Reprints from: ISSN: 0970-3306 Journal of Economic & Taxonomic Botany Additional Series No. 19, 2001

(Recent Researches in Plant Anatomy and Morphology)

Editor J.K. MAHESHWARI Associate Editor A.P.JAIN

~' ·. .. .. '

, SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHERS (INDIA) . P.O. Box 91 JODHPUR

·. : - SEED MORPHOLOGY OF SOME TAXA OF ASTERACEAE

M. lDU & A.C. OMONHINMIN Department of Botany, University of Benin, P.M. B. 1154, Benin City, Nigeria

ABSTRACT

Seed morphology of 136 species distributed in 68 genera have been described. Of these, seed morphology of 51 genera are described for the first time. Systematic keys based on seed morphology for the identification of genera have been provided.

INTRODUCTION

The characteristics of the seeds, apart the Asteraceae, besides the testa proper, from differences in the development of an have additional coats derived from reduced aril, have been little used m the calyx. Sometimes those layers and the seed classification of most seeds. coat proper are so intimately associated The orientation, colour, thickness and that it becomes difficult to distingui~h the measurements which make up the individual layers. The coats of some seeds morphometries differ considerably from are expanded into wings while others bear taxa to taxa. The differences in the shape tuffs of hairs. In other cases, similar and size apparently varied considerably structures are derived from the fruit (e.g. between and within different taxa. (Gill the pappus of many Asteraceae). and Omoigui, 1988; Gunn, 1972), so that Information on the seed morphology of rather few· of the accumulated data bear Asteraceae is not forthcoming, the only directly on the problem of tribal· and classical work are those of Martin and genetic relationship. Burkley (1973) who gave the seed morphology of 35 genera. Corner (1976) Martin and Burkley (1973) indicated described in general terms the seed that the ability to recognize seeds as an anatomy and morphology of about 37 important diagnostic feature has become genera. Gill and Omoigui (1988) described more essential in modern scientific achene morphology of 16 species from . the agriculture, as without it, there will be tribe Heliantheae. Recently, Ayodele (1995) little merit in perfecting methods of gave the achene morphology of the genus growing useful plant. Vernonia from Nigeria. Many cereal grains, and the achenes of To fill the gap in the knowledge of seed

I Idu & Omonhinmin

morphology, the present study has been continue to be generally neglected by taken up and present the seed morphology taxonomist. The lack of reliable seed of 136 species distributed in 61 genera of morphological data has hindered the these ~ only 16 genera were described by identification of isolated seeds and reduced Martin and Burkley (1973). their significance in the phytogenic consideration of the taxa consign. Many MATERIALS AND METHODS floras do not highlight the taxonomic value of seed characteristics. Several workers Seeds of 136 taxa from 68 genera were · who had earlier · contributed to the obtained from Botanischen Garten and morphological features of seeds in this Botanischen museum, Berlin-Dahlerri family include Singh (1964), Sehgal (1966), Koniginluise strasse, Germany. Voucher of Dittrich (1968) an d Vaughan (1970). They the seeds examined are kept in the Botany described them as small, enclosed in the Department of the University of ·Benin, achene, with thin papery seed coat. Corner Benin-City, Nigeria. The. general (1976), noted th at most botanists are terminology used for describing the seed satisfied with the external fetures of the morphology is that of Gunn and Barnes achene and a fe w have enquired into the (1977), Martin and Burkley (1973) and Gill development of the embryo and ovule. et al. (1993). Ten seeds wen~ examined for Little attention h as been given to the seed each sample. Depending on the seed size, coat since the time of Kuhn (1927). It is seeds were examined under stereoscope clear, nevertheless, the seed coat has not U sch and combdissecting microscope fitted completely deteriorated in the achene but with light or vernier callipers ~ The colour of has retained . the exotesta palisade. seed was determined by c'omparing the However, in the present work, the testa seed colour with "Colour for specific surface is classified as smooth (Aster), Purpose" Anon. (1964). The seed outline puckered (Senecio) and rarely wrinkled was drawn with seed surface fitted in by (Chaptalia); glossy (Crepis) to dull examining the seed under a dissecting (Tanacetum), coarsely ridged with pappus stereoscopic microscope and a magnifying and seed colour often brown, light, grey and lamp, each equipped with fluorescent light. yellow. The seed shape varies from oblong to . obovate, cylindrical, ellipsoidal and RESULTS lanceolate. Other features of the seeds are winged as exemplified in Coreopsis In the present contribution, the results lanceolata and hairs e.g. in Conyza are presented in two parts, the first contain bonariensis and Aster tripolium. Seed size the study on seed morphometries and ranges from 1.2 mm in Pulicaria secondly, illustration of line drawing. The dystenterica to 27 mm in Tragopogon taxonomic arrangement of the genera and tommasinii. Before now, Corner (1976) taxa studied under this family is gave general features in this family, Gill alphabetical. and Omoigui (1988) gave features of 16 species from Heliantheae. Of the presently DISCUSSION investigated 68 genera, 17 were already described by Martin and Burkley (1973). Of c ·omparative seed morphology

2 Rece nt Researches in Plant Anatomy & Morphology

the remaining 51 genera, 13 were tropical, whitish on the dark body, no pappus. Size range 23 temperate and 15 cosmopolitan in 1.2 mm x 0.2 mm x 0.2 mm. Halos not apparent, distribution. no funicular margin. ·Hilum recessed, oblong - ellipsoidal, no lotoid split and rim aril. Lens not From taxonomic point of view, the apparent. Size 0. 03 mm x 0.02 mm. Mjcropylar morphology of seeds is of great value and pit not apparent. the seed characteristics, support the Achillea crithmifolia Waldst. & Kit. (Fig. 4 ) concept of use in better understanding of (DPS 0330) the systematic of these taxa. The science of Seed smooth, dull, monochromatic brown, seed identification has become increasingly flat obovate - oblong, the thin margins whitish on the brown body, truncate . at the top and important in modern scientific agriculture narrowed to a rounded base. Size range 1 mm x- and without it, there would be little use in 0.2 mm x 0.2 mm. Halos not apparent, no perfecting the methods of cultivating useful funicular margin. . Hilum recessed, oblong - plants. Over the years the knowledge of ellipsoidal, no lotoid split and rim-aril. Lens not seed characteristics has been used to meet apparent. Size 0. 03 mm x 0.03 mm. Micropylar the needs for correct labelling of seeds in pit not apparent. commercial channels to detect the Achillea grandifolia Friv. (Fig. 5) (DPS 0332) adulteration, potential toxic plant Seed puckered, dull, monochromatic brown, flat oblong - obovate, margins forms materials and to assure consumer of high thick whitish surface on the brown body, quality seeds. truncate at the top also narrowed a rounded Achillea L. base, no pappus. Size range 2 mm x 0.3 mm x 0.3 mm. Halos not apparent, no .funicular Achillea abrotanoides (Vis.) Vis. (Fig. 1) (DPS margin. Hilum recessed, oblong - ellipsoidal,·no 0325) lotoid split and rim- aril. Lens not apparent. Size 0.08 mm x 0.07 mm. Micropylar pit not Seed puckered, glossy, dichromatic cream apparent. on brown, flat oblong, truncate at the top and narrowed to a rounded base, pappus none. Size Achillea millefolium.L. (Fig. 6) (DPS 0334) range 2 mm . x 0.5 mm x 0.5 mm. Halos not Seed smooth, glossy, dull, monochromatic apparent, no funicular margin. Hilum recessed,· brown, covered with thick whitish thin margins, oblong-ellipsoidal, no lotoid split and rim aril. flat oblong, no pappus, truncate at the top Lens not apparent. Size 0.09 mm x 0.1 mm. narrowed to a rounded base. Size range 2 mm x Micropylar pit not apparent. 0.5 mm x 0.2 mm. Halos not apparent, rio Achillea ageratum L. (Fig. 2) (DPS 0327) funicular margin. Hilum recessed, oblong ~ Seed smooth, glossy-dull, monochromatic ellipsoidal, no lotoid split and rim-aril. Lens not dark brown, .flat- oblong, thin margins whitish apparent. Size 0.07 mm x 0.08 mm. Micropylar and the body dark, no pappus, truncate at the pit not apparent. top and narrowed to a rounded base. Size range Achillea ptarmica L. (Fig. 7) (DPS 0335) 2 mm x 1 mm x 1 mm, Halos not apparent, no . Seed smooth , dull, monochromatic brown, funicular margin. Hilum recessed, . oblong­ flat obovate " oblong, truncate. at the top and ellipsoidal, no lotoia split and rim-aril. Lens not narrowed to a rounded base, no pappus, thin apparent. Size 0.1 mm x 0.1 mm. Micropylar pit margins dense white on the brown body. Size not apparent. range 2 mm x 1.5 mm x 1.5 mm. Halos not . Achillea coarctata Pciiret (Fig. 3) (DPS 0328) apparent, no funicular margin. Hi1um recessed, Seed smooth, dull, monochromatic brown, oblong - ellipsoidal, no lotoid split and rim-aril. flat oblong-obovate, truncate at the top and Lens not apparent. Size 0.1 mm x 0.09 mm. narrowed to a rounded base, the thin margins Micropylar pit not apparent.

3 Idu & Omonhinmin

Achillea teretifolia Willd. (Fig. 8) (DPS 0336) Antennaria Gaertner Seed puckered, dull, monochromatic brown, thin margins whitish on the brown body, Antennaria alpina (L.) Gaertner (Fig. 12) flat oblong, truncate at the top and narrowed a (DPS 0340) rounded base, no pappus. Size range 1.9 mm x Seed smooth, dull, monochromatic brown, 0.9 mm x 0.9 mm. Halos not apparent, no oblong, no visible lengthwise ridges or line funicular margin. Hilum recessed, oblong - surface mottled with bristle, short hair. Size ellipsoidal, no lotoid split and rim-aril. Lens not range 1.2 mm x 0.3 mm x 0.3 mm. Halos not apparent. Size 0.09 mm x 0.08 mm. Micropylar apparent, no funicular margin. Hilum recessed, pit not apparent. oblong - ellipsoidal, no lotoid split and rim-aril. Ageratum L. Lens not apparent. Size 0.04 mm x 0.06 mm. D Micropylar pit not apparent. Ageratum conyzoides L. (Fig. 9) (DPS 214) Anthemis L. Seed smooth, dull, monochromatic dark brown body small, oblong - cylindric to Anthemis australis R.R. Fernandes (Fig. 13) compressed oblong- elliptic arid w~th a tapering (DPS 0344) base, hairy, pappus 5-6 branch out, white plumose bristles, pubescence on body surface. Seed smooth, glossy, monochromatic brown, oblong - elliptic, four angled, crown cup Size range 3-3.5 mm x 1.1 mm x 1.2 mm. Halos shaped with about eight lengthwise knobby not apparent but present. Hilum flush ovate to ridges, rounded top. Size range 2 mm x 0.5 mm ellipsoidal, white due to scant funicular overlay, x 0.5 mm. Halos not apparent, no funicular funicular margin and lotoid split absent. Lens margin. Hilum recessed, oblong - ellipsoidal, no not apparent. Micropylar pit not apparent. lotoid split and rim-aril. Lens not apparent. Size Ageratum houstonianum Miller (Fig. 10) not applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. (DPS 0337) Anthemis macedonica Boiss. & Orph. (Fig. Seed puckered, dull, monochromatic dark 14) (DPS 0342) light, oblong, coarsely ridged, narrowed towards Seed puckered, dull, monochromatic dirty base, no pappus scales, the hairs short- plumose white, oblong-cylindric, rounded top, visible with fine secondary hair. Size range 3 mm x 0.5 lengthwise ridges, rough surface. Size range mm x 0.5 mm. Halos not apparent, no funicular 2.5-3 mm x 0.9 mm x 1 mm. Halos not apparent, margin. Hilum recessed, oblong- ellipsoidal, no no funicular margin. Hilum recessed, oblong - lotoid split and rim-aril. Lens not apparent. Size ellipsoidal, no lotoid split and rim-aril. Lens not not applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. apparent. Size not applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. Anaphalis DC. Anthemis pallida DC. (Fig. 15) (DPS 0345) Anaphalis tr.ipliriervis Sims ex. C.B. Clarke Seed smooth, glossy, monochromatic .. (Fig. 11) (DPS 0338) reddish brown, obovate elliptic, upper part, cup-shaped, visible lengthwise ridges, rounded Seed smooth, dull, monochromatic brown, top. Size range 3 mm x 1.3 mm x 1.3 mm. Halos oblong-cylindric, pappus is a ring of white not apparent, no funicular margin. Hilum minutely plumose bristles, pubescence sparsely recessed, oblong - ellipsoidal, no lotoid split and short hair over the surface. Size range 1 mm x rim-aril. Lens not apparent. Size not applicable. 0.3 mm x 0.3 mm. Halos not apparent, no Micropylar pit not apparent. funicular margin. Hilum recessed, oblong - Anthemis tinctoriaL. (Fig. 16) (DPS 0343) ellipsoidal, no lotoid split and rim-aril. Lens not Seed smooth, dull, monochromatic brown apparent. Size not applicable. Micropylar pit not oblong to slightly ellipsoidal, four sided, crowned apparent. by a cap with several lengthwise, knobby ridges

4 Recent Researches in P,lant Anatomy & Morphology Fig. 3. Achillea coarctata Poiret Fig. 1. Achillea abrotanoides (Vis.) Vis. Fig. 2. Achillea ageratum L. , , , Fig. 4. Achillea crithmifo1ia Fig. 6. A chillea millefolium L. Fig. 5. Achillea grandifolia Friv. Waldst. and Kit.

Fig. 7. Achillea ptarmic a L. Fig. 8. Achillea teretifolia Willd. Fig. 9. Ageratum conyzoides L.

Fig. 10. Ageratum houstonianum Miller Fig. 11. Anaphalis triplinervis Sims Fig. 12. Antenna ria alpina (L.) Gaertner ex C.B. Clarke

. . . . . (!!.' tJ1 Fig. 13. Anthemis australis R.R. Fernandes Fig. 14. Anthemis macedonica Fi g. 15. Anthemis pallida DC. Boiss and Orph.

··' . , .

Fig. 16. Anthemis tinctoria L. Fig . 1 7 . Anthem is triumfetti (DC.) All. Fig. 18. Arctium lappa L.

5 Idu & Omonhinmin

and has a· rounded top. Size range 3 mm x 1 mm not apparent and complete, thin funicular x 0.9 mm. H~los not apparent, no funicular margin. Hilum flush, brown obovate to margin. Hilum recesse<;l., oblong - ellipsoidal, no ellipsoidal, lotoid split, funicular overlay, lotoid split and rim-aril'. Lens not apparent. Size rim-aril absent. Size range 0.4 mm x 0.3 mm. not applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. Lens not apparent. Size not applicable. Anthemis triumfetti (L.) DC. (Fig. 17) (DPS Micropylar pit not apparent. 0346) Arctotis L. Seed smooth, dull, monochromatic brown, oblong-cylindric, rounded top, visible lengthwise Arctotis venusta Norlindh (Fig. 21) (DPS ridges, cup shaped. Size range 2.5 mm x 1.1 mm 0351) x 0.9 mm. Halos not apparent, no funicular Seed puckered, dull, monochormatic dark margin. Hilum recessed, oblong - ellipsoidal, no brown, compressed oblong- elliptic, pappus is a lotoid split and rim-aril. Lens not apparent. Size ring of white plumose bristles, present also at not applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. the base, no ridge or surface line, surface Arctium L. densely hairy. Size range 3.5-4 mm x 1.5 mm x 1.5 mm. Halos not apparent and complete, thin Arctium lappa L. (Fig. 18) (DPS 0347) funicular margin. Hilum flush, brown obovate to Seed puckered, dull, monochromatic ellipsoidal, lotoid split, funicular overlay, brown, streaked, compressed, oblong, truncate rim-aril absent. Size range 0.1 mm x 0.2 mm. at top slightly narrowed towards base, arched Lens not apparent. Size not applicable. side ways with one edge straight, or concave and Micropylar pit not apparent. the other convex, surface marked by lengthwise Artemisia L. lines. Size range 6-7 mm x 2.3 mm x 1.2 mm. Halos not apparent and complete, thin funicular Artemisia pedemontana Balbis. ex Loisel. margin. Hilum flush, brown obovate to (Fig. 22) (DPS 0353) ellipsoidal, lotoid split, funicular overlay Seed puckered, dull, monochromatic · rim-aril absent. Size range 0.3 mm x 0.4 mm. brown, oblong-elliptic, narrowed towards the Lens not apparent. Size not applicable. base, surface marked by lengthwise line. Micropylar pit not apparent. Creamy crown, size r ange 2.2 mm x 1.3 mm x Arctium minus Bernh. (Fig. 19) (DPS 0348) 0.8 mm. Halos apparent, no funicular margin. Seed puckered, dull, dichromafic cream on Hilum recessed, oblong - ellipsoidal, no lotoid dark light, mottled, oblong, compressed truncate split and rim-aril. Lens not apparent. Size not at top, narrowed towards base, m;:~.rked by applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. lengthwise lines, arched sideways with one edge straight or concave and the other convex. Size Aster L. range 6-7 mm x 3 mm x 1.2 mm. Halos not apparent and complete, thin funicular margin. Aster alpinus L. (Fig. 23) (DPS 0355) Hilum flush, brown obovate to ellipsoidal, lotoid Seed smooth, dull, monochromatic brown, split, funicular overlay, rim-aril absent. Size compressed, oblong cylindric, hairy pappus is a range 0.4 mm x 0.3 mm. Lens not apparent. Size ring of white minutely pluinose bristles which not applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. are wavy near the base, lengthwise ridges, Arctium nemorosum Lej. (Fig. 20) (DPS 0349) delicate pappus on a smaller body. Size range 4- Seed wrinkled, dull, monochromatic dark 4.5 mm x 2 mm x 1 mm. Halos not apparent and brown, mottled, black, , oblong, compressed complete, thin funicular margin. Hilum flush, truncate at top, narrowed towards base, marked brown obovate to ellipsoidal, lotoid split, by lengthwise lines, arched sideways with one funicular overlay, rim-aril absent. Size range edge straight or concave and the other convex. 0.09 mm x 0.08 mm. Lens not apparent. Size not Size range 7 - 7.5 mm x 3 mm x 1.5 mm. Halos applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent.

6 Recent Researches in Plant Anatomy & Morphology

Aster amellus L. (Fig. 24) (DPS 0356) tapering base, pappus form a ring of white Seed smooth, dull, monochromatic brown, minutely plumose bristles, wavy near the base. compressed oblong - cylindric, lengthwise ridge Size range 6 mm x 1.3 mm x 1.3 mm. Halos not .not obvious short pubescence on surface, pappus apparent and complete, thin funicular margin . is a ring of white minutely plumose bristles. Hilum flush, brown obovate to ellipsoidal, lotoid Size range 4-5 mm x 1.5 mm x 0.5 mm. Halos split, funicular overlay, rim-aril absent. Size not apparent and complete, thin funicular range 0.8 mm x 0.7 mm. Lens not apparent. Size margin. Hilum flush, brown obovate to not applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. ellipsoidal, lotoid split, funicular overlay, Asteriscus Miller rim-aril absent. Size range 1 mm x 0.8 mm. • Lens not apparent. Micropylar pit not apparent. Asteriscus sericeus DC. (Fig. 29) (DPS 0361) Aster cordifolius L. (Fig. 25) CDPS 0357) Seed puckered, dull, monochromatic Seed smooth, glossy-dull, monochromatic brown, obconic to obovate, and several sided. brown, oblong - cylindric, tapering base pappus Crowned with semitransparent broad tapering is a ring of white minutely plumose bristles, pappus scales tipped by awns. Scant pubescence wavy near their base, lengthwise ridge surface. on surface. Size range 3 mm x 1 mm x 1 mm. Size range 2.5 - 3 mm x 0.5 mm: Halos not Halos not apparent and complete, thin funicular apparent and complete, thin funicular margin. margin. Hilum flush, brown obovate to Hilum flush, brown obovate to ellipsoidal, lotoid ellipsoidal, lotoid split, funicular overlay, split, funicular overlay, rim-aril absent. Size rim-aril absent. Size range 0.2 mm x 0.2 mm. range 0.06 mm x 0.07 mm. Lens not apparent. Lens not apparent. Size not applicable. Size not applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. Micropylar pit not a pparent. Asterfoliaceus Lindley (Fig. 26) (DPS 0358) · Seed smooth, dull-glossy, monochromatic Bidens L. brown, compressed oblong-cylindric, lengthwise ridge present on surface, no pubescence on Bidens cernua L. (Fig. 30) (DPS 0363). surface, pappus is a ring of white minutely Seed puckered, dull, monochromatic - plumose bristles. Size range 4 mm x 1.2 mm x brown, flat oblong to .flat oblanceolate. 4 awns, 0.8 mm . . Halos not apparent, no funicular. which are barbed, extending upwards from the margin. Hilum recessed, oblong- ellipsoidal, no top, barbs present on margins. Size range lotoid split and rim-aril. Lens not appar ent, Size without awns 7-8 mm x 2 mm x 1 mm. Halos 0.9 mm x 1.2 mm. Micropylar pit not apparent. ~. not apparent, no funicular margin. Hilum Aster pyrenaeus Desf. ex DC. (Fig. 27) recessed, oblong- ellipsoidal, no lotoid split and (DPS 0359) rim-aril. Lens not apparent. Size not applicable. Seed puckered, dull, monochromatic Micropyler pit not a pparent. brown, oblong - cylindric, no lengthwise ridge on Bidens leucanthus (L.) Willd. (Fig. 31) (DPS surface, taping base, pappus is a ring of white 0365) minutely plumose bristels, wavy near the base. Size range 5 mm x 2.1 mm x 1.9 mm. Halos not Seed puckered, dull, monochormatic dark apprent and complete, thin funicular margin. light with brownish ends, linear and several Hilum flush, brown obovate to ellipsoidal, lotoid sided to flat oblanceolate, four awns barbed split, funicular overlay, rim-aril absent. Size present, extend upward from the top, barbs are range 0.3 mm x 0.4 mm. Lens not apparent. Si~e present on· the surface along the margin. Size not applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. range 20 mm x 0.5 mm x 0.5 mm. Halos not Aster tripolium L. (Fig. 28) CDPS 0360) apparent, no funicular margin. Hilum reC4)ssed, oblong- ellipsoidal, no lotoid split and rim-aril. Seed smooth, dull - glossy, monochromatic straw - color to light brown, cylindric - oblong, Lens not apparent.· Size not applicable. · pubescence on surface, no lengthwise ridge, Micropylar pit not apparent.

7 ldu & Omonhinmin

Bidens pilosa L. (Fig. 32) (DPS 215) Carlina L. Seed smooth, dull, monochromatic brown - black, linear and several sided to flat Carlina vulgaris L. (Fig. 36) (DPS 0373) oblanceolate, 2-4 awns which are generally Seed puckered, glossy, monochromatic grey barbed, extended upwards from the top. Size to brown, oblong cylindric to compressed oblong range without awns 8- 9 mm x 1.2 mm x 1.5 - elliptic, pappus is a ring of white minutely mm. Halos not apparent but present . Hilum plumose bristles, tapering base and hairy. Size flush, ovate to ellipsoidal, white due to scant range 5 mm x 1 mm x 1 mm. Halos not funicular overlay, funicular margin and lotoid apparent, no funicular margin. Hilum recessed, split absent. Lens not apparent. Micropylar pit oblong - ellipsoidal, no lotoid split, and rim- aril. not apparent. Lens not apparent. Size not applicable. Carduus L. Micropylar pit not apparent. Catananche L. Carduus crispus L. (Fig. 33) (DPS 0369) Seed smooth, glossy, monochromatic gray Catananche caerule a L. (Fig. 37) (DPS 0374) to brown, compressed oblong- lanceolate, top cup Seed puckered, glossy, monochromatic shaped, tilted slightly side ways and enclosing a dark brown, oblong, 4-5 sides, tapering towards large knoblike style base, pappus deciduous. base, pappus of delicate, stiffbrown hairs, which Size range 4 mm x 1.5 mm x 1 mm. Halos, are plumose. Size r ange 6 mm x 1.8 mm x 1.9 funicular margin absent. Hilum bulgy, obovate­ mm. Halos not apparent, no funicular margin. ellipsoidal, brown due to scant funicular overlay, Hilum recessed, oblong - ellipsoidal, no lotoid rim-aril, lotoid split absent. Size range 0.5 mm x split, and rim-aril. Lens not apparent. Size not 0.3 mm. Lens not apparent. Size range not applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. applicable. Micropyler pit not apparent. Centaurea L. Carduus nutans L. (Fig. 34) (DPS 0370) Seed smooth, glossy, monochromatic grey, Centaureajacea L. (Fig. 38) (DPS 0376) compressed lanceolate - oblong, tilted slightly Seed smooth, glossy, monochromatic grey - sideways with top cup shaped, large knoblike stray color, oblong, compressed, truncate at top, style base present, pappus deciduous. Size range narrowed towards base, arched sideways, 4.2 mm x 2 mm x 1 mm. Halos, funic~lar margin surface marked by lengthwise lines, no pappus. absent. Hilum bulgy, obovate - ellipsoidal, Size range 3mm x 1.5 mm x 1 mm. Halos, funicular margin absent. Hilum bulgy, obovate­ brown due to scant funicular overlay, rim- aril, ellipsoidal, brown due to funicular overlay, rim­ lotoid split absent. Size range 0.6 mm x 0.55 aril, lotoid spht absent. Size range 0.5 mm x 0.4 mm. Lens r,ot apparent. Size range not mm. Lens not apparent. Size not applicable. applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. Micropylar pit not apparent. Carduus tmoleus Boiss. (Fig. 35) (DPS 0371) Centaurea ornata Willd. (Fig. 39) (DPS 0377) Seed smooth, glossy, monochromatic grey Seed smooth, glossy, monochromatic grey, to brown, compressed oblong - lanceolate tilted compressed- cylindric, elliptic- obovate, top tru­ slightly sideways and enclosing a knoblike style ncate, base narrowed and notched like a hook, base top is cup shaped, pappus is deciduous. pappus white to tawny, persistent, compressed Size range 4 mm x 1.3 mm x 0.9 mm. Halos, of stiff, bristle - like scales, making the seed look funicular margin absent. Hilum bulgy, obovate­ like a shaving brush. Size range 6 mm x 1.5 mm ellipsoidal, brown due to scant funicular overlay, x 3 mm. Halos not apparent, no funicular rin-aril, lotoid split absent. Size range not margin. Hilum recessed, oblong-ellipsoidal, no applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. lotoid split, and rim-aril. Lens not apparent. Size not applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent.

8 Recent Researches in Plan t Anatomy & Morphology

.' . , Fig . 21. Arctotis venusta Norlindh Fig . ·20. Arctium nemorosum Lej. Fig . 19. Arctium minus Bernh.

Fig. 22. Artemisia pedemontana Balbis Fig. 23. Aster a Ipinus L. ex Loisel. Fig . 24. Aster amellus l.

.

Fig. 26. AsterI foli aceus Lindley Fig. 25. Aster cordifolius l. Fig. 27. Aster pyrenaeus Desf. ex DC.

/: ,; ' · ,fi::·' ~ . ) . . I' Fig. 30. B idens cernua L. Fig. 28. Aster tripolium L. Fig . 29. Asteriscus sericeus DC.

Fig. 33. Carduus crispus l. Fig. 31. Bidens/ leucanthus (l) Willd. Fig. 32. IBidens pilosa l.

. I ' Fig. 34. Carduus nutans l. Fig. 35. Carduus timoleus Boiss. Fi g. 3 6. Carlina vulgaris L.

9 ldu & Omonhinmin

Centaurea salonitana Vis. (Fig. 40) (DPS Size not applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. 0379) Ch,-omolaena L. Seed smooth, glossy, monochromatic grey, compressed - cylindric, top truncate, base Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King and narrowed and notched like a hook, pappus light Robinson (Fig. 44) (DPS 216) brown to tawny, compressed of stiff, bristle like Seed puckered, dull, monochromatic dark scales, like a shaving brush. Size range 5 mm x light; oblong, 4-5 sided tapering towards base, 2 mm x 0.4 mm. Halos not apparent, no white- tipped pappus of delicate, stiff light funicular margin. Hilum recessed, oblong- ellip­ brown hairs, which are minutely plumose sharp soidal, no lotoid split, and rim-aril. Lens not hook like hair present on surface. Size range 4-5 apparent. Size not applicable. Micropylar pit not mm x 1.3 nim x 1.3 nlm. Halos not apparent but apparent. present. Hilum flush , ovate - ellipsoidal, white Chamomilla S.F. Gray due to scant funicular overlay, funicular margin and lotoid split absent. Lens not apparent. Size Chamomilla suaveolens (Pursh) Rydb. (Fig. not applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. 41) (DPS 0381) Chrysanthemum L. Seed smooth, dull-glossy, monochromatic brown, with tin margins whitish, making Chrysanthemum coronarium L. (Fig. 45) surface whitish compressed - oblong, truncate at (DPS 0384) the top and narrowed to a rounded base. Size Seed smooth, dull, monochromatic brown range 1.5 mm x 0.5 x 0.5 mm. Halos not alternating lighter colour ridges, cylindric with apparent, no funicular margin. Hilum recessed, numerous lengthwise ridges, cup shaped at the oblong-ellipsoidal, no lotoid split, and rim-aril. top and truncated with prominent; knoblike Lens not apparent. Size 0.06 mm x 0.08 mm. style base and body stripted with light - Micropylar pit not apparent. coloured ridges alternating with dark line. Chaptalia Ventenat Slightly winged. Size range 3 mm x 2.3 mm x 1.2 inm. Halos, funicular overlay, rim-aril, lotoid Chaptalia arechavaletai Arechav. (Fig. 42) split alisent. Size range not applicable. (DPS 0382) Micropylar pit not apparent. Seed wrinkled, dull, monochromatic brown, Chrysanthemum segetum L. (Fig. 46) (DPS flat, elliptic to lanceolate poirited at both ends, 0385) obscured to visible lengthwise ridges, pappus Seed puckered, dull, monochromatic delicate, deciduous. Size range 7 mm x 2 mm x brown, oblong-cylindric with several lengthwise 1.1 mm: Halos not apparent, no funicular ridges, truncate at the top, having a prominent margin. Hilum recessed, oblong-ellipsoidal, no knoblike style base. Size range 4-5 mm x 2 mm x lotoid split, and rim-aril. Lens not apparent. 2 mm. Halos, funicular margin absent. Hilum Size not applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. bulgy, obovate-ellipsoidal, brown due to scant funicular overlay, rim-aril, lotoid split absent. -Chondrilla L. Size range 0.5 mm x 04 mm. Lens not apparent. Size range not applicable. Micropylar pit not Chondrillajuncea L. (Fig. 43) (DPS 0383) apparent. Seed smooth, dull, monochromatic light brown, oblong, lanceolate, arched sideways, with Chrysopsis (Nuttal) S. Elliott fine lengthwise ridges lower part break into step like arrangement. Size range 4-5 mm x 1.5 mm Chrysopsis villosa (Pursh) Nutt. (Fig. 47) X 1.5 mm. Halos not apparent, no funicular (DPS 0386) margin. Hilum recessed, oblong- ellipsoidal, nci Seed puckered; dull, monochromatic lotoid split, and rim-aril. Lens not apparent. brown, flat, ovate to elliptic - oblong, hairy,

10 Recent Researches in Plant Anatomy & Morphology

pappus double, hair of inner ring brownish, stiff, lotoid split absent. Size range not applicable. minutely plumose, outer ring composed of short, Micropylar pit not apparent. hair like scales, lengthwise line present. Size Cirsium monspessulanum (L.) Hill (Fig. 51) range 3-3.5 mm x 0.4 mm x 1.2 mm. Halos not CDPS 0395) apparent, no funicular margin. Hilum recessed, oblong - ellipsoidal, no lotoid split, and rim-aril. Seed smooth, glossy, monochromatic light­ Lens not apparent. ·Size not applicable. grey, lanceolate-oblong, compressed, cup shaped Micropylb.r pit not apparent. top tilted slightly sideways, narrow body to a rounded base and marked by obscured Cirsium Miller lengthwise lines, pappus compressed of many long, plumose bristles which are united at the _ Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. (Fig. 48) (DPS base into a readily detached ring. Size range 4 0390) mm x 1.3 mm x 1.5 mm. Halos, funicular margin Seed smooth, glossy, monochromatic dark absent. Hilum bulgy, obovate-ellipsoidal, brown brown, compressed, lanceolate - oblong, top cup due to scant funicular overlay, rim-aril, lotoid shaped, tilted slightly sideways, body narrow to split absent. Size range 0.5 mm x 0.4 mm. Lens a rounded base and marked ·by obscure not apparent. Size range not applicable. lengthwise lines. Size range 2.5 mm x 0.9 mm x Micropylar pit not apparent. 1.2 mm. Halos, funicular margin absent. Hilum Cirsium palustre (L.) Scop. (Fig. 52) (DPS bulgy, obovate - ellipsoidal, brown due to scant 0396) funicular overlay, rim-aril, lotoid split absen,t. Seed smooth, glossy, monochromatic grey, Size range 0.3 mm x 0.3 mm. Lens not apparent. lanceolate-oblong compressed, cup shaped, tilted Size range not applicable. Micropylar pit not slightly sideways, body narrow to a rounded apparent. base and marked by obscured lengthwise lines, Cirsium candelabrum Griseb. (Fig. 49) (DPS pappus has many long, plumose bristles that 0392) united at the base. Size range 3.9 mm x 1.1 mm Seed smooth, glossy, monochromatic gray, x 1.3 mm. Halos, funicular margin absent. compressed lanceolate to oblong, cup shaped top Hilum bulgy, obovate-ellipsoidal, brown due to tilted slightly sideways, body narrowed to base scant funicular overylay, rim-aril, lotoid split that is rounded marked by obscured lengthwise absent. Size range 0.6 mm x 0.5 mm. Lens not lines, pappus present, plumose, bristles uniting apparent. Size range not applicable. Micropylar · at the base. Size range 5 mm x 0.8 mm x 1.3 pit not apparent. mm. Halos, funicular margin absent. Hilum Cirsium trachylepis Boiss. (Fig. 53) (DPS bulgy, obovate - ellipsoidal, brown due to scant 0397) funicular overlay, rim- aril, lotoid split absent. Seed smooth, glossy, monochromatic grey Size range not applicable. Micropylar pit not to dark brown, compressed lanceolate - oblong apparent. cup top, tilted slightly sideways, pappus compre­ Cirsium tlavispina Boiss. ex DC. (Fig. 50) ssed of many long, plumose bristles which are (DPS 0394) united at the base into a readily detached ring, Seed smooth, glossy, monochromatic brown narrowed to a rounded base and marked by gray, compressed lanceolate-oblong, top cup obscure lengthwise line. Size range 6-7 mm x 1 shaped tilted· slightly sideways, narrowed to· a mm x 2.1 mm. Halos, funicular margin absent. rounded base and marked by obscured Hih.1m bulgy, obovate-ellipsoidal, brown due to lengthwise lines, pappus composed of many scant funicular overlay, rim-aril, lotoid split long, plumose bristles which are united at the absent. Size range 0.6 mm x 0.4 mm. Lens not base into a readily detached ring. Size range 4 apparent. Size range not applicable. Micropylar mm x 0.9 mm x 2.5 mm. Halos, funicular margin pit not apparent. absent. Hilum bulgy, obovate-ellipsoidal, brown Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. (Fig. 54) (DPS due to the scant funicular overlay, rim-aril, 0399)

11 ldu & Omonhinmin

Fig. 37. Catananche caerulea L. Fig. 38. Centaurea jacea L. Fig. 39. Centaurea ornata Willd.

. / ' Fig . 41. Chamomilla suaveolens Fig. 42. Cha ptalia arechavaletai (Pursh) Rydb. Arechav

Fig. 40. Centaurea salonitana Vis.

. ,. :,..> Fig. 43. Chondrilla juncea L Fig. 45. Chrysanthemum coronarium L. Fig. 44. Chromolaena odorata (L.) • R.M. King and Robinson A fY

Fig. 48. Cirsium arvense (L) Scop. Fig. 46. Chrysanthemum segetum L. Fig. 47. Chrysopsis villosa (Pursh) Nutt.

' ;{0) I' t;/ Flg. 49. Cirsium candelabrum Griseb. Fig. 50. Cirsium flavispina 6oiss. ex DC. Fig. 51. Cirsium mon s p~ssul a num IL.I Hill

Fig. 54. Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten .

Fig . 52. Cirsium palustre (L.) Scop. Fig. 53. Cirsium trachylepis Boiss.

12 Recent Researches in Plant Anatomy & Morphology

Seed smooth, glossy, monochromatic grey funicular margin. Hilum bulgy, ellipsoidal­ to slight brown, compressed lanceolate to obov·ate, black to brownish due to scant oblong, cup shaped top, tilted slightly sideways, funicular overlay, lotoid split, rim-aril absent. body narrowed to base. Obscured lengthwise Lens not apparent. Size not applicable. line, pappus present, bristles uniting at the Micropylar pit not apparent. base. Size range 4 mm x 1 mm x 2 mm. Halos, funicular margin absent. Hilum bulgy, obovate - Crasso<:;ephalum Moench. ellipsoidal, brown due to scant funicular overlay, rim-aril, lotoid split absent. Size range 0.3 mm x Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. 0.3 mm. Lens not apparent. Size range not Moore (Fig. 58) (DPS 217) applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. Seed smooth, dull, monochromatic dark - brown, compressed oblong - elliptic with a ring Conyza Less. of white minutely plumose bristles- pubescence, densely hairy. Size range 3 mm x 1.2 mm x 1.2 Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq. (Fig. 55) (DPS mm. Halos not apparent but present. Hilum 0400) flush, ovate to ellipsoidal, white due to scant Seed smooth, 'aull, monochr01patic brown, funicular overlay, funicular margin and lotoid oblong - cylindric to compressed oblong - elliptic, split absent. Lens not ap.parent. Micropylar pit pappus is a ring of white minute plumose not apparent. bristles, with delicate pappus on surface pubescence sparsely hairy. Size range 2 mm x Crepis L 0.1 nun x 0.1 mm. Halos not apparent, no funicular margin. Hilum recessed, oblong - Crepis commutata (Sprengel) Babs. (Fig. 59) ellipsoidal, no lotoid split and rim-aril. Lens not (DPS 0404) apparent. Size not applicable. Micropylar pit not Seed cross-wrinkled ridges, glossy apparent. cylindrical to oblong monochromatic light brown Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. (Fig. 56) (DPS to dark brown, with light brown pointed tip also 0402) ridged, narrowed towards the base and upper part, pappus not apparent. Size range f5 - 6 mm Seed puckered, glossy, monochromatic greyish brown, oblong- cylindric to compressed x 1.1 mm x 1 mm. Halos not apparent and oblong-elliptic, and with a tapering base, hairy, complete, thin funicular margin. Hilum flush, brown obovate to ellipsoidal, lotoid split, pappus is a ring. White minutely plumose funicular overlay, rim-aril absent. Size range bristles also sparsely short hair on the surface. Size range 1-2 mm x 1.2 mm x 1.2 mm. Halos 0.06 mm x 0.07 mm. Lens not apparent. Size not applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. not apparent and complete, thin funicular margin. Hilum flush, brown obovate to Crepis foetida L. (Fig. 60) (DPS 0405) ellipsoidal, lotoid split, funicular overlay, Seed wrinkled, glossy, monochromatic rim-aril, absent. Size range 0.2 mm x 0.08 mm. service brown, triangular - oblong. Size range 10 Lens not apparent. Size range not applicable. - 11 mm x 1 mm x 1 mm. Halos recessed, no Micropylar pit not apparent. funicular margin. Hilum bulgy, oblong ellipsoidal, black, funicular overlay, lotoid split Coreopsis L. and rim-aril absent. Size range 0.08 mm x 0.06 mm. Lens not apparent, circular to deltoid. Size Coreopsis lanceolata L. (Fig. 57) (DPS 0403) 0.3 mm x 0.1 mm. Micropylar pit not apparent. Seed puckered, glossy, monochromatic Crepis multiflora Sibth. & Sm. (Fig. 61) (DPS dark brown with light brown wing. Mottled at 0407) the seed centre, flattish, circular oval to oblong, Seed smooth, glossy, monochromatic arched like a curred potato chip, wing-margined, service brown, oblong-plano- concave, four sided tuberculate on both faces. Size range 3-4 mm x each side with a fine lengthwise line. Short 1.2 mm x 4.5 mm. Halos not apparent, no pappus scales present . Size range 3 mm x 1.2

13 Idu & Omonhinmin

mm x 1.8 mm. Halos recessed, no funicular (DPS 0411) margin. Hilum bulgy, oblong- ellipsoidal, black, funicnlar overlay, lotoid split and rim-aril Seed puckered, glossy, monochromatic absent. Sizerange 0.09 mm x 0.06 mm ..Lens not brownish yellow, rounded - triangular to apparent, circular to deltoid. Size 0.3 mm x 0.1 obovate, semi-transparent wing tapering around mm. Micropylar pit not apparent. the seed edges, flattish. Some with surface circled inward. Size range 8-9 mm x 1.5 mm x 5 Crepis pyrenaica (L.) Greuter (Fig. 62) (DPS 0409) mm. Halos present, incomplete, funicular margin thin. Hilum brownish recessed, circular Seed puckered, glossy, monochromatic to ellipsoidal, no lotoid split, rim-aril, funicular greyish brown, oblong to linear to compressed - overlay scanty. Size 1 ~m x 0.5 mm. Lens black cylindric. Sides with lengthwise line, short circular to deltoid. Size 0.5 mm x· 0.2 mm. pappus scales present. Size range 8-9 mm x 1 Micropylar pit not apparent. mm x 1-2 mm. Halos recessed, no funicular margin. Hilum bulgy, oblong~ ellipsoidal, black, Dittrichia W. Greuter funicular overlay, lotoid split . and rim-aril absent. Size range 0.1 mm x 0.08 mm. Lens not Dittrichia graveolens (L.) Greuter (Fig. 67 ) (DPS 0413) apparent, circular to deltoid. Size 0.3 mm x 0.1 mm. Micropylar pit not apparent. Seed puckered, glossy, monochromatic light beige to leaf brown, oblong-ellipsoidal, Crepis rhoeadifolia M. Bieb. (Fig. 63) (DPS clothed with whitish hairs, more at the ends, 0406) pappus a ring of scales. Size range 2-3 mm x 0.5 Seed wrinkled, glossy, monochromatic mm x 0.8 mm. Halos not apparent and complete, greyish brown, triangular-oblong. Size range 8-9 thin funicular margin. Hilum flush, brown mm x 0.3 mm x 0.3 mm. Halos recessed, no obovate to ellipsoidal, lotoid split, funicular funicular margin. Hilum bulgy, oblong­ overlay, rim-aril absent. Size range 0.08 mm x ellipsoidal, black, funicular overlay, lotoid split 0.09 mm. Lens not apparent~ Size not and rim-aril absent. Size range 0.06 mm x 0.03 applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. mm. Lens not apparent, circular to deltoid. Size ·o.3 mm x 0.1 mm. Micropylar pit not apparent. Doronicum L. Dendroseris D. Don Doronicum austriacum Jacq. (Fig. 68) (DPS · 0414) Dendroseris micrantha Hook. & Arn. (Fig. Seed puckered, glossy, surface striped with 65) CDPS 0410) monochromatic light beige ridges, alternating Seed wrinkled, glossy, monochromatic with black lines, numerous lengthwise ridges, light, triangular-oblong. Size range 3-3.5 mm x rounded to truncate top. A prominent knoblike 0.3 mm x 1.3 mm. Halos recessed, no funicular style base present clothed with whitish hairs, margin. Hilum bulgy, oblong-ellipsoidal, black pappus a ring of scales. Size range 3-4 mm x .1 funicular overlay, lotoid split and rim-aril mm x 1.5 mm. Halos not apparent and complete, absent. Size range 0.6 mm x 0.3 mm. Lens not thin funicular margin. Hilum flush, brown apparent, circular to deltoid. Size 0.3 mm x 0.1 obovate to ellipsoidal, lotoid split, funicular mm. Micropylar pit not apparent. overlay, rim-aril absent. Size range 1.5 mm x 1 mm. Lens not apparent. Size not applicable. Dimorphotheca Moench Micropylar pit not apparent. Dimorphotheca pluvialis Moench (Fig. 66)

14 Recent Researches in Plant Anatomy & Morphology

flush, ovate to ellipsoidal, whitish due to scant Dyssodia Cavanilles funicular overlay, funicular margin and lotoid split absent. Lens not apparent. Micropylar pit Dyssodia setifolia (Lagasca) Robinson (Fig. not apparent. 69) (DPS 0415) Seed puckered, glossy, monochromatic Erigeron L. light with whitish pappus, purple - tinged, no hair on surface, base of pappus encircled by a Erigeron speciosus (Lindley) DC. (Fig. 73) series of semitransparent, flat, hair like scales, (DPS 0418) obovate- cylindrical. Coarsely ridged. Size range Seed puckered, glossy, monochromatic leaf 3-4 mm x 0.4 mm x 0.4 mm. Halos not apparent brown, oblong- cylindrical to compressed oblong _ and complete, thin funicular margin. Hilum - ellipsoidal, with a tapering base hair, pappus flush, brown obovate to ellipsoidal, lotoid split, is a ring of white minptely plumose bristles, funicular overlay, rim-aril absent. Size range seed surface pubescence. Sparsely short - hair 0.09 mm x 0.06 mm. Lens not apparent. Size not size range 2-3 mm x 1.1 mm x 1 mm. Halos not applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. apparent and complete, thin funicular margin. Echinops L. Hilum flush, brown obovate to ellipsoidal, lotoid split, funicular overlay, rim-aril absent. Size Echinops albidus Boiss. and Spruner (Fig.70) range 0.3 mm x 0.1 mm. Lens not apparent. Size (DPS 0417) not applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. Seed puckered, dull, monochromatic dirty white with slight brown at the base. Eupatorium L. Obovate-cylindrical, not too prominent knoblike Eupatorium cann abinum L. (Fig. 74) (DPS style base, pappus absent. Size range 8-9 mm x 0419) 2 mm x 3mm. Halos not apparent but present. Hilum flush, ovate to ellipsoidal, whitish due to Seed puckered, glossy, monochromatic scant funicular overlay, funicular margin, lotoid light, oblong, 4-5 sided, tapering towards base split and rim-aril absent. Lens not apparent. and with white tipped, pappus delicate ·stiff Micropylar pit not apparent. white hairs, which are minutely plumose. Size Echinops sphaerocephalus L. (Fig. 71) (DPS range 3-4 mm x 0.5 mm x 0.5 mm. Halos not 0416) apparent and complete, thin funicular margin. Seed puckered, dull, dichromatic, dirty Hilum flush, brown obovate to ellipsoidal,lotoid white with slight - brown at the base. split, funicular overlay, rim-aril absent. Size Obovate-cylindrical, having a prominent range 0.5 x 0.3 mm. Lens not apparent. Size not . knoblike style base, pappus absent. Size range ·applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. 15-16 mm x 2 mm x 2.5 mm. Halos not apparent Eupatorium purpureum L. (Fig. 75) (DPS but present. Hilum flush, ovate to ellipsoidal, . 0422) whitish due to scant funicular overlay, funicular Seed puckered, glossy, monochromatic margin, lotoid split and rim-aril absent. Lens light, oblong, 4-5 sided, tapering towards base not apparent. Micropylar pit not apparent. . and with white tipped, pappus delicate stiff Emilia Cassini white hairs, which are minutely plumose. Size range 4-5 mm x 0.6 mm x 0.6 mm. Halos not Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. (Fig. 72) (DPS 219) apparent and complete, thin funicular margin. Seed smooth, dull, monochromatic dark Hilum flush, brown obovate to ellipsoidal, lotoid brown, oblong-cylindric with a tapering base split, funicular overlay, rim-aril absent. Size hairy, pappus is a ring of white minutely range 0.6 mm x 0.4 mm. Lens not apparent. Size plumose bristles. Size range 3 mm x 0.5 mm x not applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. 0.5 mm. Halos not apparent but present. Hilum

15 ldu & Omonhinmin

Fig . 57. Coreopsis lanceolate l. Fig. 55 . Conyza bonariensis Fig. 56. Conyza canadensis (L.) • (L.) Cronq. Cronq.

. . . I . • Fig. 58. Crassocephallum crepidioides Fig. /59. Crepis commutata (Benth.) S. Moore (Sprengel) Babs. / Fig. 60. Crepis foetida l.

Fig. 61 . Crepis multiflora Sm Fig. 62. Crepis pyrenaica (l) Fig. 63. Crepis rhoeadilolia Greuter M. Bieb.

Fig. 65. Dendroseris micrantha Fig. 66. Dimorphotheca pluvialis (l.) Hook and Arn. Moench •

Fig . 67. Dittrichia graveolens Fig. 68. Doronicum austria cum Jacq. Fig. 69. Dyssodia setifolia (L) Greuter (lagasca) Robinson

~ , / .'

Fig. 70. Echinops albidus Fig. 71 . Echinops sphaerocephalus L Fig. 72. Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. Boiss & Sprunaw

16 Recent R esearches in Plant Anatomy & Morphology

margin.Hilum recessed, oblong-ellipsoidal, no Gaillardia Foug. lotoid split and rim-aril. Lens not apparent. Size not applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. Gaillardia aristata Pursh (Fig. 76) (DPS 0424) Seed smooth, dull, monochroimatic dark Gnaphalium L. brown, obconic densely coated with stiff hairs, crowned by six or more long awned pappus Gnaphalium sylvatica (L.) Schultz-Bip & F. scales. Size range 10 mm x 2 mm x 2 mm. Halos Schultz. (Fig. 80) (DPS 0428) not apparent, no funicular margin. Hilum Seed smooth, dull, monochromatic brown, recessed, oblong-ellipsoidal, no lotoid split and oblong-cylindrical to compressed oblong-elliptic, rim-aril. Lens not apparent. Size not applicable. pappus is a ring of white minutely plumose Micropylar pit not apparent. bristle, delicate pappus on a smaller body which - 0 is flattish, pubescence sparsely short hairy. Size Galinsoga Ruiz & Pavon range 1.3 mm x 0.4. mm x 0.4 mm. Halos not apparent, no funicular margin. Hilum recessed, Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) S.F. Blake (Fig. 77) oblong-ellipsoidal, no. lotoid split and rim-aril. (DPS 0425) Lens not apparent. Size not applicable. Seed puckered, dull, monochromatic dark Micropylar pit not apparent. light, rounded triangular cup shaped yellow - head, four sided, hair on surface several whitish Helianthus L. awned pappus scales, pointed tip at the lower point. Size range 2.1 mm x 0.6 mm x 0.6 mm. Heljanthus annus L. (Fig. 81) (DPS 412) Halos not apparent, no funicular margin. Hilum Seed smooth, dull to glossy, recessed, oblong-ellipsoidal, no lotoid split and monochromatic dark light, compressed to rim-aril. Lens not apparent. Size not applicable. flattish, oblong, top truncate and base narrowed, Micropylar pit not apparent. greyish lengthwise streaks present and Galinsoga parviflora Cav. (Fig. 78) (DPS mottlings. Size range 8 mm x 3 mm x 5 mm. 0426) Halos not apparent, no funicular margin. Hilum Seed puckered, dull, monochromatic dark recessed to flush,· oblong, no lotoid split .and light, rounded triangular yellowish cup shaped rim-aril. Lens not apparent. Size not applicable. head, whitish hair on surface, four sided, Micropylar pit not apparent. pappus present, pointed tip at the bottom, Helichrysum Miller several" long awned pappus scales. Size range 2 mm x 0.5 mm x 0.5 mm. Halos not apparent, no Helichrysum rupestre (Raf.) DC. (Fig. 82) funicular margin. Hilum recessed, oblong­ (DPS 0430) ellipsoidal, no lotoid split and rim-aril. Lens not Seed puckered - smooth, dull, monochro­ apparent. Size not applicable. Micropylar pit not matic brown, rodlike, swollen at both ends, no apparent. pappus and visible lengthwise line, rounded Gerbera L. ends. Size ranged 3-3.5 mm x 0.2 mm x 0.2 mm. Halos not apparent, no funicular margin. Hilum Gerbera anandria (L.) Schultz-Bip. (Fig. 79) recessed, oblong - ellipsoidal, no lotoid split and (DPS 0427) rim-aril. Lens not apparent. Size not applicable. . Seed puckered, dull, monochromatic dark Micripylar pit not apparent. brown, fl attish- oblanceolate, arched sideways Hieracium L. with fine lengthwise ridge of lighter brown colour truncated at the top. One edge straight or Hieracium amplexicaule L. (Fig. 83) (DPS concllve and the other convex, pubescence 0431) sparsely short-hairy. Size range 6 mm x 1.2 mm Seed puckered, glossy, oblong to x 0.5 mm. Halos not apparent, no funicular cylindrical, top truncate, monochromatic light to

17 Idu & Omonhinmin

dark brown, body narrowed towards the base mm x 0.8 mm. Lens not apparent. Size not and marked by about ten lengthwise ridges, applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. which are cross marked, pappus whitish Hypochoeris oligocephala (Svent and bristles, stiff, delicate in a single series. Size Bramn) Lack. (Fig. 87) (DPS 0437) range 5-6 mm x 0.8 mm x 0.5-0.8 mm. Halos not Seed wrinkled, ridge, glossy, cylindrical to apparent and complete, thin funicular margin. oblong. Monochromatic purplish brown with a Hilum flush, brown obovate to ellipsoidal lotoid lighter brown pointed ,tip that is also ridged split, funicular overlay, rim-aril absent. Size cross. Pappus present and not apparent. Size range 0.08 mm x 0.05 mm. Lens not apparent. range 9-10 111m x 0.8 mm x 0.8 mm. Halos not Size not applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. apparent and complete, thin funicular margin. Hieracium bornmuelleri Freyn (Fig. 84) (DPS Hilum flush, brown obovate to ellipsoidal, lotoid 0432) split, funicular overlay, rim-aril absent. Size - Seed puckered, glossy, oblong to range 0.1 mm x 0.08 mm. Lens not apparent. cylindrical, top truncate, monochromatic dark Size not applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. reddish brown, body narrowed towards base and Hypochoeris radicata L. (Fig. 88) (DPS 0438) marked by about ten lengthwise ridges, which ' Seed cross- wrinkled, ridge, glossy, are cross marked, pappus whitish bristles, stiff, cylindrical to oblong. Monochromatic brown delicate in a single series. Size range 5-6 mmx with light brown pointed tip also ridged, 1.1 mm x 1 mm. Halos not apparent and narrowed towar-ds the base and upper part. complete, thin funicular margin. Hilum flush, Pappus not apparent. Size range 8·9 mm x 1.2 brown obovate to ellipsoidal, lotoid split, mm x 1.2 mm. Halos not apparent and complete, funicular overlay, rim-aril absent. Size range 0.9 thin funicular margin. Hilum flush, brown mm x 0.6 mm. Lens not apparent. Size not obovate · to ellipsoidal, lotoid split, funicular applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. overlay, rim-aril absent. Size range 0.3 mm x 0.1 Hieracium sabaudum L. (Fig. 85) CDPS 0435) mm. Lens not apparent. Size not applicable. Seed puckered, glossy, oblong to Micropylar pit not apparent. cylindrical, top truncate, body narrowed towards Hypochoeris uniflora Villars. (Fig. 89) (DPS base and marked by about ten distinct length­ 0439) wiSL' ridges which are cross-marked. Monochro­ Seed puckered, glossy, dichromatic light matic light, pappus whitish bristles stiff, brown upon dark brown, cylindrical oblong, delicate in a single series. Size range 3-4 mm x 1 pointed tip, marked with several not too distinct mm X 1.2-1 111111. Halos not apparent and lengthwise ridges. Pappus present not very complete, thin funicular margin. Hilum flush, apparent. Size range 19-20 mm x 2 mm x 2 mm. brown obovate to ellipsoidal, lotoid split, Halos not apparent and complete, thin funicular funicular overlay, rim-aril absent. Size range margin. Hilum flush, brown obovate to 0.07 111m x 0.08 mm. Lens not apparent. Size not ellipsoidal, lotoid split, funicular overlay, rim­ applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. aril absent. Size range 0.5 mm x 0.2 mm. Lens Hypochoeris L. not apparent. Size not applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. Hypochoeris maculata L. (Fig. 86) (DPS 0436) lnqla L. Seed cross - wrinkled ridged, glossy, cylindrical to oblong monochromatic dark Inula orientalis Lam. (Fig. 90) (DPS 0441) brown, 5-6 groove along the length of the seed Seed puckered to wrinkled, dull to glossy, surface pappus not apparent. Size range 15 mm cross marked, cylindrical to oblong, body x 1 mm x 1 mm. Halos not apparent and narrowed towards base and marked by several complete, thin funicular margin. Hilum flush, distinct lengthwise ridges. Pappus present, brown obovate to ellipsoidal, lotoid split, bristles, stiff, delicate. in single series. Size funicular overlay, rim-aril absent. Size range 1 range 3-4 mm x 1.5 mm x 1.5 m111. Halos not

18

l ------~------R ecent Researches in Plant Anatomy & Morphology

-i / Fig. 73. ErigeronI speciosus Fig. 74 . Eupatorium cannabinum L. (Lindley) DC. Fig. 7 5. Eupatorium purpureum l.

'

~

Fig . 77. Galinsoga ciliata (Rat.) S.F. Blake Fig. 78. Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Fig. 76. Gaillardia aristat~ Pursh

' - / If' Fig. 79. Gerbera anandrla Fig. 80.. Gnaphalium sylvatica (l.) Fig. 81 . Hetianthus annus l. (l.J Schultz-Sip. Schultz-Sip and F. Schultz.

/ ,- ~ Fig. 82. Hellchrysum rupestre (Raf.) DC. Fig. 83. Hieracium amplexicaule L. Fig. 84. Hieraclum bornmuelleri Freyn / / / Fig. 85. Hieracium sabaudum L. Fig . 86. Hypochoeris maculata L. Fig. 87. Hypoehoeris oligocephala IS vent. and Bram) lack. / / Fig. 88. HypOchoeris radicata L. Fig. 89. Hypochoeris uniflora Villars Fig. 90. lnula orientalis Lam.

19 ldu & Omonhinmin apparent and complete, thin funicular margin. sided, several lengthwise ridges rather knobby Hilum flush, brown obovate to ellipsoidal, lotoid ridges, pappus deciduous, body narrowed split, funicular overlay, rim-aril absent. Size towards the base. Size range 3.5 - 4 mm x 1.8 x range 1 mm x 0.5 mm. Lens not apparent. Size 1.9 mm. Halos not apparent and complete, thin not applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. funicular margin. Hilum flush, brown obovate to Inula salicina L. (Fig. 91) (DPS 0442) ellipsoidal, lotoid split, funicular overlay, rim­ aril absent. Size range 2 mm x 0.8 mm. Lens not Seed puckered, glossy, finely cross marked, apparent. Size not applicable. Micropylar pit not dark brown to lead brown in groove cylindrical apparent. to oblong, top truncate, body narrowed towards base and marked by several distinct lengthwise Lactuca L. ridge!3, pappus bristles stiff, delicate, in a single series. Size range 2-3 mm x 0.5 mm x 0.5 mm. Lactuca serriola L. (Fig. 95) (DPS 044 7) Halos not apparent and complete, thin funicular Seed smooth, dull monochromatic brown, margin. Hilum flush, brown obovate to flat, elliptic to lanceolate, pointed near both ellipsoidal, lotoid split, funicular overlay, ends with several ridges which are finely cross­ rim-aril absent. Size range 0.08 mlJl x 0.5 mm. marked, pappus delicate deciduous. Size range Lens not apparent. Size not applicable. 4-4.5 mm x 1.4 mm x 0.6 mm. Halos not Micropylar pit not apparent. apparent, no funicular margin. Hilum recessed, Inula thapsoides (Willd. ) Sprengel (Fig. 92) oblong-ellipsoidal, no lotoid split and rim-aril. (DPS 0443) Lens not apparent. Size not applicable. Seed puckered, glossy, monochromatic Micropylar pit not apparent. brown, oblong -cylindric, finely ridges, pappus LapsanaL. extending more than body, hairs short plumose, base of pappus encircled by a series of flat Lapsana communis L. (Fig. 96) (DPS 0448) hairlike scales, body narrowed down towards the base. Size range 4 mm x 0.9 mm x 0.9 mm. Seed smooth, dull-glossy, monochromatic Halos not apparent, no funicular margin. Hilum light brown, fl attish- oblanceolate, arched side recessed, oblong-ellipsoidal, no lotoid split and ways with fine lengthwise lines, colour yellow. rim-aril. Lens not apparent. Size not applicable. Size range 4 mm x 1.2 mm x 1.2 mm. Halos not Micropylar pit not apparent. apparent, no funicular margin. Hilum recessed, oblong-ellipsoidal, no lotoid split and rim-aril. Inula verbascifolia (Willd.) Hausskn. (Fig. 93) Lens not apparent. Size not applicable. (DPS 0444) Micropylar pit not apparent. Seed puckered, glossy, monochromatic brown, oblong, coarsely ridges, pappus present, Leontodon L. the hair short-plumose with very fine secondary hairs base of pappus encircled by a series of flat Leontodon autumnalis L. (Fig. 97) (DPS hairlike scales, body narrowed towards the base. 0451) Size range 3 mm x 0.3 mm x 0.3 mm. Halos not Seed . puckered, dull, monochromatic apparent, no funicular margin. Hilum recessed, brown, coarsely ridged lengthwise, compressed oblong - ellipsoidal, no lotoid split and rim-aril. oblong to cylindric, with delicate pappus on a Lens not apparent. Size not applicable. smaller body, yellow to brown, short hairs on Micropylar pit not apparent. surface. Size range 5-6 mm x 1.5 mm x 1.6 mm. Halos not apparent, no funicular margin. Hilum Jurinea Cassini recessed, oblong- ellipsoidal, no lotoid split and rim-aril. Lens not apparent. Size not applicable. Jurinea alata (Desf.) Cass. (Fig. 94) (DPS Micropylar pit not apparent. 0445) Leontodon hispidus L .. (Fig. 98) (DPS 0452) Seed puckered to pitted, dichromatic cream on dark, angular edge creamy, obovate, four Seed puckered, dull, monochromatic brown, coarsely ridged lengthwise, compressed

20 R ecent Researches in Plant Anatomy &.Morphology oblong to cylindric, with delicate pappus on a Seed puckered, dull, monochromatic light smaller body, yellow to brown, short hairs on brown to straw colour, compressed lanceolate, surface. Size range 9-10 mm x 1.9 mm x 2 mm. top cup-shaped, body narrowed down and Halos not apparent, no funicular margin. Hilum marked by several lengthwise (4 prominent) recessed, oblong - ellipsoidal, no lotoid split and lines, pappus bristle compose of several short rim-aril. Lens not apparent. Size not applicable. plumose. Size range 5 mm x 3 mm x 1.8 mm. Micropylar pit not apparent. Halos not apparent and complete, thin Leontodon glabratus (W. Kock) Bisch. (Fig. funicular margin. Hilum flush , brown obovate to 99) (DPS 0453) ellipsoidal, lotoid split, funicular overlay, rim­ Seed puckered, dull monochromatic brown, aril absent. Size r ange 2 mm x 1.9 mm. Lens not oblong, coarsely ridged, hairy, narrow towards apparent. Size not applicable. Micropylar pit not base, no pappus scales. Size range 6-7 mm x 1.5 apparent. mm x 1.5 mm. Halos not apparent , no funicular Onopordum bracteatum Boiss. and Heldr. margin. Hilum recessed,. oblong-ellipsoidal, no (Fig. 103) (DPS 0464) lotoid split and rim-aril. Lens not apparent. Size Seed puckered, dull, monochromatic light not applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. brown to straw colour, compressed lanceolate, top cup-shaped, body narrowed down and LeuzeaDC. marked by several lengthwise (4 prominent) Leuzea centauroides (L.) Holub (Fig. 100) lines, pappus bristle compose of several short (DPS 0457) plumose. Size range 6-7 mm x 4.5 mm x 2.5 mm. Halos not apparent and complete, thin Seed smooth, glossy, monochromatic funicular margin. Hilum flush, brown obovate to yellowish brown, oblong- ellipsoidal, compressed ellipsoidal, lotoid split, funicular overlay, cylindric, upper end truncate, sides with fine rim-aril absent. Size range 3 mm x 3 mm. Lens lengthwise lines, short pappus scales absent. Size range 11- 12 mm x 4 mm x 2 mm. Halos not not apparent. Size not applicable. Micropylar pit . apparent and complete, thin funicular margin. not apparent. Hilum flush, brown obovate to ellipsoidal, lotoid Onopordum illyricum L. (Fig. 104) (DPS split, funicular overlay, rim-aril absent. Size 0465) range 3 mm x 2 mm. Lens not apparent. Size Seed puckered, dull, monochromatic straw not applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. - colour to light brown, obovate to ellipsoidal compressed, lanceolate, top cup shaped, body Matricaria L. 0 narrowed to a rounded base and marked by prominent lengthwise lines, pappus composed of Matricaria maritima L. (Fig. 101) (DPS 0461) many short, plumose bristles, which are limited Seed smooth, dull, monochromatic brown, at the base into a readily detached ring. Size triangular-obovate, compressed, four sided, deep range 6-7 mm x 4 mm x 2 mm. Halos not visible line ridges on surface top truncate and apparent and complete, thin funicular margin. fringed with a ring of stubby scales, body Hilum flush, brown obovate to ellipsoidal, lotoid narrowed to base. Size range 3 mm x 1.8 mm x split, funicular overlay, rim-aril absent. Size 1.9 mm. Halos not apparent and complete, thin range 2.5 mm x 3 mm. Lens not apparent. Size funicular margin. Hilum flush, brown obovate to not applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. ellipsoidal, lotoid split, funicular overlay, rim-aril absent. Size range 0.5 mm x 0.3 mm. Picris L. Lens not apparent. Size not applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. Picris evae Lack (Fig. 105) (DPS 0470) Onopordum L. Seed puckered, dull, monochromatic dark to light brown, oblong- flattish-oblanceolate, Onopordum acanthium L. (Fig. 102) (DPS tubercles or teeth all around the surface of the 0463) lengthwise ridges, the pappus delicate and .

21 Idu & Omorihinmin I / Fig. 93. lnula verbascifolia (WIIId.) Fig. 91 . lnula sal.ic1na l. Fig. 92. lnula thapsoides (Willd.) Sprengel Hausskn . , r. A Fig. 94. Jurinea a lata (~est.) Cass. / Fig. 96. Lapsana communis L. Fig . 95. lactuca serriola l.

Fig. 99. Leontodon/ glabratus ·fig. 97. leontodon autumnalis L. (W. Koch.) Bisch. Fig. 98. Leontodon hispidus L.

Fig. 101. Matricaria maritima L. Fig. 102. O~opordum acanthium L. Fig . 100. leuzea centaurOides (l.} Holub. / Fig. 1 04. Onopordum illyricum L. Fig. 105. Picris evae Lack Fig. 103. Onopordum bracteatum Boiss. and Heldr. I Fig. 108. Pulicaria odora (L.) Reichenb. Fig. 107. Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) Benth.

Fig. 106. Porophyllum ruderale Cass.

22 Recent Researches in Plant Anatomy & Morphology

appearing like an inverted umbrella on a short handle, protruding upper part. Size range 9-10 Santolina L. mm x 1 mm x 1 mm. Halos not apparent, no funicular margin. Hilum recessed, oblong­ Santolina chamaecyparissus L. (Fig. 109) ellpsoidal, no lotoid split and rim-aril. Lens not CDPS 0476) apparent. Size not applicable. Micropylar pit not Seed puckered, dull-glossy, monochromatic apparent. brown, compressed oblong, cylindric, body narro­ wed towards the base, truncated top, surface Porophyllum Adanson marked with several lengthwise line. Size range 3 mm X 1 mm X 1 mm. Halos not apparent, no Porophyllum ruderale Cass. (Fig. 106) (DPS funicular margin. Hilum recessed, oblong­ 220) ellipsoidal, no lotoid split and rim-aril. Lens not _ Seed smooth, dull, monochromatic dark app~rent. Size not applicable. Micropylar pit not light oblong, elongated, coarsely ridged, pappus apparent. generally purple - tinged and longer than the Santolina squarrosa (DC.) Nyman (Fig. 110) body, the hairs short - plumose with fery fine CDPS 0477) secondary hairs, base of pappus encircled by a Seed puckered, glossy, monochromatic leaf series transparent, flat, hairlike· scales, hairy brown, no pappus, compressed oblong-obovate, narrowed towards base. Size range 7-8 mm x 0.8 truncate at top, narrowed towards base arch_ed mm x 0.9 mm. Halos not apparent but present. side ways with edge concave and the other Hilum flush ovate to ellipsoidal, white due to convex, surface marked by lengthwise lines. Size scant funicular overlay, funicular margin and range 2-3 mm x 0.3 mm x 1.2 mm. Halos not lotoid split absent. Lens not apparent. apparent, no fu nicular margin. Hilum recessed, Micropylar pit not apparent. oblong~ ellipsoidal, no lotoid split and rim-aril. Lens not apparent. Size not applicable. Pulicaria Gaertner Micropylar pit not apparent. Santolina rosmarinifolia L. (Fig. 111) (DPS Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) Bernh. (Fig. 107) 0478) (DPS 0474) Seed puckered, glossy, monochromati'c leaf . Seed puckered, dull, monochromatic brown, greenish yellow, no pappus, compressed brown, oblong, coarsely ridged, pappus tinged, oblong-obovate, truncate at top, narrowed the hair short plumose, base of pappus encircled towards base arched sideways with one edge by a series of semitransparent h G~, ir like scales, concave and the other convex, surface marked narrowed towards base. Size range 1.2 mm x 0.2 by lengthwise lines. Size range 2-2 .5 mm 0.15 mm x 0.2 mm. Halos not apparent, no funicular margin. Hilum recessed, oblong- ellipsoidal, ·no mm x 0.8 mm. Halos not apparent, no funicular lotoid split and rim-aril. Lens not apparent. Size margin. Hilum recessed, oblong-ellipsoidal, no not applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. lotoid split and rim-aril. Lens not apparent. Size not applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. · Pulicaria odora (L.) Reichenb. (Fig. 108) (DPS 0475) Sanvitalia Lamarck Seed puckered, glossy, monochromatic brown, oblong, ridged, coarsely, short plumose Sanvitalia procumbens Lam. (Fig. 112) (DPS hair, base of pappus is encircled by a series of 0479) semitransparent hair like ·scales, narrowed Seed puckered wrinkled, glossy, towards the rounded base. Size range 2 mm x monochromatic grey - brown to dark earth, 0.3 mm x 0.3 mm. Halos not apparent, no obovate, semitransparent wing, tapering and funicular margin. Hilum recessed, oblong - the seed edges, flattish, with surface arched ellipsoidal, no lotoid split and rim-aril. Lens not inwards, wing board by two (2) awn (horn -like apparent. Size not applicable. Microyplar pit not awn) with white short hairs on surface. Size L apparent. range 3-4 mm 0.4 mm x 1-2 mm. Halos not 23 ldu & Omonhinmin

apparent, no funicular margin. Hilum bulgy, recessed, oblong- ellipsoidal, no lotoid split and ellipsoidal to obovate, black to brownish to scant rim-aril. Lens not apparent. Size not applicable. funicular overlay, lotoid split, rim-aril absent. Micropylar pit not apparent. Lens not apparent. Size not applicable. Senecio chrysanthemoides DC. (Fig. 117) Micropylar pit brown. (DPS 0485) Scorzonera L. Seed puckered, glossy, monochromatic greyish brown, flattish- oblanceolate and arched Scorzonera cretica Willd. (Fig. J13) (DPS sideways with fine lengthwise lines, no pappus, 0481) style base knoblike. Size range 2.5- 3 mm x 0.8 Seed puckered, dull, monochromatic lead mm x 0.8 mm. Halos not apparent, no funicular brown, obconic, densely coated with stiff hairs, margin. Hilum recessed, oblong-ellipsoidal, no crowned by several long-awned pappus scales. lotoid split and rim aril. Lens not apparent. Size • Size range of entire seed 14-15 mm x 1-2 mm x not applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. 3-4 mm. Halos not apparent and complete, thin Senecio doria L. (Fig. 118) (DPS 0486) funicular margin. Hilum flush, brown obovate to Seed puckered, glossy, monochromatic ellipsoidal, lotoid split, funicular overlay, straw - colour to brown, compressed oblong, rim-aril absent. Size range 0.04 nim x 0.02 mm. cylindric- lanceolate, top cup-shaped and also at Lens not apparent: Size not applicable. the bottom, tilted slightly sideways and Micropylar pit not apparent. enclosing a prominent knoblike style base, colour, yellow, distinct ridges with sharp pube­ Senecio L. scence, pappus deciduous. Size range 4- 4.5 mm Senecio adonidifolius Lois. (Fig. 114) (DPS x 1.3 mm x 1.3 mm . Halos not apparent and 0482) complete, thin funicular margin. Hilum flush, brown, obovate to ellipsoidal, lotoid split, Seed puckered, glossy, monochromatic funicular overlay, rim-aril absent. Size range 0.1 greyish brown, flattish - oblanceolate and mm x 0.15 mm. Lens not apparent. Size not arched sideways with fine lengthwise lines, no applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. pappus. Size range 4-5 mm x 0.5 mm x 1 mm. Halos not apparent, no funicular margin. Hilum Senecio gnaphalodes Sieber (Fig. 119)" (DPS recessed, oblong - ellipsoidal, no lotoid split and 0487) rim-aril. Lens not apparent. Size not applicable. Seed puckered, dull, monochromatic dark Micropylar pit not apparent. light, cylindric - obovate, top truncate, body Senecio appendiculatus (L.f.) Schultz-Bip. narrowed towards the base, marked by several (Fig. 115) (DPS 0483) distinct ridges with pubescence, pappus present. Seed puckered, glossy, monuchromatic Size range 2. 3 mm x 1 mm x 1 mm. Halos not light, oblong-ellipsoidal, style base knoblike, apparent and complete, thin funicular margin. arched sideways with fine lengthwise lines. Hilum flus.h, brown, obovate to ellipsoidal, lotoid Short pappus scales present. Seed size 1-2 mm x split, funicular overlay, rim-aril absent. Size 0.2 mm x 0.5 mm. Halos not apparent, no range 0.09 mm x 0.08 mm. Lens not apparent. funicular margin. Hilum recessed, oblong­ Size not applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. ellipsoidal, no lotoid split and rim-aril. Lens not Senecio hansen ii Kunkel. (Fig. 120) (DPS apparent. Size 0.04 mm x 0.02 mm. Micropylar 0488) pit not apparent. Seed dull, puckered, monochromatic Senecio aquaticus Hill (Fig. 116) (DPS 0484) brown, cylindric top truncate, body narrowed Seed puckered, glossy, monochromatic towards base and marked by severaL distinct greyish brown, flattish- oblanceolate and arched lengthwise ridges, pappus stiff. Size range 2 mm sideways with fine lengthwise lines, no pappus. x 0.3 mm x 0.3 mm. Halos not apparent .and Size range 2-2.5 mm x 0.4 mm x 0.5 mm. Halos complete, thin funicular margin. Hilum flush, not apparent, no funicular margin. Hilum brown, obovate to ellipsoidal, lotoid split,

24 Recent Researches in Plant Anatomy & M01'phology

tunicular overlay, rim-aril absent. Size range 0.1 absent. Hilum bulgy, obovate to ellipsoidal, mm x 0.09 mm. Lens not apparent. Size not brown due to scant funicular overlay, rim-aril, applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. lotoid split absent. Size range 0.8 mm x 1 mm. Senecio thapsoides DC. (Fig. 121) (DPS 0489) Lens not apparent. Size not applicable. Seed puckered, dull, monochromatic Micropylar pit not apparent. brown, slightly compressed and arched - oblong, Tanacetum L. top truncate and fringed with a ring of stubby scales, body narrowed into a rounded base. Size Tanacetum cilicicum (Boiss.) Grierson (Fig. range 4- 5 mm x 0.8 mm x 0.8 mm. Halos not 125) (DPS 0494) apparent and complete, thin funicular margin. Seed puckered, dull, monochromatic light Hilum flush, brown, obovate to ellipsoidal, lotoid brown, cylindric - obovate, narrowed toward .. split, funicular overlay, rim-aril absent. Size the base marked by distinct lengthwise ridges, range 0.3 mm x 0.2 mm. Lens not apparent. Size pappus bristles and stiff. Size range 4 mm x 1.2 not applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. mm x 1.1 mm. Halos, funicular margin absent. Hilum bulgy, obovate- ellipsoidal, brown due to Sonchus L. scant funicular overlay, rim-aril, lotoid split absent. Size range 0.2 mm x 0.1 mm. Lens not Sonchus arvensjs L. (Fig. 122) (DPS 221) apparent. Size not applicable. Micropylar pit not Seed puckered, dull, monochromatic apparent. brown, flat, ellipsoidal to lanceolate - elliptic, Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz - Bip. ridging and minute wrinkling obtuse at end, (Fig. 126) (DPS 0495) pappus bristles. long, soft, delicate, deciduous. Size range 4-5 mm x 0.3 mm x 1.5 mm. Halos Seed smooth, puckered, dull, not apparent but present. Hilum flush ovate to monochromatic white brown, cylindric - obovate, ellipsoidal, white due to scant funicular overlay, marked by distinct lengthwise ridges, narrowed funicular margin and lotoid split absent. Lens towards the base, pappus bristles stiff. Size not apparent. Micropylar pit not apparent. range 2 mm x 0.5 mm x 0.6 mm. Halos, funicular margin absent. Hilum bulgy, obovate - Spilanthes N.J. Jacq. ellipsoidal, brown due to scant funicular oyerlay, rim-aril, lotoid split absent. Size range 0.09 mm Spilanthes ocymifolia (Lam.) A. Moore (Fig. x 0.1 mm. 'Lens not apparent. Size not 123) CDPS 0492) applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. Seed puckered, dull - glossy, monochro­ Tanacetum pseudoachillea Winkler (Fig. matic dark light, mottled, flat obovate to elliptic­ 127) (DPS 0496) oblong, pappus stiff plumose, obscured length­ Seed smooth, puckered, dull, monochrom­ wise line and visible equal sided projection. Size atic straw - colour brown, cylindric, marked by range. 3 mm x 1 mm x 0.5 mm. Halos not distinct lengthwise ridges, alternating a lighter apparent, no funicular margin. Hilum recessed, colour edges, narrowed towards the base, oblong-ellipsoidal, no lotoid split and rim-aril. pappus bristles stiff. Size range 3.5 - 4 mm x 1 Lens not apparent. Size not applicable. mm x 1 mm. Halos, funicular margin absent. Micropylar pit not apparent. Hilum bulgy, obovate- ellipsoidal, brown due to scant funicular overlay, rim-aril, lotoid split Staehelina L. absent. Size range 0.2 mm x 0.3 mm. Lens not apparent. Size not applicable. Micropylar pit not Staehelina unifl.os~ulosa Sm. (Fig. 124) (DPS apparent. 0493) Tanacetum vulgare L. (Fig. 128) (DPS 0497) Seed puckered, dull, .monochromatic dark Seed puckered, dull-glossy, monochromatic brown, oblong to linear, compressed-cylindric, yellowish - green, cylindric, truncate top, upper end truncate, sides with lengthwise line. narrowed towards c-hase and marked by Short pappus scales present. Size range 7-8 mm lengthwise ridges, pappus bristles and stiff. Size x 1.3 mm x 1.3 mm. Halos, funicular margin range 2. mm x 0.5 mm x 0.5 mm. Halos,

25 ldu & Omonhinmin

. . I. Fig. 111. Santolina rosmarinifolia L. Fig. 109. Santolina chamaecyparissus L. Fig. 1 10, Santolina squarrosa (DC.) Nyman

. / . Fig. 112. Sanvitalia procumbens Lam. Fig. 113. Scorzonera cretica Willd. Fig. 114. Senecio adonidifolius Lois.

. . . I . I' Fig. 117. Senecio chrysanthemoides DC. Fig. 116. Senecio aquaticus Hill. Fig. 115. Senecio appendiculatus (L.f.) Schultz- Bip "

Fig. 118. Senecio doria l. Fig. 119. Senecio gnaphalodes Sieber Fi g. 120. Senecio hansenii Kunkel

. . . . /. /.. Fig. 121. Senecio thapsoides DC. Fig. 122. Sonchus arvensis L. Fig. 123. Spilanthes ocymifolia (Lam.) A. Moore AP

Fig. 125. Tanacetum cilicicum (Boiss.) ,· Fig. 126. Tanacetum parthenium Grierson Fig. 124. Staehelina uniflosculosa Sm. (l) Schultz-Sip

26 Recent Researches in Plant Anatomy & Morphology

funicular margin absent. Hilum bulgy, obovate­ hairs. Size range 2.5-3 mm x 1.2 mm x 1.2 mm. ellipsoidal, brown due to scant funicular overlay, Halos not apparent but present. Hilum flush, rim- aril, lotoid split absent. Size range 0.1 mm ovate to ellipsoidal, white due to scant funicular x 0.1 mm. Lens not apparent. Size not overlay, funicular margin, and lotoid split ·applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. absent. Lens not apparent. Size not applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. · Telekia Baumg. Vernonia Schreber Telekia speciosa (Schreber) Baumg. (Fig. 129) (DPS 0501) Vernonia macrocyanus 0. Hoffm. (Fig. 133) Seed smooth, glossy, monochromatic straw­ (DPS 413) colour, cylindric, top truncate narrowed towards Seed puckered, dull, monochromatic _ base and marked by distinct lengthwise ridges, brown, oblong, coarsely ridged. Pappus purple­ pappus bristles stiff. Size range 3.5-4 mm x 0.9 fringed, glossy, longer than the body, the hair mm x 0.9 mm. Halos not apparent, no funicular short-plumose with very fine secondary hairs, margin. Hilum recessed, oblong- ellipsoidal, no base pappus encircled by a series of semi­ lotoid split and rim-aril. Lens not apparent. Size transparent, fl at h air like scales. Size range 3-4 not applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. mm x 1.5 mm x 1.5 mm. Halos not apparent, no Telekia speciosissima (1.) Less. (Fig. 130) funicular margin. Hilum recessed, oblong­ (DPS 0502) ellipsoidal, no lotoid split and rim-aril. Lens not Seed puckered, glossy, monochromatic apparent. Size not applicable. Micropylar pit not dark brown, obconic to oblong, four sided, apparent. crowned with broad tapering pappus scales Xanthium L. · tiped by awns. Size range 4-5 mm x 0.8 mm x 0.8 mm. Halos not apparent, no funicular Xanthium spinosum L. (Fig. 134) (DPS 0505) margin. Hilum recessed, oblong - ellipsoidal, no lotoid split and rim-aril. Lens not apparent. Size Seed puckered, dull, monochromatic brown not applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. armed by numerous hooks tipped bristles around the seed, ellipsoidal-obovate, sharply Tragopogon L. truncate at top and rounded at base, without pappus scales. Size range 13-14 mm x 3-4 mm x Tragopogon tommasinii Schultz-Bip. (Fig. 6 mm. Halos not apparent but present. Hilum 131) (DPS 0504) flush, ovate to ellipsoidal, white due to scant Seed wrinkled, dull, monochromatic brown, funicular overlay, funicular margin and lotoid oblong oblanceolate, narrowed towards both split absent. Size 1 mm x 0.5 mm. Lens not ends, tubercles or teeth all over the surface, apparent, broadly linear to circular. Size 0.5 mm lengthwise ridges present, pappus delicate x 1 mm. Micropylar pit black. appearing like an inverted umbrella on a long Xanthium strumarium L. (Fig. 135) (DPS handle. Size range 27 mm x 2 mm x 2 mm. 0506) Halos not apparent, no funicular margin. Hilum Seed puckered, dull to glossy, oblong, recessed, oblong-ellipsoidal, no lotoid split and monochromatic brown armed by numerous rim-aril. Lens not apparent. Size not applicable. hooks tipped bristles around the seed, Micropylar pit not apparent. ellipsoidal to obovate, sharply truncate at top and rounded at base, without pappus scales. Tridax L. Size range 21-22 mm x 9 mm x 9-10 mm. Halos not apparent but present. Hilum flush, ovate to Tridax procumbens L. (Fig. 132) (DPS 222) ellipsoidal, white due to scant funicular overlay, Seed puckered, dull, m,onochromatic funicular margin, and lotoid split' absent. Size brown, oblong, coarsely ridged, pappus generally 0.8 mm x 0.5 mm. Lens not apparent, broadly purple-tinged and longer than the body, the linear to circular. Size 0.4 mm x 0.1 mm. hairs short-plumose with very fine secondary Micropylar pit black.

27 ldu & Omonhinmin

Fig. 128. Tanacetum vulgare L. Fig. 127. Tanacetum pseudoachillea fig. 129. Telekia speciosa Winkler (Schreber) Baumg. I'. Fig. 132. Tridax procumbens L. Fig . 130. Telekia speciosissima Fig. 131. Tragopogon tommasinii (l.) Less. Sdmltz-Bip. I Fig. 133. Vernonia macrocyanus Fig. 134. Xanthium spinosum L. 0. Hoffm. Fig. 135. Xanthium strumarium L. / Fig. 136. Zinnia peruviana (L.) L.

(horn like awns). Size range 9-10 mm x 0.4 mm Zinnia L. x 2 mm. Halos, funicular margin absent. Hilum flush, obovate to ellipsoidal, whitish due to scant Zinnia peruviana L. (Fig. 136) (DPS 0509) funicular overlay, rim-aril, lotoid split absent. Seed puckered, dull, monochromatic Size 0.09 mm x 0. 06 mm. Lens not apparent. greyish brown, flat to compressed oval to oblong Size not applicable. Micropylar pit not apparent. to ellipsoidal, wing margined and have a deep apical notch which is bordered by a single awns

KEY TO GENERA IN THE FAMILY: COMPOSITAE

I. I. Seed s·urface smooth, puckered and dull ...... Achillea 2. Shape, oblong-cylindric to compressed oblong-elliptic arid ...... Ageratum 3. Surface with pappus ring of white plumose...... Anaphalis I. Seed surface smooth and dull...... : ...... Antennaria, Aster. Conyza

28 Recent Researches in Plant Anatomy & Morphology

I. Seed surface smooth a)ld glossy .. ...Anthemis, Cirs ium 3. Surface, streaked ...... Arctium 4. Plumose, bristles ...... Arctotis, Crassocephalum I. Seed puckered, dull...... Artemisia. Asteriscus 5. Four armed barbed present ...... Bidens 2. Shape. Cup-like ...... Carduus 6. Pubescence present ...... Carl ina, Catananche 7. Hilum, bulgy ...... Centaurea .' 7. Hilum, recessed ...... Ciwmomilla , Leontodon I. Seed wrinkled ...... Chapralis Crepis 8. Beak like structure on surface ...... Ciumdrilla 9. Delicate pappus ...... Chromolaena I 0. Colour, brown .. Chrysanthemum, Chrysopsis, Emilia I. Seed puckered and glossy ...... Coreopsis. Dronicum, Erigeron 6. Dense hair present...... Dittrichia 7. Hilum, oblong to ellipsoidal...... Dendroseris, Lactu.ca II. Hilum colour, brown ...... Dinw11Jhotheca 6. No dense hair on surface ...... Dyssodia 12. No prominent knob!i ke styl ebas_e ... .Echinops 6. Stiff white hair ...... Eupatorium. Scorzonem 2. Shape triangul ar- cup like...... Galinsoga, Onopordum 2. Shape. arched sideways with ridge ...... Gerbera 13. Mottled...... Helianthus 2. Shape rod-like ...... HelichlyHtm I. Seed cross wrinkled ...... Hypochoeris 14 . Thin funicular...... lnula . 15. Halos not apparent ...... Jurinea. Staehelina I 0. Colour, yellowish brown .... L euzea 2.Top truncate and fringed with scale ...... Matricaria 2. Surface, oblanceolate, tubercules ...... Picris. Tmpogon 9. Pappus I onge~ than body...... Pi1rophyllwn 9. Pappus tinged...... Pulicaria

.~. 2. Shape nan·owed forwards the base...... Santo/ina, Telekia I. Surface, semi-transparent and winged...... Sanvitalia 9. No pappus.,...... Senecio, Xwuh ium 7. Hilum, ovate to ellipsoidal ...... Sonchus I 0. Colour. night, mottled ...... Spila!Uhas 15. Halos absent...... , ...... Tanacetwn 6. Short hair an surface ...... Tridox 9. Pappus, purple-fringed ...... , ...... Vern onia 16. Horn-like awns present ...... Zinnia

29 Idu & Omonhinmin

REFERENCES

ANONYMOUS 1964. Colours for specific Hasenedt) Number 15. In the Agronomy purposes. British Standard Institution, Series, American Society of Agronomy Publication No. 381. London. Madison. Wisconsin. pp. 677-687. AYODELE, M.S. . 1995. Studies on the -- & D.E. BARNES 1977. Seed Morphology Reproductive Biology of Vernonia Schreb. of Erythrina (Fabaceae). · · Lloydia, 40 : (Asteraceae). III. Floret Shape/number, 454-470. t pappus types and surface structure among .. . different growth habits. Com. News!., 26: 30. KUHN, G. 1927. Beitrage Zur kenntnis der intraseminalen Leit bundel bei dan - CORNER, E.J.H. 1976. The seeds of dicotyle­ Angiospermem. Bot. Jb., 61 : 325-379. dons. Vol. 1 & 2. Cambridge Univ. Press. Cambridge. England. 311 p. MARTIN, A.C. & W.D. BURKLEY 1973. Seed Identification Manual. University of DITTRICH, M. 1968. Morphologische California Press. Burkley, Los Angeles & Untersuchungen an den fruchten der London. 221 p. subribus cardueae centaureinal (Compositae). Willdenowia, 5: 67-107. SEHGAL, C.B. 1966. Morphological and GILL, L.S. & I.D. OMOIGUI 1988. Cytomorpho­ embryological. Studies on Erigeron logy of the tribe Helianthae (Asteraceae) bonariensis. Beitr. Biol. Pfl. 42: 161-183. from southern Nigeria. Feddes Repertorium, SINGH, B. 1964. Development and Structure of 99: 1-13. · Angiosperm Seed. 1. Bull. Natn. Bot. Gdns. GUNN, C.R. 1972. Seed characteristic. In " India 89: 1-115. Alfalfa Science and Technology · ( ~. H . '

30