forward, Hino Ranger). Porsche juga pernah memproduksi mesin 4 segaris berkapasitas 3.0L (2990 cc) di 944 S2. Sekarang, salah satu mesin 4 segaris terbesar adalah mesin Vortec 2900 yang dipasang GM di truk pikapnya GMC Canyon dan Chevrolet Colorado. Mesin ini berkapasitas 2.9 L (2921 cc, 178 in³) dan menghasilkan tenaga 185 hp (138 kW) di 5600 rpm dan torsi 195 ft·lbf (263 N·m) di 2800 rpm. Pada zaman awal abad ke-20, karena tidak adanya regulasi mengenai kapasitas mesin mobil, para pabrikan otomotif dengan mudahnya hanya membesarkan kapasitas mesin untuk mendongkrak tenaga. Untuk menghasilkan tenaga 100 hp saja, ada mesin yang kapasitasnya sampai 10.000 cc (10.0L). Mesin 4 silinder segaris terbesar yang pernah ada adalah mesin De Dietrich berkapasitas 17,000 cc. Mesin ini berjalan dengan putaran yang rendah, sekitar 1.500 rpm, dan keluaran tenaganya hanya sekitar 10 hp/liter. Contoh mesin-mesin 4 silinder segaris lainnya yang mempunyai catatan khusus: Mesin Alfa Romeo Twin Cam - salah satu mesin twin cam komersial pertama yang diproduksi tahun 1954. Juga mesin pertama yang menggunakan variable valve timing. Mesin BMC Seri-A - mesin pertama yang digunakan di drivetrain transverse berpenggerak roda depan di mobil (Mini). Chevrolet Cosworth Twin-Cam Vega - mesin aluminium 2.0L, DOHC, 16 katup, injeksi elektronik, stainless steel header. Dodge A853 - mesin turbo intercooler dari SRT-4, mesin ini mencatatkan kecepatan tertinggi untuk mesin 4 silinder di Bonneville Salt Flats. Mesin Fiat Twin Cam - salah satu mesin twincam massal pertama, diproduksi mulai 1959. Mesin Ford Model T - salah satu mesin yang paling banyak diproduksi di dunia. Mesin GM Quad-4 - mesin twin-cam Oldsmobile yang dipakai di mobil sport kecil GM. Mesin ED Hondae - mesin Honda pertama yang menggunakan teknologi CVCC. Mesin Honda F20C - menghasilkan tenaga 240 hp dari kapasitas 2.0L, terbesar pada jamannya, apalagi mesin ini tidak memakai induksi tenaga sama sekali. Mesin Sirius Mitsubishi - termasuk 4G63, mesin turbocharger dengan keluaran tenaga terbesar di dunia (202.9 hp/L), dipasang di Lancer Evolution FQ-400 dan tersedia di pasaran Inggris Mesin Iron Duke GM - Mesin serbaguna berkapasitas 2.5L milik GM yang banyak dipasang secara longitudinal, berpenggerak roda belakang atau depan. Mesin Triumph Slant-4 - mesin multi-valve komersial pertama untuk Triumph dan generasi awal mesin turbocharger untuk Saab. Willys L-134 - mesin yang digunakan di Willys MB saat perang Dunia II. Mesin 4 segaris di Indonesia Hampir semua mobil yang beredar di Indonesia menggunakan mesin 4 silinder segaris. Mobil- mobil itu diantaranya Toyota Avanza (1.3L dan 1.5L), Daihatsu Xenia (1.3L), Toyota Kijang Innova (2.0L, 2.5L, dan 2.7L), Honda Jazz (1.5L), Nissan Grand Livina (1.5L dan 1.8L) dan masih banyak mobil-mobil lainnya. Referensi 1. ^ Nunney, 42-44 2. ^ Nunney, 40-44. [sembunyikan] l b s Mesin piston dan konfigurasinya Bourke · Controlled combustion · Deltic · Orbital · Piston · Pistonless (Wankel) · Tipe Radial · Rotary · Single · Split cycle · Stelzer · Tschudi Stroke Putaran dua-tak · Putaran empat-tak · Putaran enam-tak Segaris I2 · I3 · I4 · I5 · I6 · I8 · I9 · I10 · I12 · I14 Flat/Boxer F2 · F4 · F6 · F8 · F10 · F12 · F16 Konfiguras i V V2 · V3 · V4 · V5 · V6 · V8 · V10 · V12 · V16 · V20 · V24 Mesin W W8 · W12 · W16 · W18 Lainnya H · U · Square four · VR · Opposed atau Flat · X Komponen Katup Cylinder head porting · Corliss · Slide · Manifold · Multi · Piston · Popet · tabung · berputar · Variable valve timing · Camless · Desmodromik Mekanism Cam · Connecting rod · Crank · Crank substitute · Crankshaft · Scotch e Yoke · Swashplate · Rhombic drive Linkages Evans · Peaucellier–Lipkin · Sector straight-line · Watt's (parallel) Lainnya Hemi · Recuperator · Turbo-compounding Kategori: Konfigurasi mesin piston Mesin Nissan New March Eksterior Modern dan Fresh. Itulah Kesan saat melihat tampilan Eksterior New Nissan March. Dengan Front Grille aksen V-Strut Chrome yang ditambahkan pada bagian depan New Nissan March menambah kesan Sporty dan Stylish. Ditambah lagi Alloy Wheels Eksklusif yang sangat selaras dengan
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