DOCSLIB.ORG

Stirling Engine Assessment

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Stirling Engine Assessment S E D N WARNING: E L Please read the License Agreement C A I I on the back cover before removing L R E the Wrapping Material. M A T Technical Report Stirling Engine Assessment 1007317 Final Report, October 2002 EPRI Project Manager D. Thimsen EPRI • 3412 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304 • PO Box 10412, Palo Alto, California 94303 • USA 800.313.3774 • 650.855.2121 • [email protected] • www.epri.com DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITIES THIS DOCUMENT WAS PREPARED BY THE ORGANIZATION(S) NAMED BELOW AS AN ACCOUNT OF WORK SPONSORED OR COSPONSORED BY THE ELECTRIC POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE, INC. (EPRI). NEITHER EPRI, ANY MEMBER OF EPRI, ANY COSPONSOR, THE ORGANIZATION(S) BELOW, NOR ANY PERSON ACTING ON BEHALF OF ANY OF THEM: (A) MAKES ANY WARRANTY OR REPRESENTATION WHATSOEVER, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, (I) WITH RESPECT TO THE USE OF ANY INFORMATION, APPARATUS, METHOD, PROCESS, OR SIMILAR ITEM DISCLOSED IN THIS DOCUMENT, INCLUDING MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR (II) THAT SUCH USE DOES NOT INFRINGE ON OR INTERFERE WITH PRIVATELY OWNED RIGHTS, INCLUDING ANY PARTY'S INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, OR (III) THAT THIS DOCUMENT IS SUITABLE TO ANY PARTICULAR USER'S CIRCUMSTANCE; OR (B) ASSUMES RESPONSIBILITY FOR ANY DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY WHATSOEVER (INCLUDING ANY CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, EVEN IF EPRI OR ANY EPRI REPRESENTATIVE HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES) RESULTING FROM YOUR SELECTION OR USE OF THIS DOCUMENT OR ANY INFORMATION, APPARATUS, METHOD, PROCESS, OR SIMILAR ITEM DISCLOSED IN THIS DOCUMENT. ORGANIZATION(S) THAT PREPARED THIS DOCUMENT Energy International, Inc. ORDERING INFORMATION Requests for copies of this report should be directed to EPRI Orders and Conferences, 1355 Willow Way, Suite 278, Concord, CA 94520, (800) 313-3774, press 2 or internally x5379, (925) 609-9169, (925) 609-1310 (fax). Electric Power Research Institute and EPRI are registered service marks of the Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. EPRI. ELECTRIFY THE WORLD is a service mark of the Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. Copyright © 2002 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. CITATIONS This report was prepared by Energy International, Inc. 127 Bellevue Way SE Suite 200 Bellevue, WA 98004 Principal Investigator J. Majeski This report describes research sponsored by EPRI. The report is a corporate document that should be cited in the literature in the following manner: Stirling Engine Assessment, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2002. 1007317. iii REPORT SUMMARY Stirling engines are reciprocating engines that are fueled by an external heat source. This report presents a summary of the technical trends, commercialization status, and economic viability of Stirling engine technology for distributed generation (DG) applications. Background EPRI strives to provide its utility members with information about emerging DG technologies that may offer new business opportunities and attractive customer solutions. While fuel cells and microturbines have received a majority of the recent focus, Stirling engine technology is beginning to receive more attention as a viable—and potentially competitive—DG option. Objectives To document the state of the art in the commercial development of Stirling engine technology for DG applications as of June 2002. Approach The information in this report was obtained through research consisting of literature and web- based searches and telephone interviews with nineteen companies worldwide that are involved in the development and/or sales of Stirling engine technology. Results Recent interest in distributed generation has sparked new activity in the Stirling industry; however, only a single commercially available distributed generation product based on the Stirling engine has emerged thus far. Numerous companies are striving to bring a wide array of Stirling products to market for a breadth of applications. Most popular are products planned for residential combined-heat and power applications and small-commercial DG, particularly where “free” or “inexpensive” fuels are readily available. Several Stirling companies presently have prototype products available for testing and demonstration. These systems range in size from 1 to 25 kWe and vary widely in price from $2,000 to $36,000/kWe. Through economies of scale, most Stirling developers ultimately plan to decrease the selling price of their products to less than $1,000/kWe. v EPRI Perspective While field test experience is not yet sufficient to allow for full commercialization of Stirling engines, it is substantial relative to some of the other emerging DG technologies. The primary challenge is to develop a Stirling engine product that may be mass produced at a competitive cost while maintaining a performance that is superior to the incumbent technologies, particularly internal-combustion engines. Today’s Stirling developers may be able to meet the challenge with improvement in several areas of engine design, including speed control, sealing, mechanical linkage, and heat transfer. Prototype testing and demonstration is the only meaningful way to determine if vendors are able to solve these fundamental technical issues. Keywords Stirling engines Stirling cycle External-combustion engines Reciprocating engines Engine generator sets Distributed generation vi EPRI Licensed Material ABSTRACT This report documents the state of the art in the commercial development of Stirling engine technology for distributed generation (DG) applications. Utilities seeking new business opportunities and customer solutions based on emerging DG technologies will benefit from it. While fuel cells and microturbines have been a primary focus for emerging DG technologies, Stirling engine technology is beginning to attract more attention as a viable—and potentially competitive—DG option. Though only a single DG product based on the Stirling engine is commercially available, numerous companies are working to bring a wide array of Stirling engine products to market. At this point, products are planned for residential combined-heat and power applications and small- commercial DG. Current prototype products range in size from 1 to 25 kWe and vary widely in price from $2,000 to $36,000/kWe. As the market matures, the selling price should fall to less than $1,000/kWe. By improving engine design, developers may be able to mass produce Stirling engine products at a competitive cost while maintaining performance that is superior to existing technologies—particularly internal-combustion engines. Utilities can refer to this report for an up-to-date summary of the technical trends, commercialization status, and economic viability of Stirling engine technology for DG applications. vii EPRI Licensed Material EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Stirling engine, an example of an external combustion engine, is an emerging prime mover technology for distributed generation (DG) applications. In a Stirling engine, heat is transferred through the hot-end cylinder walls to a confined working fluid and is then converted to mechanical work via the Stirling thermodynamic cycle. To complete the cycle, heat is absorbed from the working fluid through the cold-end cylinder walls by a coolant. This differs from an internal combustion (IC) engine, which relies on the ignition of fuel within the engine cylinder to force the piston down with large amounts of heat rejected in the exhaust gas. Kinematic Stirling engines have a crankshaft with a conventional generator, whereas free-piston Stirling engines typically generate electric power with a linear alternator. In general, Stirling engines have relatively high thermodynamic efficiencies. Because they require only heat, Stirling engines also permit high fuel-flexibility and allow for better control of emissions. However, regardless of these benefits, the IC engine has still become the incumbent prime-mover technology for transportation and stationary power generation applications, while the Stirling engine has yet to reach commercialization. This is likely due to size and weight benefits of the IC engine combined with several other design and operational advantages. Recent interest in distributed generation has sparked a high level of activity in Stirling technology development. Stirling engines are now positioned as a potential competitor to other on-site power generation technologies, particularly the mature IC engine and emerging technologies like microturbines and fuel cells. This report provides a state-of-the-art assessment of Stirling engine technology for DG applications as of June 2002. The results are based on the status of nineteen companies worldwide with plans to develop and/or sell Stirling engine products. Emphasis is placed on technology trends, commercialization status, and economics. Technology Trends Stirling engine technology developments have been directed at a wide range of applications over the last several decades, including vehicle propulsion, gas-fired heat pump drives, aircraft propulsion, auxiliary power, and submarine power generation. The most commonly cited application for Stirling engines under development today is distributed generation for baseload or backup power. This report reveals the following technology- and design-related trends: • Most Stirling companies are developing products for residential combined heat and power (1- 5 kWe) or commercial on-site power generation (25 kWe). • Several developers are focused on niche markets that take advantage of the Stirling engine’s
Recommended publications
  • STIRLOCHARGER POWERED by EXHAUST HEAT for HIGH EFFICIENCY COMBUSTION and ELECTRIC GENERATION Adhiraj B

    STIRLOCHARGER POWERED by EXHAUST HEAT for HIGH EFFICIENCY COMBUSTION and ELECTRIC GENERATION Adhiraj B

    Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs Open Access Theses Theses and Dissertations January 2015 STIRLOCHARGER POWERED BY EXHAUST HEAT FOR HIGH EFFICIENCY COMBUSTION AND ELECTRIC GENERATION Adhiraj B. Mathur Purdue University Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_theses Recommended Citation Mathur, Adhiraj B., "STIRLOCHARGER POWERED BY EXHAUST HEAT FOR HIGH EFFICIENCY COMBUSTION AND ELECTRIC GENERATION" (2015). Open Access Theses. 1153. https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_theses/1153 This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. STIRLOCHARGER POWERED BY EXHAUST HEAT FOR HIGH EFFICIENCY COMBUSTION AND ELECTRIC GENERATION A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Purdue University by Adhiraj B. Mathur In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering Technology December 2015 Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my advisor Dr. Henry Zhang, the advisory committee, my family and friends for supporting me through this journey. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................
  • Lecture 19 Cryocoolers

    Lecture 19 Cryocoolers

    Lecture 19 Cryocoolers J. G. Weisend II Goals • Introduce the characteristics and applications of cryocoolers • Discuss recuperative vs. regenerative heat exchangers • Describe regenerator materials • Describe the Stirling cycle, Gifford McMahon and pulse tube cryocoolers and give examples June 2019 Cryocoolers - J. G. Weisend II Slide 2 Introduction to Cryocoolers • Cryocoolers are smaller closed cycle mechanical refrigeration systems – There is no official upper size for a cryocooler but typically these provide less than few 100 W of cooling at 20 – 100 K and less than 10 W at 4.2 K – Cryocoolers do not use the Claude/Collins cycles used by large refrigeration plants but use alternative cycles – Working fluid is almost always helium – some exceptions exist – All the laws of thermodynamics still apply – Improved technology ( bearings, miniaturized compressors, better materials, CFD, better reliability etc) has lead to the development of a large number of practical cryocooler designs in the past 10 – 20 years – We will concentrate on 3 types: Stirling, Gifford McMahon & Pulse tube June 2019 Cryocoolers - J. G. Weisend II Slide 3 Cryocooler Applications • Cryocoolers are most useful in applications that: – Have smaller heat loads ( < 1 kW) – Operate above 10 K (though there are significant 4.2 K applications) • Note synergy with HTS operating temperatures – Require small size, weight, portability or operation in remote locations – space and military applications – Are single cryogenic applications within a larger system – reliquefiers for MRI magnets, sample cooling, “cooling at the flip of a switch” June 2019 Cryocoolers - J. G. Weisend II Slide 4 Cryocooler Applications – Cooling of infrared sensors for night vision, missile guidance, surveillance or astronomy • Much IR astronomy requires < 3 K and thus can’t be met by cryocoolers – “Cryogen free” superconducting magnets or SQUID arrays – Reliquefing LN2,LHe or other cryogens – Cooling of thermal radiation shields – Cooling of HiTc based electronics e.g.
  • Safety Consideration on Liquid Hydrogen

    Safety Consideration on Liquid Hydrogen

    Safety Considerations on Liquid Hydrogen Karl Verfondern Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft der 5/JULICH Mitglied FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................1 2. PROPERTIES OF LIQUID HYDROGEN..........................................................................................3 2.1. Physical and Chemical Characteristics..............................................................................................3 2.1.1. Physical Properties ......................................................................................................................3 2.1.2. Chemical Properties ....................................................................................................................7 2.2. Influence of Cryogenic Hydrogen on Materials..............................................................................9 2.3. Physiological Problems in Connection with Liquid Hydrogen ....................................................10 3. PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROGEN AND SLUSH HYDROGEN................................... 13 3.1. Liquid Hydrogen Production Methods ............................................................................................ 13 3.1.1. Energy Requirement .................................................................................................................. 13 3.1.2. Linde Hampson Process ............................................................................................................15
  • Methods for Heat Analysis and Temperature Field Analysis of the Insulated Diesel

    Methods for Heat Analysis and Temperature Field Analysis of the Insulated Diesel

    DOE/NASA/0342-1 NASA CR-174783 19950008390 Methods for Heat Analysis and Temperature Field Analysis of the Insulated Diesel Phase I Progress Report Thomas Morel, Paul N. Blumberg, Edward F. Fort, and Rifat Keribar Integral Technologies Incorporated August 1984 Prepared for NATIONAL AERONAUTICSAND SPACEADMIN ISTRATION Lewis Research Center Under Grant DEN 3-342 1[__ _SPf for ! _i _,:_<,:x._ U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY L&NGLEY RESEARCHCENTER: Conservationand RenewableEnergy LIBRARYN. ASA Office of Vehicle and Engine R&D .AM__TO_".V,RG,_,_ DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. Printed in the United States of America Available from National Technical Information Service U.S. Department of Commerce 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 NTIS price codes1 Printed copy: A12 Microfiche copy: A01 1Codes are used for pricing all publications.
  • Rural Electrification in Bolivia Through Solar Powered Stirling Engines

    Rural Electrification in Bolivia Through Solar Powered Stirling Engines

    Rural electrification in Bolivia through solar powered Stirling engines Carlos Gaitan Bachelor of ScienceI Thesis KTH School of Industrial Engineering and Management Energy Technology EGI-2014 SE-100 44 STOCKHOLM Bachelor of Science Thesis EGI-2014 Rural electrification in Bolivia through solar powered Stirling engines Carlos Gaitan Approved Examiner Supervisor Catharina Erlich Commissioner Contact person II Abstract This study focuses on the rural areas of Bolivia. The village investigated is assumed to have 70 households and one school. Electrical supply will be covered with the help of solar powered Stirling engines. A Stirling engine is an engine with an external heat source, which could be fuel or biomass for example. The model calculates the electrical demand for two different cases. One low level demand and one high level demand. By studying the total electrical demand of the village, the model can calculate a sizing for the Stirling system. However, for the sizing to be more accurate, more research needs to be done with regards to the demand of the village and the incoming parameters of the model. III Sammanfattning Den här studien fokuserar på landsbygden i Bolivia. En by som antas ha 70 hushåll och en skola är det som ligger till grund för studien. Byn ska försörjas med el med hjälp av soldrivna Stirling motorer. En Stirling motor är en motor som drivs med en extern värmekälla. Denna värmekälla kan vara exempelvis biomassa eller annan bränsle. Modellen som tas fram i projektet beräknar elektricitetsbehovet för byn för två nivåer, ett lågt elbehov och ett högt elbehov. Genom att studera det totala elbehovet över dagen kan modellen beräkna fram en storlek för Stirling systemet.
  • Miniature Free-Piston Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engine

    Miniature Free-Piston Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engine

    Chemical Engineering Science 57 (2002) 4161–4171 www.elsevier.com/locate/ces Miniature free-piston homogeneous charge compression ignition engine-compressor concept—Part I: performance estimation and design considerations unique to small dimensions H. T. Aichlmayr, D. B. Kittelson, M. R. Zachariah ∗ Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Chemistry, The University of Minnesota, 111 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA Received 18 September 2001; received in revised form 7 February 2002; accepted 18 April 2002 Abstract Research and development activities pertaining to the development of a 10 W, homogeneous charge compression ignition free-piston engine-compressor are presented. Emphasis is placed upon the miniature engine concept and design rationale. Also, a crankcase-scavenged, two-stroke engine performance estimation method (slider-crank piston motion) is developed and used to explore the in;uence of engine operating conditions and geometric parameters on power density and establish plausible design conditions. The minimization of small-scale e=ects such as enhanced heat transfer, is also explored. ? 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. Keywords: Two-stroke engine; Free-piston engine; Homogeneous charge compression ignition; Microchemical; Performance estimation; Micro-power generation 1. Introduction exist: Enhance batteries or develop miniature energy conver- sion devices. Only modest gains may be expected from the This paper is the ÿrst in a two-part series that presents re- former, consequently the latter is being vigorously pursued sults of recent small-scale engine research and development (Peterson, 2001). In particular, miniature engine-generators e=orts conducted at the University of Minnesota. Speciÿ- (Epstein et al., 1997; Yang et al. 1999; Allen et al., 2001; cally, it introduces the miniature free-piston homogeneous Fernandez-Pello, Liepmann, & Pisano, 2001) are considered charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine-compressor especially promising.
  • Engineering Fundamentals of the Internal Combustion Engine

    Engineering Fundamentals of the Internal Combustion Engine

    Engineering Fundamentals of the Internal Combustion Engine . I Willard W. Pulkrabek University of Wisconsin-· .. Platteville vi Contents 2-3 Mean Effective Pressure, 49 2-4 Torque and Power, 50 2-5 Dynamometers, 53 2-6 Air-Fuel Ratio and Fuel-Air Ratio, 55 2-7 Specific Fuel Consumption, 56 2-8 Engine Efficiencies, 59 2-9 Volumetric Efficiency, 60 , 2-10 Emissions, 62 2-11 Noise Abatement, 62 2-12 Conclusions-Working Equations, 63 Problems, 65 Design Problems, 67 3 ENGINE CYCLES 68 3-1 Air-Standard Cycles, 68 3-2 Otto Cycle, 72 3-3 Real Air-Fuel Engine Cycles, 81 3-4 SI Engine Cycle at Part Throttle, 83 3-5 Exhaust Process, 86 3-6 Diesel Cycle, 91 3-7 Dual Cycle, 94 3-8 Comparison of Otto, Diesel, and Dual Cycles, 97 3-9 Miller Cycle, 103 3-10 Comparison of Miller Cycle and Otto Cycle, 108 3-11 Two-Stroke Cycles, 109 3-12 Stirling Cycle, 111 3-13 Lenoir Cycle, 113 3-14 Summary, 115 Problems, 116 Design Problems, 120 4 THERMOCHEMISTRY AND FUELS 121 4-1 Thermochemistry, 121 4-2 Hydrocarbon Fuels-Gasoline, 131 4-3 Some Common Hydrocarbon Components, 134 4-4 Self-Ignition and Octane Number, 139 4-5 Diesel Fuel, 148 4-6 Alternate Fuels, 150 4-7 Conclusions, 162 Problems, 162 Design Problems, 165 Contents vii 5 AIR AND FUEL INDUCTION 166 5-1 Intake Manifold, 166 5-2 Volumetric Efficiency of SI Engines, 168 5-3 Intake Valves, 173 5-4 Fuel Injectors, 178 5-5 Carburetors, 181 5-6 Supercharging and Turbocharging, 190 5-7 Stratified Charge Engines and Dual Fuel Engines, 195 5-8 Intake for Two-Stroke Cycle Engines, 196 5-9 Intake for CI Engines, 199
  • Crankpin Bearings in High Output Aircraft Piston Engines the Evolution of Their Design and Loading by Robert J

    Crankpin Bearings in High Output Aircraft Piston Engines the Evolution of Their Design and Loading by Robert J

    Crankpin Bearings in High Output Aircraft Piston Engines The Evolution of their Design and Loading by Robert J. Raymond July 2015 Abstract powered truck. There you will invariably find a 6-cylinder, 4-stroke cycle, open chamber, turbocharged, aftercooled The development of the crankpin bearing in high output engine with electronically controlled fuel injection. Gone are aircraft piston engines is traced over the period 1915-1950 in the two-stroke cycle, divided combustion chambers, and the a large number of liquid and air cooled engines of both many variants of mechanical injection systems found in American and European origin. The changes in bearing truck engines of the past. dimensions are characterized as dimensionless ratios and At the end of the large piston engine era there was still a the resulting changes in the associated weights of rotating broad spectrum of engine configurations being produced and reciprocating parts as weight densities at the crankpin. and actively developed. Along with the major division Bearing materials and developments are presented to indi- between liquid and air-cooled engines there was a turbo- cate how they accommodated increasing bearing loads. compounded engine, a four-row air-cooled radial engine, Bearing loads are characterized by maximum unit bearing engines with poppet valves and engines with sleeve valves, pressure and minimum oil film thickness and plotted as a all in production. There were also a two-stroke turbo-com- function of time. Most of the data was obtained from the lit- pounded Diesel engine, a 2-stroke spark ignition sleeve erature but some results were calculated by the author.
  • Laboratory Bsalamos,New Mexico 87545

    Laboratory Bsalamos,New Mexico 87545

    LA-UR--86-1643 DE86 011252 TITLE A CWPACT REAC’iOR/ORC POWER SOURCE AUTHORISI Karl L. Meier, Walter L. Kirchner, and Gordon J. Wlllcutt, Q-12 SUBM1 TEE TO To be prcsmtd nt the 21st Intcrnocicty Energy Convcrsiun l?ngLnmr tng Con rcrmcc (IECEC), in San Diego, C..l~forn1il, in Au~uMt 25-?9, 1986. II,, ;. , 1,1 : 1. ,: . , , ,....,, d .,, !1 :. ...ml I i,, 1,,, I \ J ‘hr. ‘ . 1.1! ‘:1.111% ,m . .. ., ,1.. ,. .,,. .!. , ,,,, #,, . ,: n,.,., ., , 11111: ., ‘. ,,. 1“ ,,l. ;.”’,,.:.. .! 11.1 ., ., .,, ., ..,, l,. -,. .,1 1, :’, . ,, ..,,.,,.. ...A!.1,1 l!,l, , ,.” . ...!, 1 . - ,. ,1. :, ., ,,. ,,, I.. l,,,: r.. ,, :.,1. ,.,.,, k. ,:, ,,, 1,. :,,, t v ,’. .,, .. ,1,’, ., s,, 1, ., .,,,:, ,1. ,.,,, ” ., .. ,.,. .,1 , . .,111 —— n LosAlamos Nationa!Laboratory AhlmlmbsAlamos,New Mexico 87545 UISll{ll,NJllON (X’ I HIS DWUMENT IS UNUMIUUJ A COW’ACT REACTOR/ORC PONER SOURCE technology. A long mean-time-between-failure (MTBF) results from redundant components and a design with few moving parts. Figure 1 is a three-dimensional Karl L. Meier, Walter L. Kirchner, and cutaway view of the CNPS showing the vessel, reactor Gordon J. Uillcutt core, reflector~, control rod:, heat pipes, and Los Alamos National Laboratory vaporizers. Reactor Design and Analysis Group (Q-12) The reactor combines a number of inherent safety. Los Alamos, NM 87545 features (1*). mized by the use‘affguadsA9.9% enrichedConsider?\gsf;:;. m’;;; coated partic’1 fuel retains virtually all the fis- ABSTRACT sion products generated throughout the 20-yr life of the reactor. Transier,teffects are mitigated by the A compact power source that combines an organic large graphite mass of the core. A strong negative Rankine Cycle (ORC) electric generator with a temperature coef~icient of reactivity is the salient nuclear reactor heat source is being designed and inherent safety feature, limiting peak reactor tem- f~bricated.
  • Analysis of Regenerative Cooling in Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines

    Analysis of Regenerative Cooling in Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines

    ANALYSIS OF REGENERATIVE COOLING IN LIQUID PROPELLANT ROCKET ENGINES A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY MUSTAFA EMRE BOYSAN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DECEMBER 2008 Approval of the thesis: ANALYSIS OF REGENERATIVE COOLING IN LIQUID PROPELLANT ROCKET ENGINES submitted by MUSTAFA EMRE BOYSAN ¸ in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Canan ÖZGEN Dean, Gradute School of Natural and Applied Sciences Prof. Dr. Süha ORAL Head of Department, Mechanical Engineering Assoc. Prof. Dr. Abdullah ULAŞ Supervisor, Mechanical Engineering Dept., METU Examining Committee Members: Prof. Dr. Haluk AKSEL Mechanical Engineering Dept., METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Abdullah ULAŞ Mechanical Engineering Dept., METU Prof. Dr. Hüseyin VURAL Mechanical Engineering Dept., METU Asst. Dr. Cüneyt SERT Mechanical Engineering Dept., METU Dr. H. Tuğrul TINAZTEPE Roketsan Missiles Industries Inc. Date: 05.12.2008 I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Mustafa Emre BOYSAN Signature : iii ABSTRACT ANALYSIS OF REGENERATIVE COOLING IN LIQUID PROPELLANT ROCKET ENGINES BOYSAN, Mustafa Emre M. Sc., Department of Mechanical Engineering Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Abdullah ULAŞ December 2008, 82 pages High combustion temperatures and long operation durations require the use of cooling techniques in liquid propellant rocket engines.
  • Bankrupt Companies

    Bankrupt Companies

    The List of Fallen Solar Companies: 2015 to 2009: S.No Year/Status Company Name and Details 118 2015 Enecsys (microinverters) bankrupt -- Enecsys raised more than $55 million in VC from investors including Wellington Partners, NES Partners, Good Energies and Climate Change Capital Private Equity for its microinverter technology. 117 2015 QBotix (trackers) closed -- QBotix had a two-axis solar tracker system where the motors, instead of being installed two per tracker, were moved around by a rail-mounted robot that adjusted each tracker every 40 minutes. But while QBotix was trying to gain traction, single-axis solar trackers were also evolving and driving down cost. QBotix raised more than $19.5 million from Firelake, NEA, DFJ JAIC, Siemens Ventures, E.ON and Iberdrola. 116 2015 Solar-Fabrik (c-Si) bankrupt -- German module builder 115 2015 Soitec (CPV) closed -- France's Soitec, one of the last companies with a hope of commercializing concentrating photovoltaic technology, abandoned its solar business. Soitec had approximately 75 megawatts' worth of CPV projects in the ground. 114 2015 TSMC (CIGS) closed -- TSMC Solar ceased manufacturing operations, as "TSMC believes that its solar business is no longer economically sustainable." Last year, TSMC Solar posted a champion module efficiency of 15.7 percent with its Stion- licensed technology. 113 2015 Abengoa -- Seeking bankruptcy protection 112 2014 Bankrupt, Areva's solar business (CSP) closed -- Suffering through a closed Fukushima-inspired slowdown in reactor sales, Ausra 111 2014 Bankrupt,
  • Development of a Combined Thermal Management and Power Generation System Using a Multi-Mode Rankine Cycle

    Development of a Combined Thermal Management and Power Generation System Using a Multi-Mode Rankine Cycle

    DEVELOPMENT OF A COMBINED THERMAL MANAGEMENT AND POWER GENERATION SYSTEM USING A MULTI-MODE RANKINE CYCLE A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering By: NATHANIEL M. PAYNE B.S., Ohio Northern University, 2019 2021 Wright State University Cleared for Public Release by AFRL Public Affairs on June 2, 2021 Case Number: 2021-0296 The views expressed in this article are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the United States Air Force, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. WRIGHT STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL April 27, 2021 I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY Nathaniel M. Payne ENTITLED Development of a Combined Thermal Management and Power Generation using a Multi-Mode Rankine Cycle BE ACCEPTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering. __________________________ Dr. Mitch Wolff, Ph.D. Thesis Director __________________________ Dr. Raghu Srinivasan, Ph.D., P.E. Chair, Mechanical & Materials Engineering Committee on Final Examination: ________________________________ Dr. Rory Roberts, Ph.D. ________________________________ Dr. José Camberos, Ph.D. ________________________________ Levi Elston, M.S. ________________________________ Barry Milligan, Ph.D. Vice Provost for Academic Affairs Dean of the Graduate School ABSTRACT Payne, Nathaniel M. M.S.M.E., Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Wright State University, 2021. Development of a Combined Thermal Management and Power Generation System using a Multi-Mode Rankine Cycle. Two sub-systems that present a significant challenge in the development of high- performance air vehicle exceeding speeds of Mach 5 are the power generation and thermal management sub-systems.