Modern Small and Microcogeneration Systems—A Review
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STIRLOCHARGER POWERED by EXHAUST HEAT for HIGH EFFICIENCY COMBUSTION and ELECTRIC GENERATION Adhiraj B
Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs Open Access Theses Theses and Dissertations January 2015 STIRLOCHARGER POWERED BY EXHAUST HEAT FOR HIGH EFFICIENCY COMBUSTION AND ELECTRIC GENERATION Adhiraj B. Mathur Purdue University Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_theses Recommended Citation Mathur, Adhiraj B., "STIRLOCHARGER POWERED BY EXHAUST HEAT FOR HIGH EFFICIENCY COMBUSTION AND ELECTRIC GENERATION" (2015). Open Access Theses. 1153. https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_theses/1153 This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. STIRLOCHARGER POWERED BY EXHAUST HEAT FOR HIGH EFFICIENCY COMBUSTION AND ELECTRIC GENERATION A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Purdue University by Adhiraj B. Mathur In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering Technology December 2015 Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my advisor Dr. Henry Zhang, the advisory committee, my family and friends for supporting me through this journey. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................... -
Metis Design Corporation (MDC)
40 kW Turbo-Alternator Hybrid-Electric Range Extender AHS Transformative Vertical Flight Concepts Workshop Rory Keogh, Ph.D. Lead Propulsion Engineer August 2015 structural health monitoring multi-functional materials lean enterprise solutions 1501 Mariposa St • San Francisco, CA 94107 • 415.572.1843 • http://www.metisdesign.com Metis Design Corporation (MDC) Overview • Introduction to Metis Design • Project Background • Technology Overview – Turbomachinery and generator – Waste heat recovery (recuperation) – Performance metrics and scalability – Noise • Summary © 2015 Metis Design Corporation Microturbine Range Extender 2 of 32 Metis Design Corporation (MDC) • Offer novel multi-disciplinary defense, aerospace & energy solutions • Diverse engineering staff solid fundamental principles (10/14 staff hold Ph.D.’s) hands-on experience from 42 SBIR/BAA contracts over 12 years Boston MA headquarters & satellite offices in CA & NM • MDC has invented multiple disruptive technologies Microturbine range extender Carbon nanotube (CNT) de-icing & anti-icing system for composite wings Distributed SHM/HUMS sensor digital infrastructure © 2015 Metis Design Corporation Microturbine Range Extender 3 of 32 Background Projects Micro-Turbofan for small scale high performance aircraft Turbo-generator to flight test sub-scale electric aircraft Microturbine battery electric vehicle range extender Microturbine for residential combined heat and power © 2015 Metis Design Corporation Microturbine Range Extender 4 of 32 Metis Design Corporation (MDC) • Rory Keogh Joined Metis Design in 2010 to lead DARPA funded jet engine project B.E. Mech. from NUI Galway, M.S. & Ph.D. from MIT Dept. of Aero and Astronautics 5 years experience at Boeing (Mechanical Systems) and 6 years management consulting • Greg Thomas Joined Metis Design in 2010 to work on DARPA funded jet engine project M.Eng. -
Arrangement for Cooling a Turbo Generator and a Method Therefore
(19) TZZ ¥_T (11) EP 2 747 253 A1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION (43) Date of publication: (51) Int Cl.: 25.06.2014 Bulletin 2014/26 H02K 9/12 (2006.01) (21) Application number: 12199000.6 (22) Date of filing: 21.12.2012 (84) Designated Contracting States: (71) Applicant: Siemens Aktiengesellschaft AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB 80333 München (DE) GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR (72) Inventor: The designation of the inventor has not Designated Extension States: yet been filed BA ME (54) Arrangement for cooling a turbo generator and a method therefore (57) An arrangement for cooling a turbo generator generator (10), and a refrigeration unit (40) connected to (10) is presented. The arrangement includes a cooler the cooler (20) for providing a refrigerant for cooling the (20) for cooling a primary coolant (22), wherein the pri- primary coolant (22). mary coolant (22) cools one or more components of the EP 2 747 253 A1 Printed by Jouve, 75001 PARIS (FR) 1 EP 2 747 253 A1 2 Description [0011] In another embodiment, the refrigerant is R- 717. R-717 can be liquefied easily by compression or [0001] The present invention relates to a turbo gener- cooling and when returned to its gaseous state, it absorbs ator and more particularly to an arrangement for cooling large amounts of heat from its surroundings, thereby re- a turbo generator. 5 ducing the temperature of the primary coolant. -
Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Robert Stirling
Stirling Stuff Dr John S. Reid, Department of Physics, Meston Building, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB12 3UE, Scotland Abstract Robert Stirling’s patent for what was essentially a new type of engine to create work from heat was submitted in 1816. Its reception was underwhelming and although the idea was sporadically developed, it was eclipsed by the steam engine and, later, the internal combustion engine. Today, though, the environmentally favourable credentials of the Stirling engine principles are driving a resurgence of interest, with modern designs using modern materials. These themes are woven through a historically based narrative that introduces Robert Stirling and his background, a description of his patent and the principles behind his engine, and discusses the now popular model Stirling engines readily available. These topical models, or alternatives made ‘in house’, form a good platform for investigating some of the thermodynamics governing the performance of engines in general. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Introduction 2016 marks the bicentenary of the submission of Robert Stirling’s patent that described heat exchangers and the technology of the Stirling engine. James Watt was still alive in 1816 and his steam engine was gaining a foothold in mines, in mills, in a few goods railways and even in pioneering ‘steamers’. Who needed another new engine from another Scot? The Stirling engine is a markedly different machine from either the earlier steam engine or the later internal combustion engine. For reasons to be explained, after a comparatively obscure two centuries the Stirling engine is attracting new interest, for it has environmentally friendly credentials for an engine. This tribute introduces the man, his patent, the engine and how it is realised in example models readily available on the internet. -
Feasibility Study Into Stirling Engines Application in Ship's Energy Systems
Transactions on the Built Environment vol 42, © 1999 WIT Press, www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3509 Feasibility study into Stirling engines application in ship's energy systems S. Zmudzki, Faculty of Maritime Technology, Technical University of Szczecin, 71- 065 Szczecin, al Piastow 41, Poland E-mail: szmudzkia@shiptech. tuniv.szczecin.pl Abstract The possibility of utilization of solar energy as well as exhaust gas energy from main and auxiliary marine diesel engines for driving Stirling engines has been analysed. The Stirling engines are used for driving current generators. The solar dish Stirling units of 100 kW total effective power may be installed on a board of different type of ships. The system utilizing the exhaust gas energy has been provided with three-way catalyst which may lead to the reduction of emissions below limits established by appropriate regulations. 1 Introduction The Stirling engine belongs to a group of piston engines with so called external supply of heat energy, flowing then through metal walls of engine heater into working gas circulating in the working space. The heat energy supply may be realized or by means of direct effect of the high temperature energy source or by an intermediate heating system i.e. heat pipe or pool-boiler receiver. Thus, the design provides for the possibility of application of different types of heat energy of sufficiently large power. In particular, the advantages of Stirling engines are set off when using the alternative energy sources, especially waste heat energy, the operating costs for which are relatively lower in comparison with capital costs. In case of ship s energy installations, the solar energy available at appropriate geographical latitudes for ships having very large open deck surface / i.e. -
Forces on Large Steam Turbine Blades RWE Npower Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Power Industry
Forces on Large Steam Turbine Blades RWE npower Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Power Industry INTRODUCTION RWE npower is a leading integrated UK energy company and is part of the RWE Group, one of Europe's leading utilities. We own and operate a diverse portfolio of power plant, including gas- fired combined cycle gas turbine, oil, and coal fired power stations, along with Combined Heat and Power plants on industrial site that supply both electrical power and heat. RWE npower also has a strong in-house operations and engineering capability that supports our existing assets and develops new power plant. Our retail business, npower, is one of the UK's largest suppliers of electricity and gas. In the UK RWE is also at the forefront of producing energy through renewable resources. npower renewables leads the UK wind power market and is a leader in hydroelectric generation. It developed the UK's first major off- shore wind farm, North Hoyle, off the North Wales Figure 1: Detailed view of turbine blades coast, which began operation in 2003. With blades (see Figure 1) rotating at such Through the RWE Power International brand, speeds, it is important that the fleet of steam RWE npower sells specialist services that cover turbines is managed to ensure safety and every aspect of owning and operating a power continued operation. If a blade were to fail in- plant, from construction, commissioning, service, this could result in safety risks and can operations and maintenance to eventual cost £millions to repair and, whilst the machine is decommissioning. not generating electricity, it can cost £hundreds of SCENARIO thousands per day in lost revenue. -
Use of Cogeneration in Large Industrial Projects
COGENERATION USE OF COGENERATION IN LARGE INDUSTRIAL PROJECTS (RECENT ADVANCES IN COGENERATION?) PRESENTER: JIM LONEY, PE [email protected] 281-295-7606 COGENERATION • WHAT IS COGENERATION? • Simultaneous generation of electricity and useful thermal energy (steam in most cases) • WHY COGENERATION? • Cogeneration is more efficient • Rankine Cycle – about 40% efficiency • Combined Cycle – about 60% efficiency • Cogeneration – about 87% efficiency • Why doesn’t everyone use only cogeneration? COGENERATION By Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung - https://www.flickr.com/photos/boellstiftung/38359636032, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=79343425 COGENERATION GENERATION SYSTEM LOSSES • Rankine Cycle – about 40% efficiency • Steam turbine cycle using fossil fuel • Most of the heat loss is from the STG exhaust • Some heat losses via boiler flue gas • Simple Cycle Gas Turbine– about 40% efficiency • The heat loss is from the gas turbine exhaust • Combined Cycle – about 60% efficiency • Recover the heat from the gas turbine exhaust and run a Rankine cycle • Cogeneration – about 87% efficiency COGENERATION • What is the problem with cogeneration? • Reality Strikes • In order to get to 87% efficiency, the heating load has to closely match the thermal energy left over from the generation of electricity. • Utility electricity demand typically follows a nocturnal/diurnal sine pattern • Steam heating loads follow a summer/winter cycle • With industrial users, electrical and heating loads are typically more stable COGENERATION • What factors determine if cogeneration makes sense? • ECONOMICS! • Not just the economics of the cogeneration unit, but the impact on the entire facility. • Fuel cost • Electricity cost, including stand-by charges • Operational flexibility including turndown ability • Reliability impacts • Possibly the largest influence • If the cogeneration unit has an outage then this may (will?) bring the entire facility down. -
Recording and Evaluating the Pv Diagram with CASSY
LD Heat Physics Thermodynamic cycle Leaflets P2.6.2.4 Hot-air engine: quantitative experiments The hot-air engine as a heat engine: Recording and evaluating the pV diagram with CASSY Objects of the experiment Recording the pV diagram for different heating voltages. Determining the mechanical work per revolution from the enclosed area. Principles The cycle of a heat engine is frequently represented as a closed curve in a pV diagram (p: pressure, V: volume). Here the mechanical work taken from the system is given by the en- closed area: W = − ͛ p ⋅ dV (I) The cycle of the hot-air engine is often described in an idealised form as a Stirling cycle (see Fig. 1), i.e., a succession of isochoric heating (a), isothermal expansion (b), isochoric cooling (c) and isothermal compression (d). This description, however, is a rough approximation because the working piston moves sinusoidally and therefore an isochoric change of state cannot be expected. In this experiment, the pV diagram is recorded with the computer-assisted data acquisition system CASSY for comparison with the real behaviour of the hot-air engine. A pressure sensor measures the pressure p in the cylinder and a displacement sensor measures the position s of the working piston, from which the volume V is calculated. The measured values are immediately displayed on the monitor in a pV diagram. Fig. 1 pV diagram of the Stirling cycle 0210-Wei 1 P2.6.2.4 LD Physics Leaflets Setup Apparatus The experimental setup is illustrated in Fig. 2. 1 hot-air engine . 388 182 1 U-core with yoke . -
Micro Gas Turbine Engine: a Review
Chapter 5 Micro Gas Turbine Engine: A Review Marco Antônio Rosa do Nascimento, Lucilene de Oliveira Rodrigues, Eraldo Cruz dos Santos, Eli Eber Batista Gomes, Fagner Luis Goulart Dias, Elkin Iván Gutiérrez Velásques and Rubén Alexis Miranda Carrillo Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/54444 1. Introduction Microturbines are energy generators whose capacity ranges from 15 to 300 kW. Their basic principle comes from open cycle gas turbines, although they present several typi‐ cal features, such as: variable speed, high speed operation, compact size, simple opera‐ bility, easy installation, low maintenance, air bearings, low NOX emissions and usually a recuperator (Hamilton, 2001). Microturbines came into the automotive market between 1950 and 1970. The first microtur‐ bines were based on gas turbine designed to be used in generators of missile launching sta‐ tions, aircraft and bus engines, among other commercial means of transport. The use of this equipment in the energy market increased between 1980 and 1990, when the demand for distributed generating technologies increased as well (LISS, 1999). Distributed generation systems may prove more attractive in a competitive market to those seeking to increase reliability and gain independence by self-generating. Manufacturers of gas and liquid-fueled microturbines and advanced turbine systems have bench test results showing that they will either meet or beat current emission goals for nitrogen oxides (NOX) and other pollutants (Hamilton, 2001). Air quality regulation agencies need to account for this technological innovation. Emission control technologies and regulations for distributed generation system are not yet precisely defined. -
Novel Hot Air Engine and Its Mathematical Model – Experimental Measurements and Numerical Analysis
POLLACK PERIODICA An International Journal for Engineering and Information Sciences DOI: 10.1556/606.2019.14.1.5 Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 47–58 (2019) www.akademiai.com NOVEL HOT AIR ENGINE AND ITS MATHEMATICAL MODEL – EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENTS AND NUMERICAL ANALYSIS 1 Gyula KRAMER, 2 Gabor SZEPESI *, 3 Zoltán SIMÉNFALVI 1,2,3 Department of Chemical Machinery, Institute of Energy and Chemical Machinery University of Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros 3515, Hungary e-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Received 11 December 2017; accepted 25 June 2018 Abstract: In the relevant literature there are many types of heat engines. One of those is the group of the so called hot air engines. This paper introduces their world, also introduces the new kind of machine that was developed and built at Department of Chemical Machinery, Institute of Energy and Chemical Machinery, University of Miskolc. Emphasizing the novelty of construction and the working principle are explained. Also the mathematical model of this new engine was prepared and compared to the real model of engine. Keywords: Hot, Air, Engine, Mathematical model 1. Introduction There are three types of volumetric heat engines: the internal combustion engines; steam engines; and hot air engines. The first one is well known, because it is on zenith nowadays. The steam machines are also well known, because their time has just passed, even the elder ones could see those in use. But the hot air engines are forgotten. Our aim is to consider that one. The history of hot air engines is 200 years old. -
A Review of Range Extenders in Battery Electric Vehicles: Current Progress and Future Perspectives
Review A Review of Range Extenders in Battery Electric Vehicles: Current Progress and Future Perspectives Manh-Kien Tran 1,* , Asad Bhatti 2, Reid Vrolyk 1, Derek Wong 1 , Satyam Panchal 2 , Michael Fowler 1 and Roydon Fraser 2 1 Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada; [email protected] (R.V.); [email protected] (D.W.); [email protected] (M.F.) 2 Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada; [email protected] (A.B.); [email protected] (S.P.); [email protected] (R.F.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-519-880-6108 Abstract: Emissions from the transportation sector are significant contributors to climate change and health problems because of the common use of gasoline vehicles. Countries in the world are attempting to transition away from gasoline vehicles and to electric vehicles (EVs), in order to reduce emissions. However, there are several practical limitations with EVs, one of which is the “range anxiety” issue, due to the lack of charging infrastructure, the high cost of long-ranged EVs, and the limited range of affordable EVs. One potential solution to the range anxiety problem is the use of range extenders, to extend the driving range of EVs while optimizing the costs and performance of the vehicles. This paper provides a comprehensive review of different types of EV range extending technologies, including internal combustion engines, free-piston linear generators, fuel cells, micro Citation: Tran, M.-K.; Bhatti, A.; gas turbines, and zinc-air batteries, outlining their definitions, working mechanisms, and some recent Vrolyk, R.; Wong, D.; Panchal, S.; Fowler, M.; Fraser, R. -
Arxiv:2003.07157V1 [Cond-Mat.Stat-Mech] 10 Mar 2020 Oin Ti on Htteiiilvlmso H Odadho Engine
Stirling engine operating at low temperature difference Alejandro Romanelli∗ Instituto de F´ısica, Facultad de Ingenier´ıa Universidad de la Rep´ublica C.C. 30, C.P. 11000, Montevideo, Uruguay (Dated: March 17, 2020) Abstract The paper develops the dynamics and thermodynamics of Stirling engines that run with tem- perature differences below 100 0C. The working gas pressure is analytically expressed using an alternative thermodynamic cycle. The shaft dynamics is studied using its rotational equation of motion. It is found that the initial volumes of the cold and hot working gas play a non-negligible role in the functioning of the engine. arXiv:2003.07157v1 [cond-mat.stat-mech] 10 Mar 2020 1 I. INTRODUCTION In the field of energy efficiency, the use of waste energy is one of the keys to improve the performance of facilities, whether industrial or domestic. In general the waste energy arises as heat, from some thermal process, that it is necessary to remove. Therefore the use of the waste energy is usually conditioned by the difficulty of converting heat into other forms of energy.1,2 The Stirling engines, being external combustion machines, have the potential to take advantage of any source of thermal energy to convert it into mechanical energy. This makes them candidates to be used in heat recovery systems. The Stirling engine is essentially a two-part hot-air engine which operates in a closed regenerative thermodynamic cycle, with cyclic compressions and expansions of the working fluid at different temperature levels.3,4 The flow of the working fluid is controlled only by the internal volume changes; there are no valves and there is a net conversion of heat into work or vice-versa.