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I Bazi Achillea Türleri Üzerinde Farmakognozik

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I Bazi Achillea Türleri Üzerinde Farmakognozik BAZI ACHILLEA TÜRLERİ ÜZERİNDE FARMAKOGNOZİK ARAŞTIRMALAR Handan Gökben SEVİNDİK Farmakognozi Anabilim Dalı Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Zühal GÜVENALP Doktora Tezi-2015 I T.C. ATATÜRK ÜNİVERSİTESİ SAĞLIK BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ BAZI ACHILLEA TÜRLERİ ÜZERİNDE FARMAKOGNOZİK ARAŞTIRMALAR Handan Gökben SEVİNDİK Farmakognozi Anabilim Dalı Doktora Tezi Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Zühal GÜVENALP ERZURUM 2015 II III İÇİNDEKİLER İÇİNDEKİLER ............................................................................................................. IV TEŞEKKÜR .................................................................................................................. IX ÖZET .............................................................................................................................. X ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... XI SİMGELER VE KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ ............................................................. XII TABLOLAR DİZİNİ ................................................................................................... XV ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ ................................................................................................ XVIII 1. GİRİŞ ........................................................................................................................... 1 2. GENEL BİLGİLER .................................................................................................... 4 2.1. Botanik Bilgiler .......................................................................................................... 4 2.1.1. Achillea Cinsinin Bitki Sistematiğindeki Yeri ........................................................ 4 2.1.2. Asteraceae (Compositae) Familyası ....................................................................... 4 2.1.3. Achillea L. Cinsi ..................................................................................................... 5 2.1.4. Türkiye’de Yetişen Achillea Türleri için Tayin Anahtarı ....................................... 5 2.1.5. Achillea millefolium L. ......................................................................................... 12 2.1.6. Achillea biebersteinii Afan. .................................................................................. 15 2.2. Achillea Türleri Üzerinde Yapılmış Olan Fitokimyasal Çalışmalar ........................ 17 2.2.1. Monoterpenler ....................................................................................................... 17 2.2.2. Seskiterpenler ........................................................................................................ 20 2.2.3. Diterpenler ............................................................................................................ 58 2.2.4. Triterpenler ........................................................................................................... 59 2.2.5. Steroller ................................................................................................................. 61 2.2.6. Flavonoitler ........................................................................................................... 63 2.2.7. Kumarinler ve Türevleri ....................................................................................... 69 IV 2.2.8. Lignanlar ............................................................................................................... 70 2.2.9. Kinonlar ................................................................................................................ 72 2.2.10. Fenolik Asitler .................................................................................................... 72 2.2.11. Yağ Asitleri ......................................................................................................... 75 2.2.12. İyonon Glikozitleri .............................................................................................. 75 2.2.13. Aromatik Bileşikler ............................................................................................. 75 2.2.14. Dipeptitler ........................................................................................................... 76 2.2.15. Diğerleri .............................................................................................................. 76 2.2.16. Uçucu Yağlar ...................................................................................................... 77 2.3. Achillea Türlerinin Kullanılışı ve Achillea Türleri Üzerinde Yapılan Farmakolojik Çalışmalar ....................................................................................................................... 78 2.3.1. Antioksidan Kapasite ............................................................................................ 78 2.3.2. Antimikrobiyal Etki .............................................................................................. 82 2.3.3. Antiviral Etki ........................................................................................................ 87 2.3.4. Larvisidal Etki ....................................................................................................... 88 2.3.5. Kanser Hücreleri ve Hücre Çoğalması Üzerine Etki ............................................ 88 2.3.6. Antienflamatuvar Etki ........................................................................................... 90 2.3.7. Analjezik ve Antinosiseptif Etki ........................................................................... 91 2.3.8. Antiplatelet Etki .................................................................................................... 91 2.3.9. Antiülser Etki ........................................................................................................ 92 2.3.10. Antispazmodik Etki ............................................................................................ 92 2.3.11. Diyabet Üzerine Etki .......................................................................................... 93 2.3.12. Antikolinesteraz Etki .......................................................................................... 93 2.3.13. Yara İyileştirici Etki ............................................................................................ 93 2.3.14. Antiastmatik Etki ................................................................................................ 94 V 2.3.15. Diüretik Etki ....................................................................................................... 94 2.3.16. Östrojenik Etki .................................................................................................... 94 2.3.17. Hepatoprotektif Etki ........................................................................................... 94 2.3.18. İmmünosupresif Etki........................................................................................... 95 3. MATERYAL VE METOD ...................................................................................... 96 3.1. Bitki Materyali ......................................................................................................... 96 3.2. Kimyasal Maddeler ve Gereçler .............................................................................. 96 3.2.1. Kimyasal Maddeler ............................................................................................... 96 3.2.1.1. Fitokimyasal Çalışmalar .................................................................................... 96 3.2.1.2. Toplam Fenolik Bileşik Miktar Tayini .............................................................. 98 3.2.1.3. Toplam Flavonoit Miktar Tayini ....................................................................... 98 3.2.1.4. Antioksidan Kapasite Çalışmaları ..................................................................... 98 3.2.1.5. AChE ve BuChE İnhibitör Etki Çalışmaları ...................................................... 98 3.2.1.6. Mutajenik ve Antimutajenik Etki Çalışmaları .................................................. 99 3.2.2. Aletler ve Cihazlar ................................................................................................ 99 3.3. Kromatografik Yöntemler ...................................................................................... 100 3.3.1. İnce Tabaka Kromatografisi (İTK) ..................................................................... 100 3.3.2. Preparatif İnce Tabaka Kromatografisi (Prep-İTK): .......................................... 100 3.3.3. Açık Kolon Kromatografisi ................................................................................ 101 3.4. Ekstraksiyon ve İzolasyon Çalışmaları .................................................................. 103 3.4.1. A. millefolium subsp. millefolium Üzerinde Yapılan Ekstraksiyon Çalışmaları . 103 3.4.2. A. millefolium subsp. millefolium Üzerinde Yapılan İzolasyon Çalışmaları ...... 106 3.4.2.1. Etil Asetat Ekstresi Üzerinde Yapılan İzolasyon Çalışmaları ......................... 106 3.4.2.2. n-Butanol Ekstresi Üzerinde Yapılan İzolasyon Çalışmaları .......................... 109 3.4.3. A. biebersteinii Üzerinde Yapılan Ekstraksiyon Çalışmaları ............................. 112 VI 3.4.4. A. biebersteinii Üzerinde Yapılan İzolasyon Çalışmaları ................................... 114 3.4.4.1. Etil Asetat Ekstresi Üzerinde Yapılan İzolasyon Çalışmaları ......................... 114 3.4.4.2. n-Butanol Ekstresi Üzerinde Yapılan İzolasyon Çalışmaları .........................
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